DOCSLIB.ORG

Ether Therapy in SARS-Cov-2: Prophylactic, Therapeutic and Mass Elimination

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ether Therapy in SARS-Cov-2: Prophylactic, Therapeutic and Mass Elimination Review Article http://doi.org/10.18231/j.ijirm.2020.022 Ether therapy in SARS-CoV-2: Prophylactic, therapeutic and mass elimination S. S. Jha Director and Head, Dept. of Orthopaedics & Joint Replacement Surgery, Mahavir Vaatsalya Aspatal, Patna, Bihar, India *Corresponding Author: S. S. Jha Email: [email protected] Abstract No specific therapeutic drug has been found. In the absence of any specific therapy and non-availability of vaccine, anaesthetic ether (diethyl ether) is recommended to be used as a prophylactic and therapeutic intervention in the management of COVID-19 disease. Strong evidence based property of ether as lipid solvent has provided the impetus for this approach. The lipid content of the outer envelope of the virus is the weak-link to get dissolved ether and thus leading to disintegration of the single-stranded RNA. The viruses present inside the blood stream are bound to be killed by the presence of ether in the blood circulation. Keywords: Lipid bilayer, Lipid solvent, Oxygenation, Recreational, Halothane, Ether. Coronaviruses are RNA virus and some of the viruses dropping directly over an anaesthesia mask) or by a close (RNA / DNA) are enveloped whereas some of them are circuit (on an anaesthesia workstation). naked viruses. The envelopes of these viruses have a fat The COVID-19 outbreak causes pneumonia, failure membrane. This fat membrane is a self assembled nano of multiple organs and systems, and death. The World particle with lipid bilayer, which is the weakest link. Health Organization has indicated that COVID-19 Compared to non-enveloped (naked) viruses, the fat viruses can be killed by ether solvent. One can ask membrane enveloped viruses are more sensitive to whether ether can be used to treat patients with COVID- neutralizing agents like chemical antiseptics and changes 19, especially in the case in the light of the fact that no in pH / temperature. specific therapeutic intervention is available against this There is extensive proof that on exposure of the virus virus, it is definitely plausible that ether can be used to to soap, the semi-rigid envelope of the corona virus prevent and treat patients with COVID-19. opens up at the lipid weak-link and the virus gets The usefulness of Ether in management of COVID annihilated. All coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2 patient is strongly recommended. This is in conformity possess this fat layer as a component of the viral with previous evidence based concept of the virus fat envelope. envelope dissolving in ether and this has been further Anaesthetic ether vapour works as a lipid solvent and testified in the recent article in BMJ (19 February, 2020) ether has a traditional heritage of having the lipid by Deng (February 2020) clearly mentions “ether, 75% dissolving quality and is extensively used in labs for this ethanol, chlorine disinfectant, peracetic acid, and purpose. Liquid alcohol is used similarly to dissolve the chloroform can effectively inactivate the virus, but not fat content. This anaesthetic ether vapour will dissolve chlorhexidine”.7 Cascella (April 2020) similarly the lipid bilayer in the viral envelope and subsequently emphatically mentions “These viruses can be effectively the viral RNA gets disintegrated. inactivated by lipid solvents including ether (75%), The outer surface of the virus has an overcoat / ethanol, chlorine-containing disinfectant, peroxyacetic envelope of lipid with protein. The presence of lipid acid and chloroform except for chlorhexidine”.5 makes it vulnerable to fat solvents like Ether, Ethanol Fortunately, the progress in research has helped to prove and Chloroform, of which Ether is most easily available this path-breaking invention. During this pandemic and cheap and can be safely administered through oral period, unfortunately attention has not been drawn inhalation as vapour on a sugar crystal vehicle in small towards the use of Ether in prevention and management dose (few drops) otherwise it can be administered as an protocol. inhalation anaesthetic agent either by open method (by Covid-19 Special Issue, April, 2020;1(2):28-31 28 S. S. Jha Ether therapy in SARS-CoV-2: Prophylactic, therapeutic and mass elimination Deng (February 2020) and Cascella (April 2020) Apart from this, all the viruses circulating in the blood have separately written along with their colleagues and gets disintegrated-most unique feature of Ether. have reconfirmed the sensitivity of COVID virus to With use of volatile anaesthetic, diethyl ether for Ether. In spite of this fat dissolving property, Ether has general anaesthesia, blood concentration is 24% or never been considered for being included in the higher. These concentrations could be higher enough to management protocol of SARS-COVID-2 at various kill COVID-19 viruses. In clinical practice volatile stages. This is strongly being recommended for anesthetics in current use are isoflurane, sevoflurane and consideration by ICMR, Union Ministry of Health and desflurane. These newer volatile anesthetics reach a Prime Minister Office for permitting to implement the much lower blood concentrations during general use of Ether in prevention and management of SARS- anesthesia. Volatile anesthetics can induce vascular COVID disease. dilation and improve ventilation. Those lung segments Anaesthetic Ether can be used in three phases in the capable of ventilation, will contain inhaled volatile following ways:- anesthetics to dilate their vasculature. These agents including ether may improve oxygenation of patients First Phase Prophylactic and Therapeutic use with pneumonia. Thus, these agents could have role in Ether should never be consumed as such, rather it should treating patients with COVID-19. In this regard, diethyl be used as vapour after sucking ten drops of Ether, ether or its like could be very useful for its potential of soaked on to a lump of sugar and put over the tongue and “viral killing effects”. A watch is to be kept on liver inhale the fumes. The residual saliva-sugar mixture is enzymes. It also increases oxidative stress and may then allowed to be sucked down the throat. It kills the modulate immune functions. corona virus lodged in the throat. This is noteworthy, that Apart from hepatic functions, patients should be this virus is lodged in throat for initial four days after carefully monitored for blood gas changes, acidosis and getting infected from other corona patients. If this hemodynamics. The use of diethyl ether should be used procedure is conducted in similar way as “mass via a closed circuit system. It may be ideal to combine its immunization by polio drops”, REVOLUTIONARY use and immunoglobulin or other immune function success to prevent the pandemic of corona can be modulators to maintain or enhance the immune functions achieved. These viruses, still present in upper respiratory of the patients. tract of the patient, brought in contact with the vaporized Ether, will get eliminated. It should preferably be Third Phase administered once on a single day to each family member The continuation of corona pandemic beyond few of the hotspot affected areas. The oral administration of months, there is a possibility of spread of the disease into Ether should be initiated in similar way as “Two Drops the frontline health workers including doctors. Despite of Pulse Polio” programme to eradicate corona virus. The the negative test for corona in all routine or emergency family members of marked households of positive operations, it should be assumed that they can be corona patients in the hotspot areas, should be administered oral positive in subsequent few days. The government is ether daily for continuous five days. The quarantined requested to recommend the use of Ether as an anesthetic people should also be administered with immediate agent for patient undergoing surgery wherever indicated. effect. It should also used for prevention in frontline By doing this, the corona viruses will disintegrate in the warriors. system following ether inhalation anaesthesia. Second Phase of Critical Management Diethyl Ether Elimination of Virus - It is recommended to administer History of anaesthetic ether ether inhalation in small quantity through anaesthesia The compound may have been synthesised by either Jābir machine to the patients suffering from inflammation of ibn Hayyān in the 8th century8 or Ramon Llull in 1275.4, lungs by corona viruses. It is also indicated for the 20 It was synthesized in 1540 by Valerius Cordus, who patients waiting for intubation for undergoing ventilatory called it "sweet oil of vitriol" (oleum dulce vitrioli)—the support. Ether expands the vessels of alveoli which are name reflects the fact that it is obtained by distilling a inflamed providing more blood and better oxygenation. mixture of ethanol and sulfuric acid (then known as oil of Covid-19 Special Issue, April, 2020;1(2):28-31 29 S. S. Jha Ether therapy in SARS-CoV-2: Prophylactic, therapeutic and mass elimination vitriol)—and noted some of its medicinal properties.8 At climates, help with cold starting an engine at sub-zero about the same time, Paracelsus discovered the analgesic temperatures. properties of the molecule in dogs.8 The name ether was 3. Laboratory uses given to the substance in 1729 by August Sigmund Diethyl ether is a common laboratory aprotic solvent. It Frobenius.20 is ideal for use as the non-polar solvent in liquid-liquid William T. G. Morton participated in a public extraction. When used with an aqueous solution, the demonstration of ether anesthesia on October 16, 1846 at diethyl ether layer is on top as it has a lower density than the Ether Dome in Boston, Massachusetts. British doctors the water. Due to its application in the manufacturing of were aware of the anesthetic properties of ether as early illicit substances, it is listed in the Table II precursor as 1840 where it was widely prescribed in conjunction under the United Nations Convention Against Illicit with opium.3 Diethyl ether largely supplanted the use of Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances.17 chloroform as a general anesthetic due to ether's more 4.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Euthanasia of Experimental Animals
    EUTHANASIA OF EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS • *• • • • • • • *•* EUROPEAN 1COMMISSIO N This document has been prepared for use within the Commission. It does not necessarily represent the Commission's official position. A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://europa.eu.int) Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1997 ISBN 92-827-9694-9 © European Communities, 1997 Reproduction is authorized, except for commercial purposes, provided the source is acknowledged Printed in Belgium European Commission EUTHANASIA OF EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS Document EUTHANASIA OF EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS Report prepared for the European Commission by Mrs Bryony Close Dr Keith Banister Dr Vera Baumans Dr Eva-Maria Bernoth Dr Niall Bromage Dr John Bunyan Professor Dr Wolff Erhardt Professor Paul Flecknell Dr Neville Gregory Professor Dr Hansjoachim Hackbarth Professor David Morton Mr Clifford Warwick EUTHANASIA OF EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS CONTENTS Page Preface 1 Acknowledgements 2 1. Introduction 3 1.1 Objectives of euthanasia 3 1.2 Definition of terms 3 1.3 Signs of pain and distress 4 1.4 Recognition and confirmation of death 5 1.5 Personnel and training 5 1.6 Handling and restraint 6 1.7 Equipment 6 1.8 Carcass and waste disposal 6 2. General comments on methods of euthanasia 7 2.1 Acceptable methods of euthanasia 7 2.2 Methods acceptable for unconscious animals 15 2.3 Methods that are not acceptable for euthanasia 16 3. Methods of euthanasia for each species group 21 3.1 Fish 21 3.2 Amphibians 27 3.3 Reptiles 31 3.4 Birds 35 3.5 Rodents 41 3.6 Rabbits 47 3.7 Carnivores - dogs, cats, ferrets 53 3.8 Large mammals - pigs, sheep, goats, cattle, horses 57 3.9 Non-human primates 61 3.10 Other animals not commonly used for experiments 62 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Diluted Isoflurane As a Suitable Alternative for Diethyl Ether for Rat Anaesthesia in Regular Toxicology Studies
    FULL PAPER Laboratory Aminal Science Diluted Isoflurane as a Suitable Alternative for Diethyl ether for Rat Anaesthesia in Regular Toxicology Studies Toshiaki NAGATE1)*, Tomonobu CHINO1), Chizuru NISHIYAMA1), Daisuke OKUHARA1), Toru TAHARA1), Yoshimasa MARUYAMA1), Hiroko KASAHARA1), Kayoko TAKASHIMA1), Sayaka KOBAYASHI1), Yoshiyuki MOTOKAWA1), Shin-ichi MUTO1) and Junji KURODA1) 1)Toxicology Research Laboratory, R&D, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 2320–1 Maki, Hotaka, Azumino-City, Nagano-Pref. 399–8305, Japan (Received 6 October 2006/Accepted 20 July 2007) ABSTRACT. Despite its explosive properties and toxicity to both animals and humans, diethyl ether is an agent long used in Japan in the anaesthesia jar method of rat anaesthetises. However, in response to a recent report from the Science Council of Japan condemning diethyl ether as acceptable practice, we searched for an alternative rat anaesthesia method that provided data continuous with pre-existing regular toxicology studies already conducted under diethyl ether anaesthesia. For this, we examined two candidates; 30% isoflurane diluted with propylene glycol and pentobarbitone. Whereas isoflurane is considered to be one of the representatives of modern volatile anaesthetics, the method of propylene glycol-diluted 30% isoflurane used in this study was our modification of a recently reported method revealed to have several advantages as an inhalation anaesthesia. Intraperitoneal pentobarbitone has long been accepted as a humane method in laboratory animal anaesthesiology. These 2 modalities were scrutinized in terms of consistency of haematology and blood chemistry with previous results using ether. We found that pentobarbitone required a much longer induction time than diethyl ether, which is suspected to be the cause of fluctuations in several haematological and blood chemical results.
    [Show full text]
  • Pharmacokinetics of Ovarian Steroids in Sprague-Dawley Rats After Acute Exposure to 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo- P-Dioxin (TCDD)
    Vol. 3, No. 2 131 ORIGINAL PAPER Pharmacokinetics of ovarian steroids in Sprague-Dawley rats after acute exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin (TCDD) Brian K. Petroff 1,2,3 and Kemmy M. Mizinga4 2Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology,Physiology, 3Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160. 4Department of Pharmacology,Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences, Kansas City,City, MO 64106 Received: 3 June 2003; accepted: 28 June 2003 SUMMARY 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) induces abnormalities in ste- roid-dependent processes such as mammary cell proliferation, gonadotropin release and maintenance of pregnancy. In the current study, the effects of TCDD on the pharmacokinetics of 17ß-estradiol and progesterone were examined. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were ovariectomized and pretreated with TCDD (15 µg/kg p.o.) or vehicle. A single bolus of 17ß-estradiol (E2, 0.3 µmol/kg i.v.) or progesterone (P4, 6 µmol/kg i.v.) was administered 24 hours after TCDD and blood was collected serially from 0-72 hours post- injection. Intravenous E2 and P4 in DMSO vehicle had elimination half-lives of approximately 10 and 11 hours, respectively. TCDD had no signifi cant effect on the pharmacokinetic parameters of P4. The elimination constant 1Corresponding author: Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Molecular and Integra- tive Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; e-mail: [email protected] Copyright © 2003 by the Society for Biology of Reproduction 132 TCDD and ovarian steroid pharmacokinetics and clearance of E2 were decreased by TCDD while the elimination half-life, volume of distribution and area under the time*concentration curve were not altered signifi cantly.
    [Show full text]
  • Unobtrusive Observations of Cigarette Smoking
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 6-1984 Unobtrusive Observations of Cigarette Smoking Robert Fisher Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Recommended Citation Fisher, Robert, "Unobtrusive Observations of Cigarette Smoking. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 1984. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/5326 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Robert Fisher entitled "Unobtrusive Observations of Cigarette Smoking." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Psychology. William S. Verplanck, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Robert Fisher entitled "Unobtrusive Observations of Cigarette Smoking." I have exam­ ined the final copy of this dissertation for form and content and rec­ ommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Psychology.
    [Show full text]
  • Datura Stramonium L. - Narcotic, Anodyne Or Poison?
    International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Vol. 4 No. 2 [Special Issue – January 2014] Datura Stramonium L. - Narcotic, Anodyne or Poison? Dr Marlene Julyan Dept. of Clinical Pharmacy Potchefstroom Campus North-West University Private Bag X6001 Potchefstroom South Africa 2520 Abstract The plant species Daturastramonium L.,which is a member of the Solanaceae family was well known to the Greeks and Romans as a soporific, narcotic and anodyne. Modern pharmacology and phytochemistry ascribe these properties to the plant’s possession of with tropane alkaloids. We can now understand how the ancient herbalists determined a particular dosage to achieve a desired effect. Keywords: Daturastramonium L., alkaloids, soporific, anodyne, phytochemistry Introduction Daturastramonium L. was the source of a very popular drug used in ancient times, due to the pain-relieving properties it possessed and the sleep that it induced. However, it was also known to be a troublesome, highly poisonous plant. Indications were ascribed by several secondary medicinal resources and, since Datura seemed to have many synonyms (see Nomenclature), it is evident that herbalists knew this plant together with its properties. The ancient Romans and Greeks knew (or claimed to know) the physiological effects of medicine on the human body and we found several texts written by Dioscorides1 (40–90 A.D.), Theophrastus2 (ca 370–285 B.C.), Celsus3 (fl. 37 A.D.) and Pliny the Elder4 (23–79 A.D.) about these. During training as a pharmacist, one of the questions commonly asked
    [Show full text]
  • Drug Interaction in Anaesthesia a Review
    DRUG INTERACTION IN ANAESTHESIA A REVIEW M. M. GHONEIM, M.B., B.CH., F.F.A.R.C.S. = RECENTLY, THE P~OBLE.',~s and hazards associated with the interaction between drugs have received widespread attention. The potential for the interaction has certainly increased in recent years. It has been demonstrated that the average patient will receive eight different drugs during one hospitalization. 1 In many in- stances, one drug may profoundly modify the action of another. In such drug inter- actions the effect of one may be prevented, or its action may be intensified. Though sometimes beneficial, drug interactions are most often recognized when they in- crease mortality or morbidity. They form around 19-22 per cent of causes of adverse drug reactionsd There are a number of good general reviews on drug interac- tions, ~-6 but there are not many which are concerned primarily with the practice of anaesthesia. 7,8 The anaesthetist uses a wide variety of pharmacologically active drugs which may interact with one another or with other drugs the patient is receiving. The multitudes of possible interactions limit the possibility of reviewing each individual drug interaction. This also entails a lot of repetition and would not keep pace with the number of new drugs introduced into the market every month. Our aim is elucidation of the principles and mechanisms involved with examples which are of interest to the anaesthetist. Several mechanisms of interaction are recognized. 1. A direct physical or chemical interaction A familiar example is the neutralization of heparin with protamine. This is an example, also, of a useful drug interaction.
    [Show full text]
  • Plasma Progesterone Concentrations and Ovarian Histology in Prairie Deermice (Peromyscus Maniculatus Bairdii) from Experimental Laboratory Populations
    W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1973 Plasma Progesterone Concentrations and Ovarian Histology in Prairie Deermice (Peromyscus maniculatus Bairdii) from Experimental Laboratory Populations Barry Douglas Albertson College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Biology Commons, and the Endocrinology Commons Recommended Citation Albertson, Barry Douglas, "Plasma Progesterone Concentrations and Ovarian Histology in Prairie Deermice (Peromyscus maniculatus Bairdii) from Experimental Laboratory Populations" (1973). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539624808. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-7nsc-4k85 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PLASMA PPDGESTEPONE CDNCCNTPATIONS AND OVARIAN HISTOLOGY I ’ IN PRAIRIE DEERMICE (PE.RCITYSCUS MANIOJLATUS RAIRDII) FROM EXPERIMENTAL LABORATORY POPULATIONS A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Biology The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts by Barry Douglas Albertson APPROVAL SHEET This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts t (XATl-L, P. 0 iLiis X]Author Approved, July, 1973 (S- v u . EricOik L. Bradley, Ph. D. C. RicnardTTferriiah, Ph. ■W)D. fl&itjh (- f- Robert E. u. Black, Phi D. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author would like to express his appreciation to Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Diethyl Ether) (CASRN 60-29-7)
    EPA/690/R-09/022F l Final 1-20-2009 Provisional Peer Reviewed Toxicity Values for Ethyl ether (Diethyl ether) (CASRN 60-29-7) Superfund Health Risk Technical Support Center National Center for Environmental Assessment Office of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Cincinnati, OH 45268 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS bw body weight cc cubic centimeters CD Caesarean Delivered CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 CNS central nervous system cu.m cubic meter DWEL Drinking Water Equivalent Level FEL frank-effect level FIFRA Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act g grams GI gastrointestinal HEC human equivalent concentration Hgb hemoglobin i.m. intramuscular i.p. intraperitoneal IRIS Integrated Risk Information System IUR inhalation unit risk i.v. intravenous kg kilogram L liter LEL lowest-effect level LOAEL lowest-observed-adverse-effect level LOAEL(ADJ) LOAEL adjusted to continuous exposure duration LOAEL(HEC) LOAEL adjusted for dosimetric differences across species to a human m meter MCL maximum contaminant level MCLG maximum contaminant level goal MF modifying factor mg milligram mg/kg milligrams per kilogram mg/L milligrams per liter MRL minimal risk level MTD maximum tolerated dose MTL median threshold limit NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards NOAEL no-observed-adverse-effect level NOAEL(ADJ) NOAEL adjusted to continuous exposure duration NOAEL(HEC) NOAEL adjusted for dosimetric differences across species to a human NOEL no-observed-effect level OSF
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnopharmacological Investigations of Phytochemical Constituents
    International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 10, Issue 3, March-2019 589 ISSN 2229-5518 Ethnopharmacological Investigations of Phytochemical Constituents Isolated from the Genus Atropa Mannawar Hussain a, Waseem Akram, b Jaleel Ahmad, b Taha Bin Qasim, c Rukhsana Bibi c All Address; Department of Applied Chemistry Government College University, Faisalabad a, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan b, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan b Department of Chemistry Government College University Lahore b Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan c Email; [email protected] Cell no 923460655538a [email protected] b [email protected] b [email protected] c [email protected] c Corresponding Author; Mannawar Hussain Abstract Medicinal plants play a vital role in the development of human culture. Medicinal plantsIJSER are a source of traditional medicine, and many modern medicines come directly from plants. According to WHO the world's people in progressing countries 80 percent rely on traditional medicine for their primary health care more over about 85% of traditional medication involves the make use of plant extracts. Herb and shrubs of the genus Atropa (Solonaceae) inhabitate various ecosystems in worldwide. This review present a complete study of the text on, phytochemistry, pharmacognosy and traditional biological meditional uses of Atropa. Atropa genus contain many chemical constituents like, flavonoids, phenolic compounds like Alkoloids, alcohols, terpenes and flavonoids have been identified in this genus. Some published studies have shown a broad spectrum of biological and pharmacological activities, including anticancer, antioxidant, anti-tumor agent, antibacterial, antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral effects.
    [Show full text]
  • Bacterial Distribution Analysis in the Atmospheric
    Guidelines for Authors This periodical is a publication of the Academic Publishing and Translation Directorate of Al-Qassim University. Its purpose is to provide an opportunity for scholars to publish their original research. Manuscripts will be published in on of the following platforms: 1) Article: It should be original and has a significant contribution to the field the field in which the research was conducted. 2) Review Article: A critical synthesis of the current literature in a particular field, or a synthesis of the literature in a particular field during an explicit period of time. 3) Brief Article: A short article (note) having the same characteristics as an article. 4) Forum: Letters to the Editor, comments and responses, preliminary results or findings, and miscellany. 5) Book Reviews The Editorial Board will consider manuscripts from all fields of knowledge. A manuscript may be submitted in either Arabic or English, and, if accepted for publication, it may not be published elsewhere without the written permission of the Editor-in-Chief. General Instructions 1. Submission of manuscripts for publication: Papers must be presented in final page format, along with a compact disk (CD) containing the contribution executed on a PC using MS Word or any updated version of it. Pages are to be numbered consecutively and are to include all illustrative material, such as tables and figures, in their appropriate places in the text. If the author does not follow these guidelines, the paper is likely to be rejected or delayed. 2. Abstracts: Manuscripts for articles, review articles, and brief articles require both Arabic and English abstracts, using not more than 200 words, in single column (12 cm wide), for each version.
    [Show full text]
  • Follows, to Give the Results Partly of My Own Experience
    1621 4energetically that the crescents have no chromatin sub- stance, and on this ground he advanced the idea that they ON THE ADMINISTRATION OF A CERTAIN are sterile forms. It is not to understand how this easy OF AND ETHER observer could have arrived at such a conclusion, seeing that MIXTURE CHLOROFORM ’he used a method of examination practically identical with IN GYNECOLOGICAL OPERATIONS BY that employed by us and which has given exactly contrary MEANS OF A CLOVER’S INHALER results in our hands. Perhaps the reason lies in this-that Ziemann, working with preparations dried immediately after WITHOUT THE BAG.1 as it they were taken, failed to see the chromatin, concealed, BY W. J. MCCARDIE, B.A., M.B., B.C. CANTAB., was, in the midst of the rods and of black probably granules ANÆSTHETIST TO THE GENERAL HOSPITAL AND TO THE DENTAL it. On the other in our pigment surrounding hand, prepara- HOSPITAL, BIRMINGHAM. tions which were kept in the moist chamber the nucleus of the crescents as also the body itself being swollen up and the IN view of records of death a’ods of pigment separated from one another the chromatin is the great increase of the Tendered evident, becomes more or less swollen, and is during the administration of anaesthetics, methods and 6tained by the method of Romanowsky in a typical way. statistics, especially when obtained from large numbers of We shall not now enter a discussion of the upon significance cases and classes of patients, have exceedingly great value, which these structural characters us to permit plausibly and I with for some reiteration in what attach to the crescents and mobile filaments.4 It will be propose, ap logies easily understood that those observers who, like Manson, follows, to give the results partly of my own experience and ’look upon the flagellates as the first phase in the extra- partly of the experience of others in regard to a particular corporeal life of the malarial parasite will find in these new anaesthetic mixture and the special method of using it.
    [Show full text]
  • Developing Microcomposite Pharmaceutical Materials Using
    DEVELOPING MICROCOMPOSITE PHARMACEUTICAL MATERIALS USING DENSE GAS TECHNIQUE by KE WU A Dissertation submitted to the Graduate School-New Brunswick Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in Chemistry and Chemical Biology written under the direction of Professor Jing Li and approved by ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ New Brunswick, New Jersey October, 2008 ©2008 Ke Wu ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Developing Microcomposite Pharmaceutical Materials Using Dense Gas Technique By KE WU Dissertation Director: Professor Jing Li Micronized particulate pharmaceutical materials prepared using dense gas antisolvent precipitation is of great advantage over traditional micronization techniques in terms of particle size distribution and reproducibility. Our work shows that spherical particles with different degrees of agglomeration can be produced under mild operating conditions. These results stimulate further studies on the structure- property relationship of the precipitates. Preliminarily, we performed dense gas antisolvent precipitation on a number of polymers of pharmaceutical interest, including poly(DTE carbonate) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) with different molecular weights. We explored the effect of experimental conditions on the particle size and morphology. For poly (desamino tyrosyl-tyrosine alkyl ester carbonate) [poly(DTE carbonate)], its microparticles with controlled size could be applied in the field of tissue engineering, which could facilitate better exertion of the biochemical functions of this biodegradable polymer. On the other hand, PVPs are common excipients widely used in pharmaceutical formulation development. Physicochemical properties of both types of polymers ii provide flexibility of their application. Their precipitation by dense gas as antisolvent provided informative data for subsequent experiment of forming solid dispersions.
    [Show full text]