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Fansur Sebagai Kota Tua Islam

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Fansur Sebagai Kota Tua Islam Indonesian Journal of Islamic History and Culture Vol. 1, No. 1 (2020), 21-31 P-ISSN: 2722-8940; E-ISSN: 2722-8934 Fansur Sebagai Kota Tua Islam E. Edwards McKinnon Peneliti Independen Email: [email protected] Nurdin AR Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora, Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry Banda Aceh Email: [email protected] Abstract Fansur is an ancient Islamic city in Nusantara (the Indonesian archipelago) which was very popular in the past. However, the specific location of the city is still being debated today. Generally, contemporary writers state that Fansur is located in Barus, one of the areas in Central Tapanuli, North Sumatra. This opinion has been challenged from several authoritative sources. To solve the above problems, this research was conducted through an archaeological approach and literature study. Based on archaeological evidence and written sources, Fansur City is located in Lhok Pancu or Lhok Lambaroneujid, one of the coastal areas to the west of the city of Banda Aceh, Aceh. This location fits perfectly with the character of the Fansur location mentioned in ancient records from the Middle East, China and Europe. Due to geological changes that have occurred frequently in the past in the Aceh region, most of the area has been lost and cannot be seen again. The remains of ancient ceramics, tombstones and ancient tomb complex (diway) are archaeological evidence to strengthen the argument that Fansur is an ancient Islamic port city located in the Aceh Besar region, not in Barus, Central Tapanuli. Keywords: Fansur; Lhok Pancu; Lhok Lambaroneujid site Abstrak Fansur adalah sebuah kota Islam kuno di Nusantara yang sangat populer pada masa lampau. Namun, letak spesifiknya masih menjadi perdebatan hingga saat ini. Umumnya, penulis kontemporer menyebut bahwa Fansur terletak di Barus, salah satu kawasan di Tapanuli Tengah, Sumatera Utara. Pendapat tersebut mendapat tantangan dari beberapa sumber yang otoritatif. Untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan di atas maka penelitian ini dilakukan melalui pendekatan arkeologis dan studi literatur. Berdasarkan bukti arkeologis dan sumber tertulis diketahui bahwa Fansur terletak di Lhok Pancu atau Lhok Lambaroneujid, salah satu kawasan pesisir di sebelah barat kota Banda Aceh, Aceh. Lokasi ini sangat sesuai dengan karakter lokasi Fansur yang disebutkan dalam catatan-catatan kuno dari Timur Tengah, China dan Eropa. Karena perubahan geologis Copyright © 2020 Indonesian Journal of Islamic History and Culture | 21 E. Edwards McKinnon, Nurdin AR yang sering sekali terjadi di wilayah Aceh menyebabkan sebagian besar wilayah tersebut hilang dan tidak dapat disaksikan lagi. Sisa-sisa keramik kuno, batu nisan dan komplek makam kuno (diway) merupakan bukti arkeologis yang memperkuat bahwa Fansur adalah sebuah kota pelabuhan Islam purba berada di wilayah Aceh Besar, bukan di Barus, Tapanuli Tengah. Kata kunci: Fansur; Lhok Pancu; situs Lhok Lambaroneujid Pengantar sekarang, apabila kita meneliti sejarah Sebelum bulan Desember 2004 wilayah Aceh purba, kita mesti ingat yang lalu, belum banyak perhatian dampak dari lingkungan hidup dunia ilmuan terhadap keadaan seismologi di kita ini. Sieh dkk telah menyingkap wilayah Aceh Besar. Memang ahli bahwa pernah ada gempa besar dan geologi telah menyatakan bahwa ada tsunami purba pada tahun 1390 +/- 3 garis Sumatra Fault Line yang berpisah Masehi dan 1450 +/- 3 Masehi. Jarak menjadi dua cabang di daerah Aceh ini, kejadian ini hanya 60 tahun, maka tetapi keadaan seismologi belum begitu dampaknya mungkin saja cukup dimengerti. Sesudah dampak tsunami drastis. Hal-hal seperti ini juga penting raksasa pada tanggal 26 Desember diperhatikan dalam meneliti sejarah 2004, sudah ada beberapa penelitian politi-politi (negara) purba seperti tentang keadaan seismologi tersebut. Fansur dan Lamri. Bukti kehilangan Rubin et al. (2017) menginformasikan negara purba seperti pemukiman di bahwa sudah ada dampak tsunami di Nagapattinam, India Selatan maupun di wilayah Aceh Besar sejak masa Alexandria di Mesir sudah Holocene, sekitar 5,000 tahun yang disingkapkan. lalu. Satu hal lagi yang perlu Sieh et al. (2015) dan Daly et al. diperhatikan juga adalah bahwa pada (2019) telah menentukan dampak masa sekarang, wilayah pantai Aceh seismic dari sebuah zona subduction Besar di antara Ujong Masammuka dan jauh di dalam Lautan Hindia yang Krueng Raya, sepanjang kurang lebih berjalan sebelah barat pantai Aceh 50 km sedang menurun (yaitu menuju ke Sri Lanka dan India. Maka mengalami ‘subsidence’). Kegiatan 22 | Indonesian Journal of Islamic History and Culture – Volume 1, No 1, 2020 Fansur Sebagai Kota Tua Islam seismik ini belum begitu cepat, tetapi kilometer sebelah barat dari kota sudah ada bukti di beberapa lokasi Banda Aceh yang sekarang. Lokasi seperti di Lhok Pancu di mana Fansur di ujung pulau Sumatera ini beberapa pemukiman telah digeser, sangat strategis. Terletak di antara Gampong Pande, dan di antara Ujong yang disebutkan Laut Harkand dan Batee dan Ladong di mana ada Selat Melaka. Lokasi ini sesuai dengan pertahanan Jepang yang telah tulisan Arab dari abad ke-9 di mana dibangun di atas daratan pada tahun mereka sebutkan bahwa Fansur dan 1943-45, tetapi sekarang sudah ditelan Lamri adalah berdekatan. Menurut ombak air laut. naskah Aja’ib al-Hind, ada anak kapal Dari observasi tersebut, sudah yang dapat berjalan kaki dari Fansur jelas bahwa pantai wilayah Aceh Besar dan sampai ke Lamri pada waktu kapal tidak stabil. Kehabisan hutan bakau mereka kandas di Fansur, jarak antara untuk membuat tambak juga Lhok Pancu dan Krueng Raya adalah mempengaruhi keadaan pantai ini. sekitar 50 km. Anak kapal tersebut Meilianda (2008) dalam disertasi tidak berani jalan pada waktu malam doktornya telah berhipotesis bahwa karena ada binatang buas yang sebagian pantai Aceh Besar, terutama bernama zarafa. di antara Ujong Masammuka, Ujong Sebelum ada jalan raya seperti Pancu dan Uleelheue telah menghilang masa kini, pasti ada jalan setapak sama sekali ke bawah laut. Apabila hal untuk menghubungi kedua lokasi ini benar, maka ini mungkin dapat tersebut. Mereka melalui sebuah menjelaskan tentang kehilangan negeri pemukiman yang bernama Lulubilenk. Fansur pada abad ke-14 M. Kemungkinan besar lokasi itu berdekatan dengan Uleelheue Lokasi Fansur sekarang. Akan tetapi, kita harus ingat Hasil penelitian kami bahwa sebagian pantai Aceh purba menyimpulkan bahwa lokasi Fansur sudah menghilang ke dalam laut. adalah di Lhok Pancu / Lhok Lambaroneujid sekitar beberapa Indonesian Journal of Islamic History and Culture - Volume 1, No 1, 2020 | 23 E. Edwards McKinnon, Nurdin AR Jarak antara Pancu dan Varosu, sekarang terkenal sebagai wilayah apabila lokasi tersebut dianggap di Barus di Tapanuli Tengah. wilayah Barus itu adalah Fansur, tidak Pada umumnya para peneliti kurang dari 500 km. Suatu yang beranggapan bahwa Fansur sebagai mustahil buat anak kapal tersebut suatu pelabuhan purba yang ramai untuk menempuh dengan berjalan telah menghilang pada abad ke-14 atau kaki. Banyak sekali peneliti sejarah ke-15. Berdasarkan penelitian yang asing telah menyamakan Fansur telah dilaksanakan oleh ahli seismologi dengan Barus yang pada zaman purba sejak tahun 2004, sekarang kita tahu terkenal sebagai Varosu. Akan tetapi, bahwa pernah ada dua tsunami purba, dalam tulisan Arab dari abad ke-9 atau tsunami kembar pada tahun 1390 sampai abad ke-14, kedua nama dan 1450 yang telah menghantam tersebut tidak pernah disamakan. pantai Aceh Besar. Tsunami tahun 1450 M rupanya lebih besar daripada Sumber-sumber Sejarah tentang tsunami tahun 1390 M. Negeri Fansur Sumber Arab yang pertama yang Ada beberapa sumber sejarah mengaitkan Fansur dengan wilayah tentang wilayah Aceh pada masa Barus adalah seorang penulis Arab pertengahan, yaitu antara abad ke-8 yang bernama Suleiman al-Mahri yang sampai abad ke-16 Masehi yang mengarang pada awal abad ke-16 muncul dalam sumber asing seperti (1540), kira-kira satu abad sesudah sumber Arab, Armenia, Cina, India, Fansur telah ‘menghilang’. Pada tahun Melayu, Portugis dan Belanda. Pada 1511, Tome Pires, seorang Portugis, umumnya, sumber ini telah telah juga menentukan tempat ini sama diterjemahkan dalam Bahasa Inggeris karena ia memakai dua-dua nama pada ataupun bahasa Eropa lainnya. Gara- saat yang sama (interchangeably) gara ini, pada hemat kami, ada juga hal (Drakard 1989). yang telah dikacaukan oleh pengarang Pada tahun 1870, seorang dan peneliti sejarah Eropa, terutama Belanda menjelaskan bahwa di Barus tentang Fansur dan Varosu yang 24 | Indonesian Journal of Islamic History and Culture – Volume 1, No 1, 2020 Fansur Sebagai Kota Tua Islam ada kampung di pedalaman wilayah referensi lain terhadap nama Fansur. Barus yang bernama Patsur. Sejak itu, Yang di atas adalah yang sebagian yang hampir semua peneliti Barat mengikuti terpenting. pendapat tersebut, dan ‘tahu’ bahwa Sumber Arab Fansur adalah di Barus. Ada beberapa penulis Arab yang Sumber-sumber Sejarah: menyebutkan nama Fansur yang Sumber Cina biasanya dikaitkan dengan kapur Sejak abad ke-8 ada sumber Cina Fansuri, atau kapur (camphor) yang yang menyebutkan nama-nama seperti berasal dari Fansur. Di antaranya Fansur. Yang pertama adalah Jia Dan adalah: yang menyebutkan nama P’o-lu 1. Ibn al-Faqih (903 M.), yang (bunyinya ‘pawlaw’). Pada hemat menyebutkan kapur dari Wolters (1969), P’o-lu terdapat dekat Fansur. Lamri atau Lamuri (Lamreh). Ada juga 2. Mas’udi (956 M.), yang nama Langpolushi tersebut dalam Xin menyatakan bahwa Fansur Tang Shu, Sejarah Dinasti Tang pada adalah seribu parasakh dari abad ke-9. Hasil Langpolushi adalah Serandib
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