the new politics of climate change why we are failing and how we will succeed the new politics of climate change why we are failing and how we will succeed by Stephen Hale

acknowledgements about the author Many thanks to the the Baring Foundation, the Environment Agency and Stephen Hale is director of Green Alliance, and a trustee of Christian the JMG Foundation for providing financial support for this pamphlet. Aid. Prior to joining Green Alliance he worked as an adviser to UK government ministers on UK and international climate change and This pamphlet draws heavily on my experiences working on climate other environmental issues from 2002–06, and as an adviser to change in government, business and the voluntary sector. It has been companies on social and environmental issues. influenced by discussions with colleagues, friends and indeed adversaries. Many thanks to all of them, including participants in about Green Alliance Green Alliance’s Greenwave seminars (www.green-wave.co.uk). Green Alliance is one of the UK’s most influential environmental organisations. Its aim is to make environmental solutions a priority in I would particularly like to thank Ian Christie, Karen Crane, Matthew British politics. Davis, Rebecca Willis, Matthew Smerdon and David Cutler for their advice and feedback on more than one draft. Alex Evans, Sally Golding, Green Alliance works closely with many of the UK's leading Tony Grayling, Chris Littlecott, Bernard Mercer, Danyal Sattar, and environmental organisations, and with others in the third sector. We are Elliot Whittington found time to meet and discuss an early draft. currently working with the National Council for Voluntary Tracy Carty and others at Green Alliance did likewise. Matilda Bark, Organisations to pilot new ways to engage new voluntary sector groups Andrew Birkby and Catherine Beswick provided valuable research on climate change, and with Help the Aged on older people and the support. Thank you also to Faye Scott for her work on producing this environment. More initiatives of this kind are planned. We have also pamphlet. Responsibility for the version that follows is of course established the Greenwave programme to provide a forum for third mine alone. sector discussions on how to accelerate political action on climate change. See www.green-wave.co.uk. contents 1

1 beyond the blame game 2

2 why don’t governments deliver? 5

3 the prospects for change 9

4 third sector leadership: the key to success 13

5 four dimensions of third sector leadership 18 the new politics of climate change 6 the new politics of climate change 23

references 26

bibliography 30 2

“in theeyes ofmany, climate the new politics of climate change ‘environmental’ issue” as asecondtier change isstillcharacterised countries. 2004. The rate ofincrease hasbeeneven higherinsomedeveloped inadequate. Globalemissionsrose by 25percentbetween 1990and global response tothescientific evidence sofar hasbeenwholly Despite asometimesbewildering array ofpoliciesandinitiatives, the familiar tomostreaders. governmental (IPCC), panel onclimate change andwillbealltoo recently inthe2007fourth assessmentreport oftheinter- summarised have catastrophic economicandsocialconsequences. These were most fascinating experience. but oftendispiriting We must dofar betterinthe voluntary sectorandinbusiness over thepasttenyears. Ithasbeena I have madethecasefor ingovernment, actiononclimate change the that deserves asubstantive answer. years”, hesaid, “how comenoneofthemhappened?” Itisaquestion policies.change “If you advocated thesethingsingovernment for four whilstspeakingpublicly ontheneedforinterrupted new climate Soon afterIleftmy role asanadviser totheUKgovernment, Iwas expect toemploy methodsnever before attempted.’ ‘If we are toachieve results never before accomplished,we must 1 beyond theblamegame 2 Even in countries such astheUKwhere thereEven such isrelatively incountries 1 Francis Bacon, philosopher, 1561–1626 in thenextdecade, itwill humankind. Ifwe fail toact being ofourplanetand profound threat tothewell- posesa Climate change Time isnotonourside. next tenyears. slipped down thepoliticalagenda, above pushedback allby the growing momentumofrecent years haltedin2008. Climate change Now, more thanever, we need new approaches that willsucceed. The failing, andhow we cansucceed. So it’s hightimethat we about understandingwhy gotserious we are emissions of25–90percentbetween 2000and2030. This willrequire globalemissionstopeakby 2015. probability of limitingaverage to2–2.4degrees. globaltemperature rise the atmosphere permilliontogive at 350-450parts ourselves ahigh speed. The IPCCfound that we needtostabilise greenhouse gaslevels in There iscurrently very littleprospect ofactionat scaleand thenecessary priorities.security This view isprofoundly mistaken. ‘environmental’ issue, offar that core lessconcern economic, socialand governments, asasecondtier isstillcharacterised climate change the G8meetingin2005. Butintheeyes ofmany peopleandtheir many countries, since Tony acentralfocus Blairmadeclimate of change There hasbeenawelcome increase inpublic in andpoliticalconcern emissions, thesecalculations reveal a19percentincrease inemissions. shipping are taken intoaccount, alongwithotherconsumption related Climate Change(UNFCCC)calculations. and 2007, accordingtoUnitedNations Framework Convention on greenhouse gasemissionshave fallen by 16.4percentbetween 1990 high awareness ofwhat isat stake, progress hasbeenlimited. UK 2050. tonnes perpersonby 2020, andtoaslittle0.85tonnesperperson by tonnes ofcarbonemissionsperpersonwillhave tofall to3.19–2.55 of25–40percentbycountries 2020. The national average of4.25 will needtomake emissionscutsintheUKandotherdeveloped 6 Yet themost recent IPCCprojections predict anincrease inglobal 3 But whenaviation and 5 To achieve this, we 7 4 and power toreduce ourcarbonfootprint. Someofthisiseasytodo. climate change. Many, thoughnotallofus, have considerable freedom The alternative view responsible isthat individualsare primarily for not deliver. that reasons there whyexperience are deepstructural governments do acknowledge. But, asoutlinedinchaptertwo, Iknow from my own mind. Politicians have considerably more power thanthey to choose This isaview Ihave towhich longsubscribed. Ihave my notchanged individuals toact. have thepower totax, regulate andincentivisebusinesses and climate change isthedefinitiveclimate change statement thusfar. decisive actionby states, review theStern ofwhich ontheeconomicsof governments. This isacollective problem that willonly besolved with avert runaway isheldfirst climate andforemost change by with ourpoliticalleaders. tocommendit. Ithasmuch The power to lies for actiononclimate change. The first placesresponsibility firmly This debate exposestwo very different views ofwhere responsibility timidity. businesses quietly bemoantheinadequacyofbothtojustifytheir those policies. Inthemargins ofthisoftenbitterexchange, most Politicians justifytheirinactionby ofpublic for support citingthelack and failing tointroduce thepoliciesneededtoreduce emissions. blame. Pressure groups blame politiciansfor notproviding leadership debateThe current on why we are failing isessentially about allocating route outofrecession unlesswe build alow-carbon economy. economicdifficulties. toourcurrent contribution There isnolong-term reduce ourdependenceonfossil fuelshasmade asignificant That response, ifsustained, willbewholly self-defeating. Ourfailure to resource prices, rising crunch, andtheresulting economicrecession. their electorates begintofeel theconsiderable squeezeofthecredit public confidence andeconomicperformanceintheshort-term, as other countries. Politicians are increasingly preoccupied withimproving recession that beganintheUSandhasspread totheUKandmany 8 Only governments effort toraiseawareness andinfluencegovernments onclimate change. community has, untilrecently, beenresponsible for almostallofthe change. This isnotjustanenvironmental issue. Yet theenvironmental againstthe struggle climate to contributions particular these issuestooffer their with of thoseconcerned profoundly intheinterests in alltheseareas. Itis progress that hasbeenmade likely the toroll back currently looks change health, andwell-being security that tosomany. are ofconcern Climate connections between andissuesofpoverty, climate change housing, To achieve this, we must establish awidespread understandingofthe need tocreate many more for opportunities peopletodoso. often dosoifthey have withothers. toactinconcert opportunities We action aloneonanissueofthisscaleandcomplexity. Butthey willvery can alldotogether. People are neitherwillingnorable totake decisive This isnotsomethingindividualscandoalone. Itissomethingthat we behaviours sothat theiractionsare andsustainable. supported can persuadeourleaderstodoso, andshiftsocialattitudes and energycannot transform markets infrastructure. orourtransport Butwe through politicalmobilisation, public attitudes andbehaviour. We not theirbehavioural choices, but theirability toinfluencegovernments influence over politicalaction. role forThe mostcritical individualsis personal action, there are alsomany ways thepublic exerts inwhich public actionare deeply interconnected. Justasgovernments influence But itishightimewe moved beyond thisblame game. Political and personal responsibility too. democratic societies. isvery anissueof Soclimate much change will beunsustainable ifwe are notready toembracethem, at leastin involve significant lifestyle changes. Political actiontopromote them But thescaleofemissionscutsrequired meansthat other actionswill “the mostcriticalrole for political mobilisation” influence governments through individuals istheirabilityto

the new politics of climate change 3 the new politics of climate change 4 unions, faith communities, andco-operatives. socialenterprises national membershiporganisations, andinternational volunteers, trade The thirdsectorholdsthekey tothis. Itspanscommunity groups, needed. towns, are evidence that thisisbeginningtohappen. Butfar more is groups, tradeunions, andcommunity initiatives, astransition such public behaviour. The rapid growth ofactionby faith anddevelopment influence ofthoseoutsidegovernment todrive politicalactionand social andeconomicissues. We must mobilisethefullpower and voluntary sectorofthelinksbetween andamyriad climate change of We willonly succeed ifwe establish awareness throughout the society. We urgently needone. action onthescalewe need. apathway Itsketches toalow-carbon thirdsectoractioncouldpersuadeourpoliticianstotakeareas inwhich This pamphletoutlinesanew modelofthirdsectorleadership, andfour opportunity,historic andresponsibility, tomobiliseonclimate change. andreinforcedthis issupported by socialchange. The thirdsectorhasa level. They cancreate thedemandfor politicalaction, andensure that for individualstoactat community, regional, national andinternational canonly comefromchange here. These groups provide opportunities The surge ofleadershipwe needtocreate anew politics ofclimate been forthcoming onclimate change. outlines five systemicreasons why politicalleadershiphassorarely climate change. Their timidityhasdeep-rooted causes. This chapter Our politicalleadershave nottaken dramatic actionofthiskindon events, for betterorworse. politicalleadershipprofoundlydetermined thecourseof changed problem for politicians andthepublic toaddress. The costsandbenefits The very nature makes ofclimate itaparticularly change difficult oftheworld.the future andofteninotherparts today, becausethesedevastating by effects willbeexperienced peoplein virtually unremarked reality. oftheworld Butitisnotpart we live in immediate anddirect, andthezero carboneconomy would bea The incentive toavert inthat world climate change would bepowerful, weather events. often diedfrom droughts, food shortages, floodingandotherextreme families emittingmostgreenhouse gasessuffered andcountries and consequences. Imagine how we andourleaderswould behave ifthe Imagine aworld suffered thosewhocauseclimate change the inwhich “Pollute now: otherspaylater” development by 2010 Iraq, andGordonBrown UKspendingoninternational quadrupling it. Margaret Thatcher’s privatisation programme, George Bush’s war in But politicianscananddoseektoleadpublic opinionaswell asfollow chapter three. for theircautiousapproach. There issomethinginthis, aswe explore in Privately, reason politicianscitelimitedpublic astheprimary support Why have governments beensoslow toactonclimate change? 2 whydon’t governments deliver? 9 are familiar examplesofthis. case, Ineach are now entering. action lesslikely intimesofeconomic difficulty, like therecession we are more easilycharacteristics addressed intimes ofplenty, but make in anineffective response, toslow ourcollective response. These those whobenefit from the status quo, andhave astrong vested interest polluter andthosewhosuffer from that pollutionmakes itfar easierfor This separation between the disasters. poverty andnatural mind withinstability, associated inthepublic worst inplacesalready willbe climate change Indeed, theimpactsof to ourpoliticalboundaries. problem withhighly unequalgeographical impactsthat bearnorelation issueisequallyThe boundary serious. isaglobal Climate change policies todeliver them. office. The result isanabundance targets, oflong-term withoutthe politician willbeable topointpracticalresults intheirown of term leadership. Expensive investments anddisruptive now are vital, but no horizons, andisapowerful disincentive strategy and tolong-term next grows ever shorter. Political strategy andactionisshaped by short five years, andthegap between oneelectionandpreparations for the impacts. The electoral cycleinalmostalldeveloped isfour to countries 30–40 year time-lag between ouremissionstoday andtheirnegative The clashoftimescalesisonly tooevident. The climate cycleincludesa countries. are unfairlyof climate change distributed, bothintimeandbetween “political strategyandactionis term strategyandleadership” a powerful disincentive tolong- shaped by shorthorizons, andis

the new politics of climate change 5 the new politics of climate change 6 make anddevelopment climate for change theG8in histwinpriorities tragedy of war inIraqprobably to contributed Tony Blair’s decisionto provided legitimacyfor somemuch-needed hispresidency. pressure onother fronts andastrong environmental programme by President Nixonin1969-70, at atimewhenhe was underimmense The highpointofUSpresidential leadershipontheenvironment was has, onoccasion, beenshown by leadersinrelatively weak positions. There are exceptionstothis. Political leadershipontheenvironment withingovernment.culture oflearning an active civilsociety; afavourable world order; ethicalleaders; anda benefit from apositive useofpoliticalpower over asustainedperiod; Geoff Mulganhashighlightedfour conditionsneededfor societiesto e-petition website. charging, postedby amemberofthepublic onthegovernment’s by thehugeresponse toapetitionagainst theprospect ofroad-user The public’s instinctive reaction isoftenoneofopposition, asevidenced trust. advice. Only now journalists have (marginally) lower levels ofpublic and people’‘ordinary sourcesofinformation are and allmore trusted theirmotives.distrust Professionals, religious leaders, business leaders We have becomehighly suspiciousofourpoliticians, andinclinedto past. electorates makes more difficult leadershipmuch thanithasbeeninthe leadership. relationships Butthecurrent between politiciansandtheir them. Democraciesdramatically improve theprospects for progressive Politicians canonly leadussuccessfully ifwe are inclinedtofollow Our democraticculture inhibitspoliticalleadership related policyinitiatives, seeingthemasdriven by dubiousmotives. benefits already described. The public are suspiciousofmany climate- particularly difficult, ofcostsand becauseoftheunequaldistribution This isaconstraintonleadershipinallareas. is Butclimate change that inhibitspoliticalaction.cynicism anddistrust But we have moved from ahealthy scepticismtoanatmosphere of 10 There are somegoodreasons thepoliticalclass. for distrusting 12 13 14 The 11 climate change. 2005, anew triggered urgency which inglobal politicaldebate on Limited power ofnationalgovernments possible toraisestandardsacross theEUinenvironment andin far themostsuccessfulexampleofthisstrategy, andhasmadeit co-operation withothermemberstates. The European Union(EU) isby One way they inwhich already dosoistodevelop goalsandpoliciesin strategies. of their powermuch andfreedom ofmovement through well-designed Individual states cannotfully counterthesetrends. Butthey canregain regulations, two climate policytoolsfor change. tackling critical These factors make governments more wary ofnew taxes and haveother countries rediscovered recently. tolargeralso critical developed economies, astheUS, UKandmany and elsewhere have discovered thistotheircost. Market confidence is have economicconsequences. crippling in Countries Asia, Latin America long-term, alossofmarket confidence ineven amajoreconomy can of losingtheconfidence markets. ofinternational and Inboththeshort The secondover-riding constraintonnational government isthethreat policy frameworks attractive investors. tointernational desire toattract potentialnew investors, encourages states todevelop response tonew regulation, theperceived threat ofthisactionandthe there are remarkably few proven casesofcompaniesrelocating in cut thelifelines ofnational politicsandsociety: jobsandtaxes. Although They intwo arise mainways. First, globalbusinesses have thepower to explaining thetimidresponse by governments toclimate change. states. These constraintsare nevertheless real, factor andanimportant in has beenimposedorfostered by governments whofavoured smaller though there isintensedisputeover theextentofthisandwhetherit of theglobaleconomy. This shifthasbeenunderway for several decades, growing power oftransnational businesses, are awell-rehearsed feature The constraintsontheactionsofnational governments, andthe to reverse theflow ofnew regulation. These have beenintroduced at the tolimitandindeed This hasledtothecreation ofinstitutionalbarriers lobbying thispicture hasserved todistort inrecent years. will notdrive investment decisionsat thespeedneeded. over-stated. market Emissionstradingisanimportant instrument. Butit underplayed, ofemissionstradingisfrequently whilstthecontribution comes toregulation. Itsrole policyisconsistently inclimate change In relation toclimate change, thisisparticularly whenit important social goals. governments tousetheirpowers inrelation todrive tomany change ofthepoliticalspectrum. Itreducesright thewillingnessof by ashifttowards amodelofthe ‘enabling’ state onboththeleftand This reluctance tointervene hasgrown steadily inrecent years, driven environmental outcomes. need for decisive state intervention toreshape markets todeliver effectively willneedtoreconcile theirideologicalinstinctswiththe active government, notless. climate change wishingtotackle All parties individual behaviour). Tackling theclimate imperative willrequire more increased state intervention inbusiness (andtosomeextentalso increasingly widespread ideologicalhostilityinmainstream politicsto The fourth reason is, uniquely, self-imposed. from the Itarises Ideological handcuffs action isconstrainedby theglobaleconomy. of significant shiftsby othercountries, evidence that even regional Europeanfurther actionwillbeeconomically damaging intheabsence internationally. One reason for thisisthewidespread perception that itisrhetorically committed, itchampions which andwhich thetargetto reach ofminus 25–40percentemissionsby 2020to housing. Butthere isalongway togo. The EUcurrently hasnostrategy On climate change, theEUhastaken actionintransport, energy and and ashiftinwaste management practicesaway from landfill. other fields. Ithasenabled improvements inair, quality water andbeach 15 But assiduous financial regulation toleadtighterregulatory lookcertain oversight bylessons beinglearnt many economiesabout theinadequacyoftheir supportive ofgreater climate regulation change. totackle The painful But theeconomicdownturn isinmany ways athreat tothose Corporate LeadersGroup.Corporate through the Aldersgate group and, toalesserextent, through the businessesincluding arangeofinternational makingthesearguments are speakingupfor it, number voices ofcorporate on regulation. An increasing developments in thedebate welcome recent There have beensome state action. more profound andwide-ranging, given theirtraditionalscepticismof to aggressive lobbying by theCBIandothers. areThe issuesfor the right left andright. IntheUK, New Labour has beenconsistently sympathetic beneficial and cost-effective. Butthere are uniqueto specific challenges reluctant tointroduce regulatory measures that would besocially This isnotsimply anissueofleftorright. Bothhave beenconsistently their reluctance it. touseregulation totackle European Commissionbetween for theirconcern climate change, and is oneexampleofthepowerful tensionswithinPresident Barrosso’s developed, despitesustainedattempts toweaken thefinal agreement. It to regulation. An enforceable isnow EUmechanism finally being by anyone withoutastrong vested interest oranideologicalantipathy competitive sector, industrial anditsspectacular failure was predicted case inpoint. Itcontainednoeffective incentives for apowerful and European voluntary agreement onemissionsfrom vehicles isaclassic The result hasbeensomebizarrely inadequate policyinitiatives. The discussed above. European level where regulation canovercome many oftheconstraints national level intheUKandelsewhere, but mostalarmingly alsoat the 16 “tackling theclimate active government, notless” imperative willrequire more

the new politics of climate change 7 8

“neither ourglobaldiplomatic the new politics of climate change climate change” an effective response to designing andimplementing adequate tothetaskof political processes are structures norourdomestic reorient globalinvestmentreorient flows. institutions, tooversee theimplementation ofanagreement that must convention (UNFCCC). onclimate change We stronger alsoneedmuch governments andnomandate toagree needed. onthechanges by environment ministerswhooftenhave very little power intheirown deliver anew agreement ofthescaleneeded. UNmeetingsare attended eventually yieldedtheKyoto Protocol thepower currently lacks to designed tobearthisresponsibility. The UNnegotiating process that powerful economies. Ourdiplomatic processes andinstitutionsare not engine oftheglobaleconomy andthefuelfor theworld’s most demandsatransformation intheenergychange systemsthat are the emptive actiononthescaledemandedby climate change. Climate communityinternational hasnever agreed andimplementedpre- We have todraw. noprecedent orsimilarprocess onwhich The of designingandimplementinganeffective response toclimate change. norourdomesticpoliticalprocesses arestructures adequate tothetask Finally, we have adesignproblem. Neitherourglobaldiplomatic Weak globalandnationalinstitutionsprocesses from bothexistingandpotentialnewarising regulations. many areas tolobbyists seekingtominimise theburdens onbusiness applied elsewhere. The economicdownturn may well openthedoorin of that sector. Butitisby that thislessonwillbe nomeanscertain the UNframework fit thanthoseof for purpose are far more dynamic and need fora andprocesses that the UnitedNations. Butwe should beagreed through response to climate change politics.change The global climate long characterised the globallogjamthat has more difficult toovercome makesstructures itinfinitely The absence ofeffective of whatever colour. ofleftandright.parties This willnotbeeasily resolved by governments constraints explored apply inthischapter inalmostequalmeasure to that theirvalues andideologyare bestplacedtodeliver. Butthe the competingclaimsofpoliticalparties. claim,All parties ofcourse, Public debate ongovernment focuses climate on change actiontotackle poverty anddeforestation. ofotherpressingcontain avariety globalproblems, includingglobal enable democratic control over globalissues. As aresult, we to struggle economy by orpower hasnotbeenmatched structures relations that They are alsosymptomatic ofawidermalaise. The growth oftheglobal itself. deep roots inourpoliticalsystems, andinthenature ofclimate change before the role ofpublic attitudes andactionare considered. They have torespond effectivelystruggled tothe threat ofclimate change, even These five constraintsmake italltooclearwhy governments have Conclusion make theseandotherchoices. address andresolve thesequestions. We willneednew to mechanisms conversations’ andnational debates, we have noeffective meansto For allthedeclarations from politiciansoftheneedfor ‘big emitting carbon? limited carbonbudget toaviation, ifwe cannotfind ways tofly without competitiondoless?Shouldweexposed tointernational allocate our between energy, transport, sectors andhousing?Shouldindustrial share theirresponsibilities? What shouldthebalanceofeffort be politically problematic. How shouldthestate, business andindividual There are many routes toalow-carbon economy, are allofwhich the problem leadstoahighlyandchoices. complexsetofscenarios government andbetween different sectorsinsociety. Yet recognition of andco-ordinated response,a long-term of across theboundaries These problems are mirrored at national level. demands Climate change fear offree riders fear ofregulation commitment ismadeby toact. bothparties contract between government andsociety, an explicit inwhich Miliband andEdMayo have bothmadethecasefor anenvironmental So couldthekey protagonists bepersuadedtomove together?David political leaders. government willbeled, unprompted, by generation of thecurrent make ithighly unlikely that adramatic shiftintheapproach of The scaleoftheobstaclestopoliticalactionidentified inchaptertwo 22 islikely tocomefrom, prospects andthecurrent for change. considerswhereThis chapter theleadershipneededtobreak thiscatch- figure 1:“Iwill, onceyou have” between thesethree groups below. are summarised response toclimate change. The dysfunctional inter-relationships leadership neededtobreak impasse inourcollective outofthecurrent Politicians, businesses looktooneanotherfor andthepublic the each 3 theprospects forchange attempt yet todevelop anoverall contractofthis kind. business central andlocal government fear ofcosts 17 18 There hasbeenno consumer fear ofnannystate fear oftaxes public about concern climate change. repositioning, andcreated new market torespond opportunities to pressureit hasbeenprimarily from below that hasdriven this overwhelmingly acceptsthescienceandurgency ofclimate change. But Ten years on, thesituation isvery different. The private sectornow publicly break rankswiththecoalitionin1997. change, andclaimedtorepresent sixmillioncompanies. BPwas first to the GlobalClimate Coalitionopposedgovernmental actiononclimate overwhelmingly oppositionalistonclimate change. For over adecade, The globalbusiness community hasuntilquiterecently been incentivise low-carbon investments inenergy, andelsewhere. transport the politicsofclimate change, andsecure thepoliciesneededto breakaway group leaderscouldhave ofcorporate adramatic effect on influence, two. ashighlightedinchapter Leadershipby asignificant impasse. sourceofnon-state Businessesare power acritical and Committed leadershipfrom theprivate sectorcouldbreak thecurrent Business breakthrough? to longterm. agreement toactcouldbeeithernegotiated ordelivered inthemedium twooutlined inchapter makes ithardtoimagine that awide-ranging But thedifficult relationship between ourpoliticalleadersandcitizens all three players onthepolicies andbehaviours itisfocused. onwhich work, andwe are hopefulthat itwillsucceedinshifting theactionsof and voluntary sectorgroups. Green Alliance isanactive inthe partner aims tosecure mutually reinforcing actionby government, businesses area.do soinaparticular andground-breaking Itisintriguing inits The ‘We willifyou will’ initiative isthemostsignificant attempt yet to 19

the new politics of climate change 9 10

“a large andpowerful setof the new politics of climate change interest inslowing change” status quo,andhave avested companies benefitfrom the change talks.change specificsupported government actionat themostrecent globalclimate progressive policypositions, andarangeofbusiness coalitions Leaders Group intheUKhave beenaninfluentialadvocate of haveinsurance industries beenprominent inthisshift. The Corporate There inthisposition. are somesignsofchange The investment and the status quo, andhave avested interest inslowing change. political process. A large andpowerful setofcompaniesbenefit from that remain thedominantvoiceslose outintheshort-term inthe for action. corporate The business community always hashistorically attitudes are neededtocreate new market pressures andopportunities level.international This isparticularly disappointing inEurope, where companies ortradeassociations isstillrare, at boththenational and companies.such for Butconsistentsupport government intervention by There are exceptionstothis. Green Alliance works withanumber of instance, didnotcontainasinglecompany covered by thescheme. for anambitiouscap in phasetwo oftheemissionstradingscheme, for businesses involved. The callin2006by Leadersgroup the Corporate However, thesestatements rarely have significant direct impactsonthe powerful interest inasuccessfultransition. economy, investment andallbusinesses withlong-term cycleshave a public interest. There would bemany winnersfrom alow-carbon global from self-interest, theperspective ofshort-term notthelonger-term government action. They approach government policyoverwhelmingly Critically, businesses continue toplay defensive aprimarily role in 21 20 Further shiftsinpublicFurther all tomarket signals. Businesses respond above level. in discussionsat national effects that loom solarge potential competitive there ofthe isfar lessrisk But itisthosewhomight 22 widespread inpractice. efficiency. Buttheprevalence ofthesebehaviours less ismuch claimed behaviours, onrecycling, inparticular food waste andenergy Defra’s annual survey ofpublic attitudes includesconsistently high ofusclaimpro-environmentalThe vast majority behaviour whenasked. headlines are important. no needhere toprovide adetailedanalysis ofpublic behaviour. Butthe Public leadership? preferences andbehaviours. The mostenvironmentally committed one friendly’ options, whilstrefusing toconfront ourmostdamaging contradictions inbehaviour. Many optfor totemicbut easy ‘climate steadily over time. Buteven amongthisgroup, there are somedeep political preferences andpersonalbehaviour. This group hasgrown and other ‘environmental’ are asignificant concerns influenceontheir There isacore citizens, group ofconcerned for whomclimate change live in, ourtravel, thefood we eat andtheholidays we take. onthehomeswe ofusdependsprimarily ofeach The carbonfootprint Behaviour: whatdowe do? through public andaction. change concern driving mobilisation. The remainder assesseshow ofthischapter closewe are to expressed inthree ways; through behaviour, attitudes andpolitical individuals toinfluenceactiononclimate change. The public willis debate onclimate change. Butthisisjustoneelementoftheability of ofindividualbehaviourThe importance isamajorthemeofthepublic The oneremaining hopethen, appears tobepublic andaction. concern than £600billion. small proportion oftotalannual householdconsumerspendofmore ethical market intheUKisnow worth £32.3billionayear, itisstilla line withtheirethicalvalues in2006. However, whilsttheoverall past five years. Onaverage, every householdintheUKspent£664 hasalmostdoubledexpenditure inthe onethicalgoodsandservices change. appears Climate tobenodifferent. change been apassive recipient oranactive opponentofprogressive social 25 24 The same is true ofpurchasing.The sameistrue Household 23 There is climate change, at leastinprinciple. confirms that thepublic more support actionby government totackle and socialnorms. Ifwe are tochange, we willdosotogether. for status,including thesearch emotions, habits anddominantcultural ofthosearound us.social norms They by are determined factors embedded inthewiderenvironment, andinthehabits andculture and impact onlarge andcomplexproblems. Ouractionsare deeply and only tooaware that theirindividualactionswillmake aminimal collective nature ofourbehaviour. Individualsare reluctant toactalone, constraints onindividualbehaviour. issuehere isthe The critical others, at 8th and16thhighestrespectively. actionrecordedinternational relatively low scores by to comparison Germany, thetwo perceived countries tobemostactive inpushingfor totake“necessary majorsteps very soon”. Interestingly, and Britain five percentofpeoplepolledglobally in2007agreed that itis There isapparently strong for support actionby government too. Sixty was change “serious”. agreedof thosequestionedin19out30countries that climate were consistently highacross countries. By2006, 90percentormore serious” rose from 49to61percentin20032006. These figures recent years. as The number climate change ofpeopledescribing “very consistently highpublic across allcountries, slowly concern rising in useful data onrecent trends, andmake encouraging reading. They show attitudes toclimate change. RecentGlobescansurveys provide themost There isremarkably littlecomparable global evidence onpublic Attitudes: whatdowe think? behaviour aweak isintruth one. Limited public isonefactor. concern Butthelinkbetween attitudes and classic exampleofthis. to take upcost-effective energy efficiency measures inourhomesisa signalsandinformation theyto theprice receive. Ourconsistentfailure Why ispublic actionsolimited?Individualsdonotrespond ‘rationally’ on average thantheother99percent. per centoftheUKpopulation, asdefined by theirbehaviour, fly more 28 27 There are many more deep-rooted 30 26 29 But otherUKpolling specific policies, astheprospect ofroad-user such charging. support forsupport aframework, rather thanspecific actionsby government. the motive for action. environmental taxes, withsuspicionofhow themoney willbeusedand UK istypical. lessovertThere ismuch for as support legislation such relation tospecific policyoptions, andhere there isfar lesssupport. The more specific. Public canonly support bemeaningfully assessedin However, lessrosy thepicture whenthediscussionbecomes ismuch asked thebill. theirMPto support the largest public mobilisation inrecent times. Almost 130,000people campaignfor billintheUKwas oftheEarth theclimate change Friends change, withorganised NGOsandgrassroots movements. The recent The UKhasoneofthemore active andvisible movements onclimate isminimal. climate change tackle needed, inany country. Inmany European countries, public pressure to the scaleandbreadth pressure onpoliticians, of not yet thesustained many successes. Butthere is Their efforts have yielded environmental campaigners. andskillof determination large theresult part ofthe issueisin international individual action. The emergence asanational and ofclimate change Political ofthethree mobilisation dimensionsof isthemostcritical What dowe askpoliticianstodo? forsupport action. collectiveapproaches that trigger shiftsinpublic consciousnessand attitudes ifthey seeothersaround themdoingso. We neednew a low-carbon path. As onbehaviour, peopleare more likely tochange actions ifourleadersare tospend, taxandregulate oureconomiesonto communication. Butwe willneedfar greater public for support specific Some ofthiscanbeovercome by careful policydesignand 31 There isalsostrong resistance toarangeof “we approaches neednew that 33 support foraction” public consciousnessand trigger collective shiftsin However they were expressing 32

the new politics of climate change 11 12

“the criticalissueisnotsimply the new politics of climate change attitudes onpoliticalaction” of ouractivism,behaviourand our behaviour, buttheimpact personal responsibility. This isconsistentwith awidertrend. A focus on There isagrowing tendency toportray asanissueof climate change action thanourpoliticalleadersacknowledge. Butwe are currently a frameworks they inwhich operate. There isconsiderably more room for make thedifference, given theconstraintsofdemocratic andmarket somehow, bebroken. Governments andbusinesses are very unlikely to The impassebetween government, business andindividualsmust, Conclusion global movement isconsidered inchapterfive. onclimate change inDecember2007. UN negotiations onclimate change the hundred intheire-petitionsduring thousandpeopleparticipated hasgrownwhich at incredible speedsinceitwas established. Four The secondistheglobalcampaigningwebsite Avaaz, www.avaaz.org, groups. The first isledby Al Gore, andhasnoreal roots incivilsociety. campaigns, inadditiontotheestablished environmental international pressing ofglobalissues. There are two emerging international There ishowever noglobalmovement pushingfor actiononthismost towns. movements ascarbonrationing actiongroups andtransition such burst ofactivityat community level withtheemergence ofgrassroots Development Movement, theinvolvement ofsometradeunions, anda by development groups includingChristian Aid, Oxfam andthe World community protests at theproposed sitesofnew runways, campaigns significant mobilisation of ‘non-environmental’ publics. These include the environment. Critically, thepastthree years have seenthefirst preserve ofasmallgroup, by for primarily theirconcern characterised Even intheUK, public remains mobilisation the onclimate change 34 will make adifference. public intervention that understand thekindof If we are todoso, we must andaction.concern through publicchange long way this from driving 36 The casefor a 35 unemployment, andnow toclimate change. deep-rooted socialproblems from healthandobesitytopoverty and take theactionthat we sourgently need. It istimetoidentifynew approaches that will persuadeourleadersto will becritical. unabated coal-fired power, thescaleandbreadth ofpublic mobilisation asthe threat intheshort-term.that of Onissuessuch pushupprices and energy against couldcreate prices abacklash environmental policies runways. Inothercases, ourattitudes are critical. inoil The recent rise politically significant. Ifwe fly less, we weaken thecasefor new from issuetoissue. asaviation, Incasessuch ourbehaviour isitself The typeofindividualactionthat willleadtopoliticalactionvaries totheparties.concern attitudes offloating voters inmarginal constituenciesare ofgreatest but onwhothesepeopleare andtheirpoliticalinfluence. IntheUK, the of thisactiondependsnotsimply onthenumbers ofpeopleinvolved, activism, behaviour andattitudes onpoliticalaction. The politicaleffect issueisnotsimply ourbehaviour,So thecritical but theimpactofour footprints. consumers willnotbeable that tomake reduce theirpersonal choices government doesnotregulate thecarbonintensityofnew products, through individualcommitmenttorenewable energy. IftheBritish plants, itwillbeimpossible tosecure alow-carbon energy future government anew permits generation ofunabated coal-fired power that weintensity ofthegoodsandservices buy. IftheBritish of different andtherelative modesoftransport andcarbon price intensity oftheenergy we useinourhomes, andavailability theprice personal carbonfootprint. Itisgovernments thecarbon that determine matter, there are significant limitsonourability our todetermine But thisisnotsimply about ourbehaviour. While individualactiondoes thinking on both left and right inrecent years.thinking onbothleftandright has beenperhaps themostprominent themeinintellectualandpolitical the power andresponsibility socialproblems ofindividualsfor tackling 38 37 It hasbeenapplied to publications by andtheHenley bothIpsos-Mori Centre. evidence points toasimilarconclusion, ascaptured inrecent in breaking habits andindevising new socialnorms.” the level ofgroups andcommunities. isparticularly Socialsupport vital andexpectations.social norms isbestpursuedat Negotiating change social change. Individualbehaviours are shaped andconstrainedby “A key lessonfrom thisreview ofcommunity-based istheimportance work onmotivating sustainable consumption: them totake actionwithothers. isworthTim Jackson quoting, from his they are ofaphysical part community orvirtual network that allows However, there isextensive evidence that they are willingtodosowhen behaviour for orsupport politicalaction. consistently willingand/orable totake personalaction, ineithertheir Chapter three demonstrated that individualsare notcurrently are inplacetosustainthat action. persuade ourleaderstoact, andalsoensure that thesocialfoundations whetherwedetermining canavert catastrophic climate change. We must The level factor ofdemandfor politicalactionwillbethecritical in gets thecredit.” “It’s amazingwhatyou canaccomplish,ifyou don’t care who 4 third sectorleadership:thekeytosuccess supportive groups andnetworks, proof. isfurther through mutually modelofchange usesasocial-psychological which related initiatives. have accumulated alarge evidence basefrom theireco-teamsand There isconsiderable real world evidence ofthis. Global Action Plan 41 The successofthetransitiontowns movement, 42 A variety ofpolling A variety 40 43 Harry Truman 39 consumption round table report commissionedby Defra. recognised, perhaps mostnotably in behaviour andpoliticalaction. change This evidence isincreasingly outby bothgovernmentcarried andthe thirdsectortoencourage We have failed ofthework insightinmuch tofully utilisethiscritical cangive themboththemotiveand which toact. andopportunity peoplehaveand communities withwhich strong personalaffiliations, willonlynecessary emerge through collective decisionsinthenetworks insight.This isacriticallyimportant Individualactiononthescale communities. They could become apowerful motivation for action. community groups, tradeunionsandco-operatives andfaith apply totheinterests ofmany national voluntary organisations, local different groups inthethirdsectorare considered five. inchapter These connectionsbetween of The particular andtheconcerns climate change against tothestruggle contributions climatetheir particular change. profoundly withtheseissuestooffer intheinterests ofthoseconcerned to agreat extentonwhetherandhow we climate change. tackle Itis The prospect oflastingprogress intheseandmany otherareas depends so many. poverty, housing, health, andwell-being security that to are ofconcern understanding oftheconnectionsbetween andissuesof climate change environmental issue. To succeed, we must establish awidespread public todate. actiononclimate change Butthisisnotjustan action. The environment hasbeenthemotivating for concern much We willonly succeed inthisifwe tap intoabroad rangeofmotives for networks that willenable acollective shiftinattitude oraction. the too oftensoughttoinfluenceindividualactionwithoutfostering I willifyou will , thesustainable 44 But we have

the new politics of climate change 13 14

“the third sectorholds the the new politics of climate change against climatechange” success inthestruggle political mobilisation,andto concern, behaviourand key tomobilisingpublic recite here. billtotherenewablechange energy obligation. The lististoolongto stimulating ahostofspecific governmental actions, from theclimate inraisingpublic awarenesshas beencritical andconcern, andin governments andbusinesses onahostofissues. achieved remarkable shiftsinpublic awareness andactionby proud of. In justforty years ithasgrown withastonishingspeedand environmentalThe modern movement hasmany achievements tobe overwhelmingly undertaken by environmental groups. has,Third sectoractivityonclimate change untilvery recently, been Today’s model:environmental advocacy interests. action at alllevels, withinandacross amyriad ofdifferent public already does, provide for theinspiration andopportunity collective againstthe struggle climate change. Itcan, andinsomeinstances public concern, behaviour andpoliticalmobilisation, andtosuccessin model for future activity. The thirdsectorholdsthekey tomobilising inthethirdsector,approaches toclimate change andtheappropriate This chaptertherefore considersthescaleandnature ofcurrent total incomeof£108.9billionin2005-06. groups. The thirdsectoristhemostwidely that includesallthese usedterm 45 The diversity andscaleofthesectorisbreathtaking, witha 46 Protocol. Here intheUK, it negotiations ontheKyoto influence during groups were acritical activities ofenvironmental level,international the and politicalconcern. At the first orderissueofpublic a making climate change played an influentialrole in But, mostimportantly, ithas 48 47 Association. committed andactive base, supporter asrepresented by theSoil by contrast, ismore influentialasaresult oftheexistencetheir energy efficient housesandholidays intheUK. The organic movement, domestic carbonquotasandspreading awareness ofthebenefits of communities practisinglow-carbonand virtual lifestyles, trading would both befar more achievable ifthey were by supported physical objectives aviation ininternational anddomestictransport, for instance, foundations that are neededtosucceedinthelongterm. Ouradvocacy governments toactwithoutbuilding thepublic andsocial support mobilised (environmental) opinionandactiviststopersuade overwhelmingly oninfluencinggovernment. We have primarily Second, oursuccessestodate have beenachieved by focusing to fail obstacles. intheface ofsuch example ofthis. A low-level andnarrowly basedcampaignwas bound Labour cametoregret (which in2008)wastrading scheme aclassic tax theenergy companiesfor theirwindfall gainsintheemissions prevailing ideological view ingovernment. The decisionin2005notto opposite direction, andthat thedesired actionwas alsocountertothe knew that there was far greater power beingbrought tobearinthe environmental Isympathised greatly, groups withwhich but where I this. I was frequently onthereceiving endoflobbying by My own ingovernment experience brought of hometheimportance broader coalitionsofsupport.much emphasise thebreadth ofissuesimpactedby andbuild climate change urgently needtoaccelerate thisshift, andtoemploy new arguments that on theeconomicandsocialbenefits ofthelow-carbon economy. We shifted considerably inrecent years, stronger andthere focus isamuch that toourcore appeal environmental primarily audiences. This has First, ourpastsuccesseshave oftenbeenachieved by usingarguments failure.of ourcurrent longer fit we for thechallenges face. Itcontainsthetwo causes primary However, theapproach that hassecured theseinitialsuccessesisno Resulting mobilisation What level oforganisation? What alliances? Who dotheymobilise? What istheirfocus? on climatechange? What motivates thoseactive Characteristics table 1:present andpotentialfuture characteristicsofthird sectoractiononclimatechange A classicandhighly influentialexampleofthisis among bothenvironmental groups andthephilanthropic community. Yet remains dominantinthevoluntary thismodelofchange sectorand programmes that delivered emissionsreductions. pledges have inmany casesnotbeenfollowed through successfully in agreements toactby governments at globalandnational level, these us where we needtogo. Indeed, even where ouradvocacy hassecured inmany tosecure change struggle areas isevidence that itwillnotget The advocacy modelhasdelivered victories. someimportant Butthe Primarily national Primarily developmental concerns Emerging alliance between environmental and with povertyconcerned indeveloping countries for theenvironment, more recently andmuch those Overwhelmingly groups andindividualsconcerned individual national governments Overwhelmingly actionby focused onsecuring countries motivated by for poverty concern indeveloping Overwhelmingly environmental, withsomeactivity Today’s third sectoraction Design towin low , the climate change. thatreport isshaping U.S much andEuropean philanthropic activityon characteristics ofanew approachcharacteristics that couldsucceed. third sector’s work current onclimate change, andthepotential The table below ofthe setsouta(necessarily simplified) description So we urgently needtodevelop new approaches to influencingchange. toavertstruggle catastrophic climate change. and public the outcomeofthe commitmentthat willdetermine perspective onclimate change, issuesofpower andneglectsthecritical 49 Design towin Global, national, local Multiple alliancesestablished across thethirdsector Communities: ofplaces, faiths andinterests individual commitmentandlifestyle change national governments, andnetworks usedtospread Consistent demandsfor actionmadetomany and environment and employment, well-being, health, humanrights Global poverty, domesticpoverty, security, prosperity takes anarrow sectoralandtechnological Tomorrow high

the new politics of climate change 15 the new politics of climate change 16 figure 2:third sectoractivityonclimatechange issue. Itisunderstoodasamulti-faceted problem that affects usall. as anenvironmentalresult. isnolongercharacterised Climate change of motives. ofgroupsA widevariety show leadershipandactionasa First, thenew model seesleadershipandactiondriven by awidevariety deserve elaboration now. climate change.will succeedintackling Two features ofthisactivity Chapter five typesofthirdsectoractivitythat outlinesthefour primary Tomorrow’s model:socialmobilisation tomorrow today social mobilisationthroughout thethird sector environmental advocacy Public commitment What coalition? Policy development Which champions? developed economiestoo. would bedeeply damaging tooureconomies, andtothepoorest in it isalsoanissueofpoverty and prosperity: runaway climate change resources andthemassmovement ofpeopleescaping itsworst effects. issue, sincerunaway would climate change leadtoconflictover Finally, itisaninter-generational issue, sinceyounger generations have prospects for development international isnow well understood. concerns.particular The threat posestothe that climate change Some engage becausethey seethepotentialimpactontheirown 51 It is also a security issue,It isalsoasecurity andarefugee Government decisions What access? 50 But 52 highlighted by Tony Juniper, untilmid oftheEarth director ofFriends ofdeepeningpublic for importance support actionhasbeen critical seek from government more politically viable andindeed attractive. The building thefoundations for politicalaction, andmakingtheactionswe individual behaviour, we willinfluencegovernment indirectly, by government actionandthesocially embeddednature ofmuch concern. But,our primary recognising themany obstaclesto This isnotabout abandoning ourfocus ongovernment. They remain for success. individual andcommunity behaviour, andbuild thesocialfoundations governments, we needtomobiliseaction networks that influence for activity. Rather ondirect thanfocus advocacy primarily to Second, thenew modelfor broader focus thirdsector actionhasamuch these trends. for ReligionandConservation. We now need todramatically accelerate andsustainableclimate change livingbeingco-ordinated by the Alliance based initiatives, andanemerging multi-faith network international on and Prospect have donelikewise. There are ofindividualfaith- avariety movement have taken upthestruggle. Trade asUNISON unionssuch Co-operative Bank andmore recently othersintheco-operative groups hasalready beennoted. Butthere are otherexamples. The rapidly internationalising. the transitiontowns movement are now established intheUKand This isalready beginningtohappen. New grassroots initiatives, notably associated approaches. withcurrent policy(newchange jobs, for instance), ortheavoidance ofrisks action. Otherswillbeattracted by thepotentialbenefits ofclimate home andotherlifestyle andassociational benefits ofclimate change offers them. Some willjoinbecausethey embracelocalfood, holidays at threat,the long-term benefits but that becauseoftheshort-term it ofthethirdsectorembraceclimate change,Other parts notbecauseof rather thanproven, andwe must build theevidence basefor action. strong evidence for someoftheseconnections. Butothersare asserted a powerful interest inaverting dangerous climate change. There is 53 The increasing activityamongdevelopment Summit. focused onadvocacy. Itsecured considerable successat theGleneagles phenomenally large numbers ofpeople, was short-lived andwholly one for climate change. That campaign, thoughitinvolved change.” different. More thanany otherissue, we needthepublic towant 2008, “Our movement hastogalvanise public demandfor something like inpractice. possible. Itisnow outwhat timetosketch thismobilisation would look climate change. A tremendous surge ofmobilisation and isnecessary hasoutlinedanewThis chapter modelfor thirdsectoractionon degree ofpersonalactioninordertosucceed. higherdegreeboth amuch ofpoliticalmobilisation andagreater holidays, shoppingandtheway your you hometoo. run We willneed mayaction onclimate change oftransport, your choice meanchanging embedded problem development. thaninternational A commitmentto lasting actionwe need. more diffuseandsocially Itis alsomuch requiresClimate sustainedpoliticalmobilisation, change tosecure the climate change. for more politicalspacefor action, and ‘a Make Poverty History’ on Politicians frequently ofbothleftandright callpublicly andprivately Conclusion made there. 56 54 But almostallstates have sincereneged onthecommitments 57 55 But theMake Poverty modelisnottheright History

the new politics of climate change 17 18

“we needtosecure the the new politics of climate change climate change” served by takingaleadon particular interests are well demonstrating thattheir constituencies by very different concernsand commitment ofgroups with are committedgroups takinginitiatives inmany areas. undertaken someinitialwork onthis, that hasconfirmed there which togoodeffect.supporters We will dosonotby highlightingthe and persuadethemtousetheirpower withpoliticiansandtheir commitment ofgroups withvery different andconstituencies, concerns range ofnational thirdsectororganisations. We needtosecure the The first dimensionwillbethecommitmentandleadershipofawide National leadershipandactionby thethird sector intheactionofnational governments. stepchange necessary needed. A movement ofthissizeanddiversity the couldtrigger ofthesefour areas.some activityineach Butfar more isurgently groups, thetradeunionandco-operative movements. There isalready leadership onclimate change, amongvoluntary andcommunity sector outlinesfourThis chapter potential dimensionsofthirdsector 5 fourdimensionsofthird sectorleadership required. Green Alliance has involving them, isurgently social andpoliticaleffect of climate change, andthe that couldbeengaged on third sectororganisations A detailedmapping ofthe climate change. served by takingaleadon interests areterm well andlonger- short particular by demonstrating that their for societyasawhole, but urgency ofclimate change • • • and successfully engaged: There are perhaps three maintypesofgroups that couldbeconsistently cheaper tobuildcheaper andmaintaininaneraofhighoilprices. Trade for instance, ifthey saw energy efficient low-carbon housingas action onclimate change. Housingorganisations couldcontribute, affected, seepotentialbenefits for interests theirparticular from The thirdcouldincludeorganisations which, althoughlessdirectly recent analysis commissionedby Oxfam hasconfirmed. that thepoorestconcern willsuffer mostfrom climate change, as Some poverty groups are already active. More couldactoutof dimensions tothis, ofinitiatives andavariety are already underway. profoundlyclimate change affect theirinterests. There are many that thedirect environmental andindirect economicimpactsof vulnerable groups andcommunities intheUK, andtherecognition The secondcouldincludethosemotivated by for aconcern since thepublication ofthe change. Many development organisations have taken upthecause are directlywhose concerns andprofoundly affected by climate The first couldincludeorganisations outlook, withaninternational young have mosttogainfrom actionnow onclimate change. tremendous potentialfor youth organisations tolead, given that the action now. A number ofthesegroups have already beguntodoso. bythat they oforigin securing candomosttohelp their countries representing specific diasporascouldalsospeakout, recognising andhumanrights.security National refugee groups andthose including thosespecifically peace, withinternational concerned in thissectorcouldalsocommittoleadonclimate change, climate change couldhaveclimate change onhealthandwell-being. health organisations have already spoken outontheimpactthat Up inSmoke report. 58 Many othergroups 60 There isalso 59 Some the pasttwo years. organisations andotherenvironmental onclimate change issuesover andguidancetovoluntarysupport sectorgroups andcommunity cross-sectoral Every Action Countsinitiative hasoffered of avariety There have already thisabout, beenattempts tobring ofcourse. The fordeeper support politicalaction. toshiftbehaviourof opportunities and, crucially, to build broader and role inreframing inthepublic climate mind, change andcreate ahost The leadershipandcommitmentofthesegroups would play acrucial of climate change forof climate theirinterests. change UKfoundationThe Carnegie work withfive toeightnon-environmental groups ontheimplications Foundation hasrecently awarded four grantstodifferent to consortia and deep-rooted commitmenttoclimate change. The Baring funders andthirdsectororganisations couldestablish afar more diverse This couldbeabout toemerge. Recentdevelopments amongboth interests ofmany andtheprimary climate change groups. we needtogofurther, drawing onthedeeperconnectionsbetween initiative. Environmental auditshave pointfor beenthe entry some. But a result of the diversity ofouractions, notfrom asingleall-embracing expression ofinterest andmeansofinfluence. Oursuccesswillcomeas that work interms climate change for them, andtofind theirown There hasbeentoolittledonetoencourage organisations tointerpret local expression tosustainmomentum. voices andpublished two manifestos. offer Butithadauniform andno potential recruits. Real World assembled animpressive coalitionofNGO have tendedtooffer andcampaigningproposition asinglestory to But theseinitiatives have hadlimitedimpact, above allbecausemany progressive ontheenvironment change andotherissues. initiative of1997 and2001soughttocreate asinglecoalitionfor have cometogethertocreate StopClimate Chaos. carbon economy. recognition oftheemployment from thelow- arising opportunities unions couldaccelerate theiractiononclimate change, in 61 Development, environmental andothersgroups 62 The Real World 63 recently published helpfulguidance. skills ofthesectortoleadinthisarea. Commissionhas The Charity change, andcouldplay role animportant inbuilding thecapacity and Council for Voluntary Organisations (NCVO) iswaking uptoclimate willpublishand climate areport inearly change 2009. The National in four communities, andEvery Action Countshasfacilitated studyimportant ofathree year pilotproject that they have undertaken recently published an evidence base. a usefulreview ofthe activity, andcommissioned oflocalcommunityvariety a Defra hassupported some work inthisarea. supported. There hasbeen yet theleastexplored and The potentialfor community leadershipisperhaps themostexciting, establishing theconditionsfor national actionandleadership. dimension ofthirdsectoractivity, withanessentialrole toplay in leadership andcreativity at theselevels. This isthesecondvital for community, localandregional action. There ispotentialfor far more set ofinitiatives by localgovernment. They are evidence ofthepotential the sub-national level, from thetransitiontown movement toadiverse There isagrowing trend for at independentactiononclimate change Community, localandregional leadership have arole toplay. Association ofChiefExecutives of Voluntary Organisations (ACEVO) also enabling thistohappen. asNCVO Sectoralbodiessuch andthe sectorandingovernmentin thetrusts canbothplay roles important in meansofexerting influence.identify theirparticular Charitable funders andotheragendasclimate change andenabling different groups to advocacy andinfluence, by demonstrating thesynergies between We urgently theseandotherinitiatives needtoturn intonew sourcesof social justice. recently and published onclimate change aguidefor trusts charitable 64 66 A round-table withsocialjustice ofgroups concerned WWF “success willcomeasaresult all-embracing initiative” actions, notfrom asingle of thediversity of our 65

the new politics of climate change 19 20

“a massmovement ofpeople the new politics of climate change from outsidegovernment” political leadershipwe need is anotherdimensionof living thelow-carbon lifestyle community action. government. action canbebothradicalandasource ofpressure on national needed toachieve ahighertarget, was amodelofhow sub-national impact onnational politics. Former LondonMayor Ken Livingstone’s Consistent leadershipat localandregional level would have areal climateparticular impacts. coastal cities, water-stressed regions andotherareas experiencing vested interests andmany have clearandpressing localreasons toact, in national levels. They donotface thesameresistance from entrenched tremendous potentialtoactascatalysts for actionat thecommunity and government. encouraged by government, andby thenational representatives oflocal oflocal,structures regional andcitygovernment. This hasbeen There hasbeenmore focus onthepotentialfor actionwithintheformal action onclimate change. groups clubscouldallprovide andsports vitallocalleadershipand residents andtenantsassociations, mosques, churches, temples, amenity want totake action. Congregational networks asschools, nurseries, such to offer far greater andencouragement support tocommunities that Both government andnational thirdsectororganisations urgently need they have setthepaceinlocalities. or encouragement at national level orfrom localgovernment. Rather, initiatives, astransitiontowns, such have emerged withoutany support 69 68 Far more ispossible. These tiersofgovernment have 67 But someofthemostexcitingcommunity government tooktheaction per cent, ifnational per centby 2025orby 60 to reduce emissionsby 30 climate change. Hispledge leadership agenda on widerandinfluential much cited example. Butheseta congestion charge isamuch introduction ofthe established by theUSClintonfoundation. technologies,friendly andhassincemerged withasimilarinitiative throughparticular procurement, toaccelerate theuptake ofclimate- this level. Itbeganwith18citiesin2005pledgingtoco-operate, in leadership group have already leadershipat beguntointernationalise This kindofleadershipcancross borders. The C40citiesclimate been reluctant todoso. Inaviation, adramatic surge inpublic would directly encourage governments toactwhere they have sofar In otherareas, ascarclubs, such amajorincrease incollective action awareness andcommitmenttoaction, for instance. energy generation would toincreasing make contribution animportant effect on politicsmay beindirect. A dramatic increase incommunity it.means tosecuring Insomeareas, asenergy such policy, theprimary behavioural as an alternative topoliticalaction, change rather thana There toseeencouraging hasbeenatendencyinsomequarters private sector, andthusonthe political process. would exert tremendous influence onothermembersofthepublic, the that alow-carbonchoices lifestyle ismore fulfilling andrewarding, action we need. Millionsofpeople, demonstrating through personal people livinglow-carbon thepolitical tosecuring lifestyles iscritical The emergence ofafar larger andmore committedmovement of relatively smallinabsolute terms, inchaptertwo. assummarised behaviour continues toincrease. andpurchasing asexpressed throughscale ofindividualactiononclimate change dimension oftheleadershipwe needfrom outsidegovernment. The A massmovement ofpeoplelivingthelow-carbon lifestyle isanother Living differently anddemandingmore thenational leadershipwesecuring need. actual emissionsreductions. ofthesewillplay Each in part animportant policy anddelivery oflow-carbon solutions, anddeliver significant commitment toaction, showcase thepotentialfor new andinnovative Community, local, regional andcityleadershipcandeepenpublic 70 71 But itremains generation ofcommunity leaders. istobesustained.change We needtonurture anew andsupport community level iseven more thannational leadershipif important raising awareness andshiftingattitudes very rapidly. Butleadershipat dinnersandHughFearnley-Whittingstallschool onanimalwelfare, have beenledby individuals inthepublic eye, asJamie Oliver such on Some ofthemostpolitically significant lifestyle shiftsinrecent years wider public attitudes andbehaviour. within adiminishingcarbonallowance, andhave ahugeimpacton movement ofpeoplecommittedtolivingsuccessfully andhappily their carbonemissions. Over timethiscouldgrow intoanational individualsmadevoluntary butwhich bindingcommitmenttolimit low-carbon optionswould beapersonalcarbontradingscheme, in One over-arching initiative togethertheseandother that couldbring that respond tothefinancialand carsharing pressures peopleare facing. possibilities for community actionare inareas like energy efficiency Given economicdownturn, thecurrent someofthemost exciting households couldcatalyse widerbehavioural change. for localactionandinfluencingparents. Inbothcases, individual values andempathy withothers; are andschools, potentialhubs which embedded andable tomake influentialappeals for actionbasedon seem particularly promising: faith communities, are deeply which New constituenciescouldbeenergised totake personal action. Two that peoplewillfind attractive. networks toencourage behaviour andtooffer new change alternatives asfaith groups,such voluntary groups andtradeunions, andlocal the thirdsectorisinastrong positiontousebothnational networks, movement. Someofthesolutionswillbeledby theprivate sector. But this kind. The thirdsectorhasavitalrole inthestrengthening ofthis Chapter three demonstrated that there isalready considerable activityof for new runways andpoliticalattitudes towards expansion. onflying wouldcommitment tocutback affect boththeeconomiccase areas. betterconnectedandaligned.must bemuch This isneededintwo internationalised overinternationalised thepasttwo years. transition towns andadvocacy movements as such Avaaz have all and someothergroups at level. international Community initiatives like between tradeunions, cities considerable collaboration There isalready mobilisation. successful international groups of willallbepart trade unionsandother government, communities, to press for national action. Voluntary groups, sub-national tiersof building alliancesoutsidegovernment international that work together by individualstates two. highlightedinchapter We willonly dosoby national mobilisation alonewillnotovercome theconstraintsonaction build broader for anddeepersupport actionat thenational level. But fourth andfinal feature ofthirdsectorleadership. We canandmust Strong thirdsectornetworks at theregional andgloballevel willbethe Mobilisation across borders differently anddemandingmore. andlifestyles,choices andtoestablish amassmovement that isliving strong inducementtolow-carbon choices. We needtoembedthese overtourism thepastyear suggeststhat theimpendingrecession isa public action. The growth ofhome-grown food, carclubsanddomestic The downturn tosecure arapid isanopportunity andlastingshiftin and recognising thepoliticalsignificance ofbehavioural change. the politicalprocess. We by canstart makingtheconnectionourselves, andtheneedto engagepolitical dimensionoftheirlifestyle choices in connect thepersonalandpolitical, encouraging peopletorecognise the political mobilisation. Butover timewe needtofind new ways to This dimensionofthirdsectoractionfocuses onbehaviour, rather than “the downturn isan action” and lastingshiftinpublic opportunity tosecure arapid 72 But thesenetworks canand

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“the third sectorholds thekey the new politics of climate change public alike” and actionofpoliticians to unlockingthecommitment progressive player todate inthe globaldebate onclimate change. But European civilsociety finds itsvoice. Europe has beenthecritical down costsfor individualcountries. Itisparticularly that important common policyresponses that willincrease theambitionanddrive This kindofco-operation isalsoneededregionally, tobuild for support action andagreement between individualstates. amovement Such able public toframeandleadinternational debate ontheneedfor a globaldealwould bedramatically enhancedby amovement that was objections are essentially tacticalrather thanstrategic. The prospects for organisations, andadistractionfrom national campaigns. These potentially expensive, bureaucratic, athreat tothebrandsofexisting Various objectionshave beenraisedtothis. as Ithasbeencriticised diminished ifwe fail todoso, for thereasons given two. inchapter prospects for national actionatscalewillbemuch thenecessary wide cross-section ofthekey ofpublic opinionineach countries. The that focuses oninfluencingpoliticalaction, linkingandmobilisinga The secondelementofthiswould beanover-arching globalnetwork 1990s). global movement (asLocal for change Agenda 21didfor someinthe committed toaction, givingcitizensindifferent asenseof countries issues. ofglobalnetworks Localcommunities couldbecomepart could collaborate far more systematically onprocurement andother of commitmentandactiononbehaviour change. Localgovernments mobilisation. Faith groups are apotentially immensely powerful source behaviourcommitments andapproaches tochange andsecure political need tocometogetherphysically andvirtually toagree new First, faith groups, communities, localgovernments, workers andothers for solong. negotiations climate change international characterised stand-off that has breaking thedisastrous national interests, and shifting thedebate on would play avitalrole in can and must rise tothis.can andmust rise across borders. Butthere isnootherpathway tosuccess. The thirdsector relationships and andalliancesacross ourtraditionalsectoralboundaries and acquire new skillstoachieve thesegoals, and establish new need, andhow they willbestimulated. We needtobuild ourcapacity We needtodevelop afar we clearer understandingbothofthechanges investment ofleadership, imagination andmoney tomake thisareality. I donotunderestimate thescaleofthischallenge. Itwillrequire avast of climate change. elements ofthethirdsectorleadershipthat thepolitics couldtransform of politiciansandpublic alike. hasoutlinedthefourThis chapter major The thirdsectorholdsthekey thecommitmentandaction tounlocking Conclusion global agreement couldbeoneway thetwo tobring elementstogether. politicians andpublic. A peoples’ movement for theratification ofanew But we shouldlookfor tolinkthem, opportunities inthemindsof These two causeswillattract different groups andtake different forms. national politicians, andtoaccelerate shiftsinbehaviour andaction. We needtowork togetheracross national borderstosecure actionby movement couldnow for change emerge. organisations at European level isevidence that abroad-based European The growing commitmentandactionby tradeunionsanddevelopment society movement would significantly improve theprospects for this. delivering theobjectives internationally. that itchampions A strong civil fragile. The EUmust putitspoliticalweight andfinancial muscle behind the politicalcommitmenttoEuropean actionis highly and varied politics ofclimate change. outlined four features ofthethirdsectoractionthat coulddeliver anew carbon lifestyles inourcommunities andnetworks. This pamphlethas scale, and create thesocialfoundations for successby embeddinglow- We for must bothmobilisesupport political actiononafar broader issue. We must now unleashthefullpower ofthesector. actor withinthesectortodate. Butthisisnotsimply anenvironmental climate change. The environmental community hasbeenthedominant In theUK, thethirdsectorholdskey tocreating anew politicsof forceonce more ofchange. bethedriving utterly different today, but thescaleofpublic pressure for actioncan touniversalequality back suffrage. The nature ofpublic mobilisation is force behindothersuccesses,driving from thespread ofgender from outsidetheestablished ofpower structures andwealth was the importance.causes ofhistoric ofleaders The visionanddetermination effect. isnodifferent Climate change inthisrespect tootherprogressive whetherthey forsupport actionwilldetermine usetheirpower tofull must doourutmosttopersuadethemuseit. The scaleofpublic Politicians have more power much toactthanthey acknowledge. We we iscommontoallcountries. cansucceedonclimate change UK experience. Buttheneedfor anexplicitly politicalanalysis ofhow that persuadespoliticianstoact.climate change I have focused onthe known. We willmake themareality ifwe create anew politicsof behaviours that we needtodeploy are inalmostallcasesalready success inotherfields willfollow. The policies, and technologies the key battleground isthepoliticalarena. Ifwe succeedonthat terrain, politics, power, economics, behavioural andideology. psychology But The war against willhave climate change tobewon at many levels: 6 thenewpoliticsofclimatechange to focus oncollective rather thanindividualaction, andnew on behaviour as such change Act onCO2urgently need to berethought realising the power of thethirdsector. Existinggovernment initiatives Governments canplay in enabling part animportant socialaction, and we cancounter. There withinthistrend. isalsoanopportunity The increasing reluctance ofgovernments tointervene isathreat that imperative. This trend isapparent across thepoliticalspectrum. to individualsandcommunities makes new approaches even more responsibilities transferring government and towards lessinterventionist The continuing trend low-carbon lifestyle choices. action andenthusiasmfor public for support political if we canmobilisesufficient carbon economicrecovery agreement onclimate change. development, andreducing theprospects for asuccessfulglobal the public mind, affecting theavailability ofcapital for low-carbon to climate change. isalreadyThe credit diminishingtheissuein crunch impending recession toreduce iscertain public andpoliticalattention The needfor new approaches ismore pressing now thanever. The operative effort toprevent it. againstcountries theravages rather thanaglobalco- ofclimate change the result couldwell beadefensive attempt toinsulate affected and action. Butwe cannot wait for acatastrophe tobefall us. Ifitdoes, that dramatic climatic events adramatic shiftinattitudes couldtrigger Are there any otherpathways toalow-carbon world? Somehave argued 73 We willonly secure asustainable low- “politicians have muchmore to useit” our utmosttopersuadethem acknowledge. We mustdo power to actthanthey 23 the new politics of climate change 24 the new politics of climate change all bedoingourutmosttosecure that. Butitiseven more important the endof2009. Ourleaderswillwant thosetalkstosucceed. We will arenegotiations duetoconcludeinCopenhagen onclimate change at There isstilltimetomake allthishappen. global The current tothis.make contributions important new for Department Energy andClimate Changeand Defracouldall programmes established todothis. The Office ofthe Third Sector, the the root causesofourfailure, andmapped outapathway tosuccess. andimproved.within itwillbechallenged It’s hightimewe confronted This pamphletoffers onepathway tosuccess. Ihopethat theideas there. that we are able topersuadethemmeetthecommitmentsthey make 25 the new politics of climate change 26 the new politics of climate change .Intergovernmental Panel onClimate Change, 2007, 1. references .NetherlandsEnvironment Agency, 2007, 2. .Defranews release, 31January 2008, 3. 2 Theprospect ofroad-user charging ledtoapetitionbeingsetuponthee-petitionssectionofnumber10.gov.uk website. 12. 4 John etal., Dryzek 2003, 14. GeoffMulgan, 2006, 13. “Opinionandattitude surveys indicate acleartendencyfor thepublic asaremote andbarely toseeclimate change understa 11. InstituteofBusiness, 2007, 10. TheUK’s public spendingonaidhasincreased by 52percentsince1997toover £3billionayear. Total UKspendingoninter 9. Stern, Nicholas 2006, 8. Intergovernmental Panel onClimate Change, 2000, 7. www.actonco2.direct.government.uk 6. UnitedNations Framework Convention onClimate Change, 2007, 5. DieterHelm, RobinSmaleandJonathan Phillips, 2007, 4. 6 The Aldersgate Group isabroad coalitionofenvironmental agencies, NGOs, representatives thinktanksandindustry whobeli 16. Rebekah Philips(ed), 2008, 15. 9 AlexEvans andDavid Stevens, 2007, 19. EdMayo, 2007, 18. IanChristie, 2008, 17. UK climate change sustainable development indicator: 2007greenhouse gas emissions, provisional figures charging. The petitioncanstillbeviewed at http://petitions.number10.gov.uk/traveltax/ commentthat thescaleofresponseresponse indicates MinisterandMinisterial debate that from further thePrime isneeded policy”. androad-pricing tracking Itreceived anunprecedented 1,811,424 signatures andmadethenational news, aswell aspro with asign-updeadlineof20FebruaryRoberts 2007itsaid “We MinistertoScrap theundersignedpetitionPrime theplanne government.” cfPhilDowling andJoe Ballantyne, 2007, individualshavewhich littleconnection–responsibility for ‘causing it’ isassignedtobusiness andresponsibility for ‘deal Kevin Anderson and Alice Bows, September2008, Oxford University Press development toalmost£9.1billionby willrise 2010/11. ofaidbetweenThis represents aquadrupling 1997 and 2010. www.dfid.g that there isanurgent needtodevelop new andlonger-term climate policiesfor change. tackling www.cpi.cam.ac.uk LeadersGroup togetherbusinessThe Corporate onClimate leadersfrom Changebrings majorUK, companieswh EUandinternational environmental offuture standardswillbeamajorpart economicgrowth competitiveness. andinternational www.aldersgategroup.o The environmental contract: public how actiononclimate change toharness Greening theDownturn? Good andbadpower: theidealsandbetrayals ofgovernment The EconomicsofClimate Change: Review The Stern Green States andSocialMovement: Environmentalism intheUnitedStates, UnitedKingdom, andNorway Germany Survey onBusinessEthics2006 Is there more tolife thantrading? Seven viewsondesigningalow carbonfuture Climate Change: the state ofthedebate UK emissionsfigures down, but “much more mustbedone”: Benn , presentation to the Green Alliance Greenwave Seminaron5June2008, www.green-wave.co.uk Trends gas ingreenhouse emissions Reframing theclimate change challenge inlightofpost-2000emissiontrends IPCC fourth assessmentreport: SynthesisReport Special Report onemissionsscenarios Special Report , BusinessEthicsBriefing, Issue 4 Too good tobetrue? The UK’s Climate Change Record Tipping Point or Turning Point?: socialmarketing andclimate change , HM Treasury Fact sheet: theneedfor mitigation , www.mnp.nl , Cooperation Center onInternational , Penguin Booksltd , National ConsumerCouncil , University Cambridge Press , bothavailable onwww.defra.gov.uk. , IPCC , andDefranews release, 2008, 27March , UNFCCCand , Green Alliance , Oxford University , Ipsos-MORI , Tyndall Centre presentation ing withit’ isgiven to , ndable issuewith Submittedby Peter national eve that high onroad-user mpting a d vehicle rg.uk ov.uk o believe 20. Carbon Trust, 2008, CarbonTrust, 20. 8 Defra, 2008, 38. There are many influential exponentsofthisthesisonbothleftandright. For Labour, themostprominent exponenthasbeen 37. AVAAZ was founded inJanuary 2007. Itnow has3.2millionmembersinevery nation intheworld. www.avaaz.org36. The Alliance for Climate Protection, founded by Al Gore, thethree-year, launched $300million 35. ‘We Campaign’ toraisepublic sometimesalsoreferred toasCarbonReduction Action Groups www.carbonrationing.org.uk andwww.transitiontowns.org34. oftheEarth, Friends 2005, 33. Seereference 12withdetailsofthee-petitionagainst road-user charging signedby over 1million people 32. BBC World Service, 2007, 29. Globescan, 2006, 28. TimJackson, 2005, 27. Hayward, Gilby andBruce Nicholas 2007, 26. 0 TimJackson, 2005, 40. Goldberg, Brooks andMichael CitedinDick 2004, 39. SimonDresner, Kate McGeevor andJulia Tomei, 2007,31. Defra, 2007, 30. Councilfor SeeInternational Sustainable Energy, 2007, 21. 5 TheCo-operative Bank, 2007, 25. Defra, 2007, 24. 2 RobHopkins, 2008, 42. Global Action Planevidence isdownloadable from www.globalactionplan.org.uk 41. Sustainable ConsumptionRoundtable andNational ConsumerCouncil, 2006, 23. LeadersGroup Corporate onClimate Change, 2006, 22. 45. The choice of terminology isnotaneasyone. ofterminology Thechoice The thirdsectorrefers tothevoluntary andcommunity organisations, thetrad 45. 4 Sustainable ConsumptionRoundtable andNational ConsumerCouncil, 2006, 44. Andrew Curry, GemmaStevenson Goodacre, andRachel 2007, 43. formal statements ofgovernment policy. andparty byindividuals andothershasbeenreflected ministersandshadow inspeeches spokespersons onbothsidesoftheHouseCommo right, Compassionate Conservatism by Policy SeniorFellow Exchange Jesse isaclassicexampleofthisthinking. Norman The writ work onpro-social behaviour. Matthew isformer headoftheNumber10policyunitandnow executive chief oftheRoyal Society climate change. www.wecansolveit.org Department for Environment, Food andRural Affairs by thePolicy StudiesInstitute, data) NetworkResearch Development Commission now Development Commission Joe Ballantyne, 2007, , statements by approximately 15business associations.www.i-cse.org A framework for pro-environmental behaviours Report, questionnaire anddata tables following Survey ofPublic Attitudes andBehaviours toward theEnvironment: 2007 Report, questionnaire anddata tables following Survey ofPublic Attitudes andBehaviours toward theEnvironment: 2007 Corporate SocialResponsibilityMonitor Motivating Sustainable Consumption– A ReviewofEvidenceonConsumerBehaviour andBehaviour Change Motivating Sustainable Consumption, Sustainable Development ResearchNetwork Climate Change –abusiness revolution? How tackling climate change couldcreate ordestroy company value The Transition Handbook: FromOilDependencytoLocalResilience Tipping Point or Turning Point?: socialmarketing andclimate change All countriesneedtotakemajorstepsonclimate change: Globalpoll The Big Ask The 2007, EthicalConsumerismReport , www.thebigask.com Can fly, willfly Defining we inenvironmental advocacy , Globescan(thefigure isaveraged there fromiscomparable across which thosecountries Letter tothePrimeMinister6thJune 2006 , Defra A SynthesisReviewofthePublic UnderstandingResearchProjects: aresearch report completedfor the Progress inBali:Progress business scorecard, andBusinesscommunitycallsfor government actiononclimate change , Bureau Market Research British Green Consumer, GoodCitizen? The Co-operative Bank London, for Department Environment, Food andRural Affairs , Green Books I willifyou will; towards sustainable consumption I willifyou will; towards sustainable consumption , Ipsos-MORI , BBC/Globescan , Action Media , Action , Sustainable Development Network Research , Henley Centre Headlight Vision andPhilDowling and , www.cpi.cam.ac.uk , Sustainable Development , Carbon Trust , Defra , Defra , Sustainable , Sustainable e unionandco- Matthew Taylor’s awareness of ing ofthese of Arts. Onthe ns, andin 27 the new politics of climate change 28 the new politics of climate change 6 Andy Martin, Carolyn Culey andSuzyEvans, 2005, 56. GordonBrown toaGreen at executives a28February 2007speech 2008meetingwithNGOchief andina12March Alliance audie 55. Quotedfrom 54. www.transitiontowns.org 53. 7 Green outsomeworkAlliance recently mapping carried thirdsectoractivityonclimate change, outsidetheenvironmental com 47. Oliver Reichardt, David Kane, BelindaPratten andKarl Wilding, 2008, 46. 0 Faculty ofPublic Healthetal., 2008, 60. 8 Andrew Simms, John Magrath andHannahReid, 2004, 58. Oxfam press International release, 8June2007, 57. HighRepresentative andEuropean Commission, 2008, 52. 0 Andrew Simms, John Magrath andHannahReid, 2004, 50. Environmental California Associates, 2007, 49. Thepublication of 48. 4 Steven Burkeman, August 2008, 64. Jacobs, Michael 1996, 63. Over 70organisations are membersofStopClimate Chaos. For afulllistandinformation onthecoalition’s work, seewww.st 62. TheEvery Action Countsinitiative provides advice tovoluntary andsupport andcommunity organisations are lookingto which 61. Andrew Simmsand Johnson,Victoria 2007, 59. 1 Andrew Simmsand Johnson,Victoria 2007, 51. Royal, London terminology. society’, isnotincommonusage inmany andhasbeeninterpreted different ways. For thesereasons, ‘third sector’ seemsthem more widely usedandacceptedterm, but unsatisfactory inthat itexcludestradeunionandco-operative organisations. A third operative movements. mostoftenusedby Itisaterm government, andthusnotembracedby allthosetowhomitrefers. The volu 2007, comments on climate change and security Reuters, andsecurity comments onclimate change 2007, in 1972was thefirst concrete evidence that politiciansrecognised theneedtoembracetheseissues, at leastrhetorically. trend ofactivityoutsidetheenvironmental community. finding theanecdotalimpressions nodoubtconfirms ofreaders ofthispamphletandthegeneralpublic. We found astillsmall, Managing thehealtheffects ofclimate change climate change ofthe21stcentury, isthepublicclimate healthchallenge change Jenny andLindsey Griffiths Stewart, 2008, initiative includesthe Third SectorDeclaration on climate change, hasbeensignedby which over two hundred organisations. impact ontheenvironment, andimprove climate change tackle theirlocalarea. Seewww.everyactioncounts.org.uk for more inform Economics Foundation andITDG Economics Foundation andITDG sustainability National Securityandthe Threat ofClimate Change , Earthscan , Faculty ofPublic Health and A UCLInstitutefor GlobalHealthSymposium, 24November 2008, The for endofthebeginning Tony Juinper Silent Spring The Politics oftheReal World: MeetingtheNewCentury by Carsonin1962isoftenhailedasthefirst breakthrough Rachel for environmental awareness. Summit The Earth Responding totherooftops: climate change andsocialjustice: what canUKfoundations do? It’s timetoactonclimate change , London Design towin: Philanthropy’s Roleinthefightagainst Global Warming Climate change andpeopleinpoverty intheUK: ascopingstudy ofkeyissues Climate change andpeopleinpoverty intheUK: ascopingstudy ofkeyissues G8 missmark as'new'announcementsdisguiseoverall failure , ENDSreport, August 2008 www.endsreport.com , CNA Corporation Make Poverty History2005CampaignEvaluation Climate Security Change andInternational Up inSmoke? Threats from, andresponses onhumandevelopment totheimpactofglobalwarming Up inSmoke? Threats from, andresponses onhumandevelopment totheimpactofglobalwarming Steinmeier: climate change growing threat topeace , ajointstatement by 21highlevel inpublic signatories healthsaying that The UKcivilsocietyalmanac , andDiane andIanChristie Earthscan Warburton, 2001, , Foreign European CommissionandGerman Minister , Firetail , National Councilfor Voluntary Organisations , www.oxfam.org/en/node/168 , www.reuters.com andCNA Corporation, , California Environmental Associates Sustaining ahealthy future, takingactionon , UK Carnegie , New EconomicsFoundation , New EconomicsFoundation A newglobalpublic healthmovement? opclimatechaos.org alternative, ‘civil but growing, ost appropriate munity. This reduce their From here to ntary sectorisa ntary ation. The nce, Café , New , New

71. Household expenditure on ethical goods and services has risen from £366perUKhouseholdin2002to£6442006. hasrisen Householdexpenditure onethicalgoodsandservices The Co-ope 71. Seewww.c40cities.org andwww.nycclimatesummit.com 70. Greater London Authority, 2007, 69. 3 AlisterDoyle, 2008, 73. Seewww.transitiontowns.org for information examplesandwww.avaaz.org, oninternational from hasbeeninternational t which 72. for Department Communities andLocalGovernment, 2006, 68. 7 Diane Warburton andNiamhCarey, 2008, 67. Centre for Sustainable Energy andCommunity Development Exchange, 2007, 66. 5 allinformation andpapers from an18October2007seminarheldby Commissioncalled theCharity ‘Environmental responsibili 65. 2007, Government2007, Association, www.climatepositive.net andEnvironmental Finance, 2008, for climate change play?’should charities isavailable at www.charitycommission.gov.uk/enhancingcharities/enviroseminar.asp The 2007 EthicalConsumerismReport , Centre for Sustainable Energy Financial storm dimshopeoftoughUNclimate pact Financial storm A climate ofchange: finalreport oftheLGAclimate change commission Action today toprotecttomorrow: themayor’s climate change actionplan , The Co-operative Bank Community learning andactionfor sustainableCommunity learning living Credit Crisiswillhitgrowth inrenewable energy Strong andprosperouscommunities: thelocalgovernment white paper , www.reuters.com, Carbonpostitive, 2008, Mobilising individualbehaviour change throughcommunityinitiatives: lessons , WWF , LGA , Greater London Authority , www.environmental-finance.com Credit crunch tohitclimateCredit fight crunch , DCLGandLocal ty: what role he beginning rative Bank, , 29 the new politics of climate change 30 the new politics of climate change Brian Doherty and Doherty Brian Timothy Doyle (ed), 2006, Andrew Dobson, 2000, Jared Diamond, 2005, Defra, 2007, Tom Crompton, 2008, Joanna CollinsandRebecca Willis, 2006, Jennifer Clapp andPeter Dauvergne, 2005, Cialdini,Robert 2007, Clifford Chance, 2007, John etal., Dryzek 2003, Timothy Doyle (ed), 2005, Centre for Sustainable Energy andCommunity Development Exchange, 2007, UK Carnegie Trust, 2007, Duncan Green, 2008, Futerra, 2007, Alex Evans andDavid Stevens, 2007, Carnegie UK Carnegie Trust, 2007, David Halpern, Clive Bates, GeoffMulganandStephen Aldridge, 2004, andDavidStephen Grigg Howarth, 2008, California Environmental Associates, 2007, Goldberg, Brooks &Michael Dick 2004, Ulrich Beck, 2007,Ulrich Tom1996, Athanasiou, John Ashton, Tom Mabey, Burke andNick 2004, bibliography London Vol. 15Issue5 climate change Oxford University Press implications for public policy Kingdom , Planning Theory, Vol. 7, No. 2 Mobilising individualbehaviour change throughcommunityinitiatives Words that sell: how thepublic talksaboutsustainability , Centre for Sustainable Energy Power intheglobalage: power intheglobaleconomy Active states andeffective citizens Collapse: How societieschosetofail orsurvive Which messages spurcitizens toprotecttheenvironment? The secret impactofsocialnorms Weathercocks andsignposts: theenvironmental movement at acrossroads Climate change: abusiness response toaglobalissue Slow reckoning: ofadividedplanet theecology Green politicalthought Green states andsocialmovements: Environmentalism intheUnitedStates The shapeofcivilsocietytocome Scenarios for civilsociety Environmental movements inmajorityandminorityworlds: aglobalperspective , Minister’s Prime Strategy Unit, Cabinet Office Climate Change: thestate ofthedebate Defining we inenvironmental advocacy Mapping theway forward: recommendations onfuture strategy tothegreen groups Populism, localismandenvironmental politics: andrhetoricoftheStopStanstedexpansion campaignintheUnited thelogic Paths toagreen world: thepoliticaleconomy oftheglobalenvironment Design towin: philanthropy andGlobal Warming , Routledge Beyond borders: environmental movements andtrans-national politics , UK Carnegie Trust Third generation environmentalism: Only Connect , Oxfam International , UK Carnegie Trust , Penguin , Vintage , Sustainability Communications Futerra , Polity Press , Clifford ChanceLLP , Cooperation CenteronInternational Personal behaviour responsibility andchanging change: thestate ofknowledge andits , Centre for Sustainable Energy andCommunity Development Exchange , Action Media. , Action Mobilising individualbehaviour change throughcommunityinitiatives: lessonsfor , WWF , California Environmental Associates , UnitedKingdom, Germany and Norway, , E3G , RutgersUniversity Press , toRoyal speech Society of Arts, 25January, 2007, , MITPress , Environmental Politics Journal, , Green Alliance James Lovelock, 2006, Paul Hilder, 2007, Jennifer Morgan, 2008, George Monbiot, 2006, George Monbiot, 2000, Ed Mayo, 2007, Matthew Lockwood etal., 2007, Roman Krznaric, 2007, Fouad Hamdan, 2007, Michael Jacobs,Michael 1999, Jacobs,Michael 1996, Stephen Hounsham, 2006, Shell, 2008, Jonathon Porritt, 2005, Geoff Mulgan, 2006, Bill Moyer, 1987, Miranda Lewis, 2007, Simon Retallack and Simon Retallack Tim Lawrence withMatthew Lockwood, 2007, Matthew Taylor,2007, Paul Steedman, 2005, Schellenburger and Michael Ted Norhaus, 2007, Simon Zadek, 2001, 2006, Isobel White, Diane Warburton andNiamhCarey, 2008, Michael Schellenburger and Michael Ted Norhaus, 2004, Global Challenges 20 years after the Brundtland report’,Global Challenges20years aftertheBrundtland 3June, 2007, Madrid Association and author, RSA Shell energy scenariosto2050 The environmental contract: public how actiononclimate change toharness The movement actionplan Contentious citizens: civilsociety’s roleincampaigningfor socialchange Power tothepeople: anindependentinquiryintoBritain’s democracy The civilcorporation: theneweconomy ofcorporate citizenship Good andbadpower: theidealsandbetrayals ofgovernment, Desperately seekingsustainability?SummaryofNCCresearch andadvice intoinformation onsustainable lifestyles States ofReason: Freedom, responsibility andgoverning ofbehaviour change Environmental Modernisation: The NewLabour Agenda The Politics oftheReal World Pro-social behaviour: thefuture –it’s uptous The revenge ofGaia The green movement 20years report aftertheBrundtland Capitalism asiftheworld matters How change happens: Interdisciplinaryperspectives for humandevelopment Towards anewglobalclimate deal Heat: How tostoptheplanetburning Captive state: thecorporate takeover ofBritain Painting thetown green: how topersuadepeoplebeenvironmentally friendly Engagement andpoliticalspacefor policiesonclimate change , Shell , Penguin , Movement for aNew Society Community learning andactionfor sustainableCommunity learning living , The Real World Coalition. 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Green Alliance is a registered charity number 1045395. Company Limited by guarantee, registered number 3037633 “This pamphlet is timely and important, for several reasons. Firstly, it faces up to the blunt truth that we are failing to stop catastrophic climate change, and a change of tack is needed. States remain myopic and ill-aligned as we hurtle toward the 2009 deadline for the global warming negotiations; the corporate sector will never lead the way; and behaviour change alone is desperately inadequate. “Climate change poses an unprecedented challenge, but so far But there's hope here too: there are many more reasons to build our society’s response has been utterly inadequate. As Hale a low-carbon future than commonly advocated - it is simply argues, we need different methods of mobilisation and far more essential for the future health of our economies and societies. As effort to secure cultural as well as policy change if we are to Hale argues, a much wider coalition of support could be overcome the present paralysis. So far, we have not shifted the mobilised for this vision than for one which focuses solely on the general trajectory of society. Hale’s pamphlet will provoke a environment, and it's something Avaaz and other groups have debate on our strategy, and how we can master the full suite of begun to attempt. The task has barely begun of building a influences we need to get us on the right path. global, networked, pluralistic and coordinated movement with the power to win. Stephen makes a compelling case that the change Even if we did all of this, however, then we must face the we need depends first and foremost on social forces and awesome task of gaining international buy in for action. Can we networks, not least because our governments need to be moved find a way in the UK to break not only deadlock here, but also to by us. It's time to get on with it – together.” inspire a wider global community?”

Paul Hilder Tony Juniper campaign director of Avaaz.org and co-founder of openDemocracy former director of Friends of the Earth

“As I write this, less than 48 hours have passed since Barack “Hale makes a compelling case for the leadership role that the Obama’s historic win in the United States. Politics matters. With a voluntary and community sector can play on climate change. ‘rainbow’ coalition and sustained grass-roots effort amazing NCVO is waking up to this challenge, and to the vital role that all things can be achieved. Stephen’s pamphlet challenges us to voluntary and community organisations have in addressing this work on climate change in a similar way. All of us, change-makers challenge. Climate change affects us all; and we all have a part to and funders of change, need to heed this call. The hour is late play in preventing it. Much can be achieved by people working and the road is steep.” together to make a difference in their own lives and their communities, as well as through political action. And that is what Jon Cracknell the voluntary and community sector does best: our sector is a Environmental Funders Network catalyst for collective action, bringing people together to build a better world.

We must harness our potential to tackle climate change and build sustainability, thus unlocking the political commitment needed to address climate change. NCVO intends to work with other civil society organisations to find solutions that build community resilience and sustainability.

Richard Williams director of enterprise, National Council for Voluntary Organisations