Ladybird Beetle (Coccinellidae; Coleoptera) of District Buner, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa-Pakistan

Home , Aiolocaria, Beetle, Brumoides, Brumoides suturalis, Brumus, Buner District

Kausar Saeed*1,3 , Muhammad Nasir Khan Khattak 1 , Muhammad Fiaz Khan 1, Falak Naz 2, Adil Khan 3 and Naveed Akhtar 3

1Department of Zoology, Hazara University, Mansehra 2Directorate of National Coordination, PARC, G-5/1 Islamabad 3Department of Zoology Buner Campus Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan Received: January7, 2016 Accepted: March 2, 2016 ABSTRACT

The present study was conducted to explore the Ladybird beetle fauna of district Buner, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Specimens were collected during 2013-14 at 15 days interval from twelve different localities namely Pirbaba, Kingergalai, Daggar, Gokand, Barkalay, Budal, Shaheed e sar, Nawagai, Nagrai, Chinglai, Totalai and Malka. The identification of the collected specimens during the study revealed that there are thirteen species of Ladybird beetle under eleven genera and three subfamilies (Subfamily Chilocorinae, Subfamily Coccinellinae and Subfamily Epilachninae) were collected. These species are Brumoides suturalis, Coccinella septempunctata, Coccinella transversalis, Menochilus sexmaculatus, Propylea dissecta, Coelophora bissellata, Oenopia sauzuti, Aiolocaria hexaspilota, Psyllobora bisoctonotata, Harmonia dimidiata, Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata, Henosepilachna septima and Afidentula manderstjernae. The numerical data of these species reveals that C. septempunctata , H. dimidiata , C. sexmaculatus and H. vigintioctopunctata are highly abundant and were collected from all localities, while the rest of the species are moderately abundant except A. hexaspilota which is only collected from single locality. Keys to various taxon, diagnostic characters, distribution and colour plates of adult as well as of genitalia are provided here. KEYWORDS: Ladybird Beetles, Coccinellidae, Distribution, Buner, Pakistan.

INTRODUCTION

Ladybird beetles, also known as Ladybugs belong to the family Coccinellidae of order Coleoptera. They are more or less cosmopolitan and can be found from seacoast to alpine pastures (Majerous and Kern, 1989). About 6000 species under 490 genera of Coccinellidae are known worldwide (Slipinski, 2007). Family Coccinellidae is further classified into six subfamilies namely; Chilocorinae, Coccinellinae, Coccidulinae, Scymninae, Sticholotidinae and Epilachininae. Ladybird beetles are mostly considered beneficial because of their predatory activity and help in regulating pest population of soft bodied insects like aphids, jassids, etc (Khuznetsov, 1997).However members of its subfamily Epilachninae are phytophagous and are pests of important agricultural crops belonging to the family Solinaceae, Fabaceae and compositae (Dieke, 1947; Li and Cook, 1961). A ladybird may eat aphids equal to its body weight every day. One larva can consumes up to 50 aphids a day. (Anwarullah et al, 1966). A single adult consumes around 5,000 aphids in its lifespan whereas an adult female consumes about 300 aphids before laying eggs (Dixon, 2000). Due to its efficient predatory nature, Coccinellid beetles are applied for the management of important pest species. Due to the economic importance of Coccinellidae, it remain focus of interest since the inception of systematics by Linnaeus (1758 and 1767), later on a lot of taxonomic and faunistic work has been done by various taxonomists in the world. In Pakistan, the work on coccinellids is also started from the beginning as a consequence of biological control work from 1957 onwards (Ahmad and Ghani, 1966a). The taxonomic work includes a new species Pseudoscymnus murriensis described by Ahmad (1968); a new tribe by Ahmad (1973) and a new genus by Ahmad and Ghani (1966a). Ashrafi (1966) first time reported two Epilachninae species i-e E. sparsa and E. chrysomelina . Later on, `the important taxonomic and faunistic work on Coccinellidae of Pakistan include; Gilani (1976) from Faisalabad, CIBC (1982), Shah (1983) from Peshwar, Khan et al. (1999a; 1999b) from Bagh (AJK), Irshad (2001a) and Irshad (2001b), Inayatullah (2005) from Poonch (AJK), Rafi et al . (2005), Khan et al . (2007) from Chitral, Khan et al.

* Corresponding Author: Kausar Saeed, Department of Zoology, Hazara University, Mansehra Email: [email protected]

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(2008) from AJK, Rahatullah (2011) from Lower Dir, Naz (2012) Ashfaque (2012) from Gilgit Baltistan and Alia (2013) reported 60 species from Azad Jammu and Kashmir. The fauna of District Buner is almost unexplored in this regard despite the diverse and unique habitat. Only three phytophagous species are reported so far by Naz (2012). Buner is the district of Malakand division (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) which is mostly hilly area. It is surrounded by Swat in North, Malakand agency in west, Shangla in east and Swabi and Mardan in south. The study area is mostly mountainous and there are some plain tracts in between. Agriculture in this area is mainly focused on tobacco, wheat, maize and to some extent citrus, persimmon and Peach orchards. The biodiversity of the area is facing threat from urbanization, marble industry and tobacco cultivation. Before diminishing of the important taxa from the area it is aught most important to explore and document the fauna and flora of the area and make a comprehensive plan for its conservation. Keeping in view in importance of these useful predators and its blank chapter in Buner district, the present studies were conducted to explore the ladybird beetle fauna of District Buner, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Sample collection Extensive year round surveys were conducted at different intervals in the active season of ladybird beetles, during 2013-14. The localities visited are Pirbaba, Daggar, Gokand, Kingergali, Barkalay, Budal, Shaheed e sar, Nawagai, Nagrai, Totalai, Chinglai and Malka.

Figure 1 . Map of District Buner (WFP, 2010)

The Coccinellid specimens were collected by aerial netting and hand picking. Collected specimens were killed in a killing bottle containing ethyl acetate, into the bottom of which about 1 cm of filter paper was set to absorb the killing fluid. The killing agent was pasted on a piece of cotton. After killing the specimens were pinned with stainless steel entomological pin (Size: 1, Manufactured by Bioequipp, USA). After proper drying ladybird beetles were placed in a collection box. Field data of each specimen was recorded.

Identification The specimens were identified with the help of available literature (Kapur, 1958; Rafi et al., 2005 and Xiang, 2009). Identification was mainly done on the basis of male genitalia, extracted by the method of Majerus and Kearns (1989) with some modification.

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Photography Adult specimens and male genitalia of each species were photographed with the digital camera (Dp 20 attached with Olympus stereoscope (CZM-15). RESULTS

The taxonomic treatment revealed that there are thirteen species of Ladybird beetle in district Buner under eleven genera and three subfamilies Chilocorinae, Coccinellinae and Epilachninae.

Family Coccinellidae Latreille, 1807 1807 Coccinellidae Latreille, Thomas Teritus, p. 70. 1899 Coccinellidae Casey, T. L., Journal of New York Entomological Society, 7:71-169. 1955 Coccinellidae Kapur, A. P. Records of Indian Museum, 53: 309-338. 1971 Coccinellidae Sasaji, H . Mem. Fac. Edu. Ser II. Nat. Sci. 21: 55-72. 1982 Coccinellidae Iablokoff-Khnzorian, des. Regions, Palearcticque Orientale Paris. 17. 1985 Coccinellidae Gordon, Journal of New York Entomological Society, 93: 1-912. Diagnosis Body shape mostly round, weakly convex, elongated and often hemispherical. Body Length 0.6 mm to 18 mm and width from 0.78 mm to 12 mm. Body glabrous to finely pubescent. Ground colour red, orange or yellow with contrast marking in black or white, some have brown, few metallic blue, green or violet. Head large deeply inserted into pronotum. Antennae 11 segmented, sometime reduced. Pronotum transverse, usually joined to base of elytra, surface usually punctate, shiny or mat. Elytra dispersely punctate, epipleura more or less developed. Postcoxal line well developed. Abdomen almost with six visible sternites. KEY TO THE SUB-FAMILIES OF FAMILY COCCINELLIDAE 1. Antennal insertion between eyes, Mandibles without tooth at base, front tibiae with spurs………………………………………………………………. Epilachninae 1’. Antennal insertion between eyes and mandibles, Mandibles with basal tooth, font tibiae without spurs…………...………………………………………………………2 2. Clypeus very broad, margins projecting in front of eyes, covering first segment of antennae, Pronotum separated from elytra………………………….… Chilocorinae 2’. Clypeus not broad, margins not projecting in front of eyes, not covering the first segment of antennae, pronotum tightly joined with elytra,……..….. Coccinellinae I. Subfamily: Chilocorinae (Chapin, 1965a) 1965a Chilocorinae Chapin E. A., Bulletin of the museum of Zoology, Harvard University. 133:227-271. 1968 Chilocorinae Sasaji, H. Mem. Fac. Edu. Ser II. Nat. Sci, p. 20. 1983 Chilocorinae Hoang, Vietnam insect, Part 2.Hanoi, 17. Diagnosis Body broadly oval, rounded and dorsally convex. Clypeus expanded on each side in front of eyes in the form of broad plates covering bases of antennae. Antennae short; 7-11 segmented. . Genus Brumoides Chapin, 1965a. 1. Brumoides suturalis (Fabricius, 1798) (Plate 01) 1798 Coccinella suturalis Fabricius Suppl. Ent. Syst. 78 1850 Brumus suturalis Mulsant, Ann. Soc. Agric. Lyon. (2) 2: 294. 1999 Brumoides suturalis Chandrababu, A., Gautam, R. D. & Garg, A.K.Annals of Plant Protection Sciences, 7: 13-18. Diagnosis Body oval shape, size 3.00 mm and brown in colour. Antennae small (8 segmented), the basal segment triangular in shape, wide and longer than the second segment. Pronotum yellowish brown. Elytra yellow with three brownish black longitudinal stripes, one on each elytron and one on the mid dorsal line of junction of elytra, not touching posterior margin. Male genitalia with median lobe shorter than parameres. Siphonal tube forming big loop. Remarks: Brumoides suturalis is important predator and feeds on different hosts like mites, psyllids, coccids and aphids and protects the cereal crops from the damage of these pests. Khan et al. (1983) recorded it from Peshawar, Rahat et al. (2010) from Dir Lower and Alia (2013) from Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Localities: Gokand and Daggar

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Distribution India, Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Oman, Saudi Arabia and Syria (Rafi et al. 2005). Subfamily Coccinellinae Latreille, 1807 Diagnosis Body medium to large and dorsally glabrous. Antenna 11 segmented, with well developed club; antennal insertion between mandibular bases and eyes. Key to the genera of subfamily Coccinellinae 1. Anterior margin of pronotum nearly straight, with round front angles………………………………………………………………….…….. Psyllobora 1’. Anterior margin of pronotum strongly emarginated, with projecting anterior angles……………………………………………………….………2 2. Pronotum widest at middle of lateral margins, base nearly straight .……………………………………………………………………….. Hippodamia 2’. Pronotum widest at base, base strongly arched…………………………..3 3. Antennal club compact, pronotum not covering eyes……………………4 3’. Antennal club not compact, pronotum partially covering eyes…… Propylea 4. Frons broader between eyes…………………..…………..…………………5 4’. Frons not broader between eyes……………………………..……….…….8 5. Anterior margins of mesosternum straight………….………………….6 5’. Anterior margins of mesosternum slightly dent at middle…………... 7 6. Elytral epipleura very wide………………………...………… Ailocaria 6’. Elytral epipleura normal…………………………………….. Coccinella 7. Elytral base wider than pronotum, Last segment of antennae distinctly wider than preceding one………………………………………… Harmonia 7’. Elytral base scarcely wider than pronotum, last segment of antennae narrower than preceding one………………………………………. Oenopia 8. Anterior margins of clypeus curved………………………. Menochilus 8’. Anterior margins of clypeus straight……………………….. Coelophora

Genus Aiolocaria Crotch, 1871 2. Aiolocaria hexaspilota (Hope, 1831) (Plate 02) Coccinella hexaspilota Hope, 1831; 31. Booth and Pope, 1989: 356. Caria sexspilota : Crotch, 1874: 178. Aiolocaria hexaspilota : Crotch, 1874: 178. Korschefsky, 1932; 277. Mader, 1934: 303. Leis mirabilis Motschulsky, 1860: 246. Lablokoff- Khnzorina, 1972: 165.-Solsky, 1872: 272. Aiolocaria mirabilis : Korschefsky, 1932: 277. Sasaji, 1971: 297. Diagnosis Body somewhat round, slightly convex, broadly oval. Head and mouth parts are black. Pronotum black with white or apple yellow large spots at sides. Elytra orange red with red or orange spots at sides. Epipleura of elytra very broad and without foveae. Median lobe broad, parameres cylindrical, Siphonal capsule asymmetrical, siphonal tube terminates in needle like structure surrounded by membrane. Remarks: This species is variable in colour pattern. The species appears to be widespread in the Himalayas and has already been recorded from Kashmir (Kapur, 1958). Canepari (1997) also confirmed this species from Nepal Himalaya. Recently Rafi et al. (2005) reported this species from the Himalayan region of Pakistan including Kashmir. Localities: Barkaly, Totalai, Nawagai, Nagrai and Malka. Distribution Russia, China, Japan, Korea, India, Taiwan, Burma, Nepal (Poorani, 2004). Genus Coccinella Linnaeus, 1758. 3. Coccinella septempunctata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Plate 03) Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus, 1758: 365 Coccinella divaricata Olivier, 1808: 1001. Korschefsky, 1932: 457. Mader, 1936: 375. Sudha Rao, 1962: 1341. Gordon, 198 Coccinella confusa Wiedemann, 1823: 72. - Mulsant, 1850: 112 Sudha Rao, 1962: 1341.

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Coccinella bruckii Mulsant, 1866: 90. - Crotch, 1874: 46. Coccinella septempunctata brucki : Korschefsky, 1932: 491. Diagnosis Body rounded oval, convex, almost hemispherical, and densely punctate. Head black with yellow hairs and a pair of yellow spots. Elytra glabrous, with 7 black spots, one triangular common post scutellar, one on each elytron at middle near suture, 2 near lateral margins. Male genitalia with median lobe short than Parameres. Siphonal tube straight for most of its length, apex appears to be distorted at three points, apex flattened. Remarks It is cosmopolitan and adopted to almost all habitats of agricultural crops, range lands and forests. Previously Chaudhry et al. (1966), Khan et al .(1999), Khan et al. (1999) Inayatullah et al. (2005), Rafi et al. (2005), Khan et al .(2008) and Alia (2013) reported this species from Pakistan. Localities: Collected from all localities. Distribution Pakistan (Chaudhry et al .1966) , Bhutan, India, Nepal, North America; Palearctic region; Sri Lanka, (Poorani, 2004). 4. Coccinella transversalis (Fabricius, 1781) (Plate 04) Coccinella transversalis Fabricius, 1781. Spec. Ins.: 97. Coccinella transversalis Fabricius, 1966: Kapur, Proc. Nat. Inst. Sci. India, 32B (3 & 4): 178. Diagnosis Body somewhat elongate, ventrally black. Head almost inserted, not visible from above. Pronotum black with anterio-lateral orange spots. Elytra dull orange to yellowish brown, with black spots variably arranged. Male genitalia with siphonal tube carrying transparent bubble like structure on dorsal side on sub distal portion. Remarks The species is originally described from South India; however the species extends to other parts of Palearctic region, up to Japan in north and to Australia in south. It is also variable in coloration especially in the elytral pattern. In Pakistan, Khan et al . (1999) record this species from Pattan Sher Khan (Sudhnuti), while Inayatullah et al. ( 2005) reported from Rawalakot, Hajera (Poonch). Khan et al . (2008) reported it from Rawalakot, Hajera Pattan Sher Khan. Localities: Malka, Gokand, Shaheed e Sar, Kingergaly and Pirbaba. Distribution Australia, Bangladesh, China, India, Indochina, Indonesia, Japan, Nepal, New Zealand, Sri Lanka (Poorani, 2004) and Pakistan (Khan et al . 2008).

5. Coccinella undecimpunctata Linnaeus, 1758 Coccinella undecimpunctata Linnaeus, 1758: 366. Mulsant, 1846: 71; 1866:85. Lablokoff- Khnzorian, 1979: 66; 1982; 351. Pope, 1989: 651. Coccinella (Dobzhhanskia) undecimpunctata : lablokoff- Khnzorian, 1982: 71. Diagnosis Body elongated, oval and dorsally convex. Elytra yellow to red, with five black spots on either side. A large scutellar black spot present in addition to the common spot on both elytra. Male genitalia with thick and broad median lobe and parameres with apical thorn. Remarks : Superficially similar to C. septempunctata but smaller in size. This species can easily distinguish from C. aini by male genitalia (Kuznetsov, 1997). Previously Khan et al . (1999), Inayatullah et al . (2005) and Rafi et al . (2005) reported this species from Pakistan. Localities: Daggar, Budal, Chinglai and Barkaly Distribution Pakistan (Khan et al .1999), Central Asia, China, Europe, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, North Africa, North America, Russia, Siberia (Rafi et al., 2005). Genus Harmonia ( Mulsant, 1846). 6. Harmonia dimidiata (Fabricius, 1781) (Plate 05.1) Coccinella dimidiate Fabricius, 1781: 94. Coccinella dimidiate Hope, 1831: 30. Booth and Pope, 1989: 352. Leis dimidiata Mulsant, 1850: 242.Crotch, 1874: 119. Korschefsky, 1932:273. Mader, 1934: 307-308. Coccinella quindecimmaculata Hope, 1831: 30. Synonymised by Sicard, 1913.Booth and Pope, 1989: 361.

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Harmonia dimidiate : Miyatake, 1965: 62.Sasaji, 1971: 281. ; 1977: 12 Singhand Phaloura, 1990: 89. Gordon, 1985: 834.

Diagnosis Body large, strongly oval and convex. Pronotum variable, sometime straw yellow with 5 black spots or some specimens are brownish black with 2 black rounded spots in centre. Scutellum black posteriorly. Elytral colour pale yellow with or without black spots or one third of anterior portion brownish yellow, the remaining elytra black. Male genitalia with median lobe constricted before apex and parameres with hairs on sub apical portion and apex. Remarks This Oriental species is very variable in color pattern. The species is widely distributed in the Himalayas, being known from Kashmir to Assam. This species is extremely variable in colour pattern, there being some 15 aberrations already recorded (Kapur, 1963). Rafi et al . (2005) recorded it from Pakistan. Localities: Budal, Malka, Chinglai, Gokand and Daggar. Distribution Assam, Bhutan, China, Kashmir (India), Nepal, Taiwan (Rafi et al . 2005). Genus Coelophora Mulsant, 1850 6. Coelophora bissellata (Mulsant, 1850) (Plate 06) Coelophora bissellata Mulsant, 1850: 400; Booth and Pope, 1989: 348; Rahamhalinghan, 1989: 114-117. Spilocaria bissellata : Timberlake, 1943: 58. Lemnia (Spilocaria) bissellata : Iablokoff- Khnzorian, 1979:62. Lemnia bissellata Hoang, 1983: 74; Iablokoff- Khnzorian, 1982: 218. Caria gracilicornis Weise, 1902: 505. Diagnosis Body black on ventral side, rounded and weakly convex. Head deeply inserted. Pronotum brownish with black colour at middle. Scutellum black, Pronotal or elytral spots sometimes reduced in size or number. Elytra dull orange with 4 black round spots on each elytron and one on the mid dorsal line along junction of elytra near the scutellum. Male genitalia with thick and broad median lobe, tube semicircular at base and with flattened transparent apex. Remarks : The species somewhat resembles with L. duvauceli (Mulsant) in ground colour and elytral spot pattern. However they can be separated by the spot pattern of pronotum. C. bisselata has two additional small lateral black spot while L. duvauceli lack these spots. Previously it was reported by Inayatullah, et al ., (2005), Rafi et al. (2005) and Alia (2013) from Pakistan. Localities: Barkaly, Shaheed e Sar, Nawagai, Nagrai and Daggar. Distribution Bangladesh, China, India, Nepal, New Guinae, Sumatra, Thailand, Vitenam (Poorani, 2004). 7. Cheliomenes sexmaculatus (Fabricius, 1781) (Plate 07.1) Synonymy Coccinella sexmaculata Fabricius, 1781: 96. Cheilomenes quadriplagiata : Dejean, 1837: 435; Mulsant, 1850: 447; 1866:290; Crotch, 1871: 8; 1874: 181 (as Chilomenes). 85 Cheilomenes sexmaculata var. flavofasciata Mulsant, 1850: 446; Mader, 1935:352. Orcus mollipes Olliff, 1895: 30. Synonymised by Pope, 1989: 646. Chilomenes hiugaensis Takizawa, 1917: 221. - Sasaji, 1971: 285. Micraspis inops : Chuniram and Sasaji, 1980: 488; lablokoff- Khnzorian, 1982. Menochilus sexmaculatus (Fabricius, 1781) by Rafi et al. 2005, Alia, 2013. Diagnosis Body nearly rounded and glabrous. Head yellowish brown, Pronotum yellowish brown with two transverse black brownish band. Elytra highly variable in colour but generally brownish yellow, spots black and decorated with transverse zig zag patches. On each elytron the first patch may b small, inverted V- shaped, the second complete W- shaped and the third rounded. Median lobe of male genitalia shorter than parameres. Remarks : The species is mostly reported with the name Menochilus sexmaculatus and this name is very common but the exact name according to the code of Zoological nomenclature is Cheliomenus sexmaculatus. The size and colour pattern of the species are highly variable and there are 6 morphs of it. . This is the commonest, highly misidentified coccinellid due to the occurrence of numerous colour variants. It is widely distributed throughout the

63 J. Appl. Environ. Biol. Sci. , 6(2S)58-78, 2016 country and reported almost by all previous workers from Pakistan. Localities: C ollected almost from all localities of district Buner.

Distribution Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, Japan, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal. New Guinea, Oriental region; Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Vietnam (Poorani, 2004). Genus Oenopia , Mulsant, 1850 Oenopia sauzuti Mulsant, 1866 (Plate 08) Oenopia sauzuti Mulsant, 1866: 281; 1870: 55. Crotch, 1874: 158; Korschefsky, 1932: 288; Kapur, 1958: 331; 1963b: 27.-1972: 302; 1979: 117; Gordon, 1987: 19. Gyrocaria sauzuti : Miyatake, 1967: 76; 1985: 15. Diagnosis Body nearly round and strongly convex. Elytra light yellowish- white with brownish black six rounded spots. The 2 central spots connected by yellow bands to one another. Male genitalia with median lobe; thick, short, subapical portion broad, curved and provided with long hairs. Remarks : Rafi et al . (2005) recorded it from Northern Pakistan and Azad Jammu Kashmir. According to the Zoological survey of India this species was reported from Murree and Dalhousie Hills (Punjab), Kumaun Hills (U. P) Sikkim and Darjeeling District (Kapur 1958). Miyatake (1985) named this species Gyrocaria sauzuti. Localities: Daggar, Nawagai, Malka, Kingargalai and Gokand. Distribution Bhutan, Himalayas, India, Myamar, Nepal, Sikkim, Southern China, Thailand (Poorani, 2004).

Genus Propylea Mulsant, 1846. 9. Propylea dissecta (Mulsant, 1850) (Plate 9.1) Lemnia (Vola) dissecta Mulsant, 1850: 37. Lemnia mystacea Mulsant, 1853: 50-51. Lemnia dissecta Mulsant, 1866: 249. Harmonia feliciae Mulsant, 1866: 57. Propylea dissecta : Crotch, 1874: 158. Propylea fallax Yablokov - Khnzorian, 1977: 66; lablokoff- Khnz, Orian, 1982:171. Propylea japonica ab. dissecta : Korschefsky, 1932: 531. Diagnosis Body comparatively small. Head brown and scutellum black in colour. Pronotum black and half pale yellow. Elytra brownish with 4 black spots, 2 on each elytron, one anteriorly and one posteriorly. Mid dorsal line of elytra black. Black parasutural stripe on each elytron. Parameres normal and median lobe equal in length parameres, Siphonal tip constricted and convoluted in the form of hair like structure. Remarks : Mulsant described this species three times from India, but Crotch (1874) declared as these forms merely of one species. However Miyatake (1985) declared P. japonica and P. dissecta as distinct species. Ansar (2002) reported this species from Lahore, Pakistan. Rafi et al . (2005) reported this species from Rawalpindi, Lahore, Changa Manga, and Kala Shahkaku in Pakistan. Localities: Collected from all localities of district Buner. Distribution Bangladesh, India, Nepal (Poorani, 2004) and Pakistan (Khan et al .1999 and Inayatullah et al . 2005) Genus Psyllobora Chevrolate, 1836 10. Psyllobora (Thea) bisoctonotata (Mulsant, 1850) (Plate 10) Vibidia bisoctonotata Mulsant, 1850: 204; 1866: 147. Thea bisoctonotata Crotch, 1874: 134; Korschefsky, 1932: 559; Kapur, 1944:167; Gordon, 1987:16. Psyllobora bisoctonotata lablokoff- Khnzorian, 1982. Diagnosis Body small and elongated and covered with very fine hairs. Head brownish yellow. Pronotum much broader than long and without spots. Pronotum and elytra uniform in colour. Parameres almost equally thick with long hair on subapical portion. Median lobe broad with apex curved and pointed. Siphon without capsule.

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Remarks Rafi et al . (2005) and Sharma and Joshi (2010) reported Psyllobora bisoctonotata from Pakistan and India respectively. Omkar and Pervez (1999) reported it as predator of aphids and mealy bug from India. Localities: During present work it was collected from almost all localities except Malka, Nagrai, Gokand, Pirbaba, Daggar and Kingargalai. Distribution Africa, Arabia, India, Northern Saudi, Yemen (Poorani, 2004). Subfamily III. Epilachninae Diagnosis Body pubescent, punctuate but mostly uneven. Antennae inserted between anterior margins of compound eyes. Mandibles lack basal tooth, tip of mandible multidentate. Terminal segment of maxillary palpi axe shaped. Tarsal claw bifid, with or without basal tooth. Post coxal line complete or sub complete. Key to the genera of sub-family Epilachninae 1. Body large in size, sixth visible sternite in female divided… …………………………………………………………………..……….. Henosepilachna 1’. Body small in size, sixth visible sternite in female undivided…………..Afidentula Genus Henosepilachna (Li, 1961) Key to the species of genus Henosepilachna Li 1. Elytral apex rounded, male genitalia with siphon slightly bent at the apex...... H. vigintioctopunctata 1’. Elytral apex angular, male genitalia not as above………………… H. septima

11. Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata Fabricius1755) (Plate 11) Coccinella 28- punctata Fabricius, 1775: 84 [Tranquebar]. 138 Epilachna vigintioctopunctata Mulsant, 1850: 834-839 Coccinella pubescence Hope, 1831: 31 [Nepal]. Coccinella sparsa Herbst, 1786: 160 [E. Indies]. Epilachna sparsa : Dieke, 1947: 29 -33 [India, Assam, Punjab, etc.]. Henosepilachna sparsa : Bielawski, 1972: 1 [Nepal]. Henosepilachna sparsa orientalis : Bielawski, 1972: 1- 2 [Nepal]. Diagnosis Body shape rounded, dorsally convex, ground colour yellowish red. Pronotum reddish brown with maximum spots 7, sometime spotless. Elytra colour pale brown or reddish brown. Elytral spots very minimum 12 spots and maximum 28 but mostly with 26 spots. Median lobe with basal knife edge and with two rows of hairs. Siphon gently curved near the base, then straight, ending in a curved point. Remarks This is very commonest phytophagous lady beetle with wide host range including potato and tomato. Mostly reported as H. sparsa in literature. Naz et al . (2012) reported it as highly variable, widely distributed and with wide range of host plants from Pakistan. Localities: Daggar, Nawagai, Chinglai, Barkalay and Budal. Distribution China, India, Japan Myamar, Nepal, Oriental region, Taiwan, Thailand (Miyatake, 1985). 12. Henosepilachna septima Dieke (Plate 12) Synonymy Epilachna septima Dieke, 1947: 106. Epilachna keiseri Bielawiski, 1957: 68, 73- 76. Epilachna septima (Dieke) 1965.Kapur: 151. Henosepilachna septima (Dieke) 1977; Hoang 1: 99; Katakura et al., 2001:333; Jadwiszezak and Wegrzynowicz, 2003: 170. Diagnosis Body large and highly convex dorsally. Head without spots and pronotum variable in spots number. Elytral spot pattern variable however not so complicated like that of H. vigintioctopunctata . Median lobe with distinct basal knife edge and terminates in a hook. Siphonal tip compressed on one side, tapering like nib. Remarks

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Previously reported only by Naz (2012) from Pakistan and also from district Buner as pest of Bitter gourd and Sponge gourd Localities: Daggar, Barkaly and Pirbaba, Budal, Shaheed e Sar. Distribution India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Vietnam (Jadwiszczak and Wegrzynowicz, 2003). Genus Afidentula Kapur, 1958 13. Afidentula manderstjernae (Mulsant), 1853 (Plate 13) Epilachna manderstjernae Mulsant, 1853: 256. Epilachna manderstjernae Crotch, 1874. Epilachna manderstjernae , Weise, 1885: 228. Epilachna manderstjernae Mader , 1927b: 760. Afissa manderstjernae Dieke, 1947. Diagnosis Body shortly oval, usually small. Mandibles compact, sub-triangular in shape. Pronotum with a transverse median spot . Elytra with 6 spots, 5 close to suture and sixth one seem to be break in the middle. Median lobe gradually broadens from base to apex. Parameres very thin thread like and sparsely covered with hairs at apex. Remarks : This is a small size Epilachna beetle, reported from hilly areas of Northern Pakistan. The type locality of the species is Asia and was also reported from India (Dieke, 1947) and Nepal. Kapur (1958) erected new genus for this species Afidentula and designated this species as its type species. Previously this species was collected from various localities of Pakistan (Naz et al ., 2012). Localities: Gokand and Daggar. Distribution India, Nepal, Vietnam, China (Jadwiszczak and Wegrynowicz, 2003), Pakistan (Naz et al ., 2012).

DISCUSSION

Family Coccinellidae is important family due to its predatory nature. It plays important role in nature to keep the population of some important economic pests under certain level. In developed countries it is commercially reared for field release as biological control. Therefore it is one of important natural resource of a certain area and need to be conserved for sustainable environmental protection. The first requirement of conservation strategy is to explore the Coccinellid fauna of that area and then developed species based conservation plan for sustainable utilization. Therefore the present study was conducted to explore the coccinellid fauna of District Buner and identified it properly. During this exploration, thirteen species of Ladybird beetle under eleven genera and three subfamilies (Subfamily Chilocorinae, Subfamily Coccinellinae and Subfamily Epilachninae) were confirmed. The numerical data of these species reveals that C. septempunctata , H. dimidiata , C. sexmaculatus and H. vigintioctopunctata are highly abundant and were collected from all localities, while the rest of the species are moderately abundant except A. hexaspilota which is only collected from single locality. Reports from other parts of Pakistan by previous workers (Rafi et al. 2005; Khan, et al. 2007; Rahat et al. 2011 and Alia, 2013) also shown such type of results. Conclusion I. The Coccinellid fauna of district Buner is diverse with thirteen specie and eleven genera. II. The plain area of Buner district is less diverse in Coccinelid composition than hilly areas. Recommendations I. Polymorphism in some species is at high level, therefore only genitalia base identification is a reliable one. II. Huge pesticide application for pest control in tobacco and for wild oat in wheat must be rationalized.

REFERENCES

Ahmad, R. 1968. A new species of Pseudoscymnus Chapmin (Col: Coccinellidae) predacious on scale insects in Pakistan. Entomophaga, 13: 377-379. Ahmad, R. 1973. A new tribe of the family Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) Bull. ent. Res., 62: 449-452. Ahmad, R. and Ghani, M.A. 1966a. A new genus and species of Chilocorni (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) from Pakistan. Proc. R. ent. Soc. London (B), 35(1- 2): 9-10.

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Ansar, M. 2002. Distribution and diversity of Coccinellid from district Lahore, Pakistan. Bsc. (Hons.) thesis (Unpublished), Department of Entomology, University College of Agriculture, Rawalakot AJK. Anwarullah, M., Irshad, M. Akhtar, T. 1966. Studies on the biological control of phytophagous mites (Acarina: Tetranychidae) and aphids (Aphididae). Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 9:256-259. Ashfaque, M. 2012. Ladybird beetle fauna of Gilgit Baltistan, PhD thesis Department of Plant Protection, The University of Agriculture Peshawar. Ashrafi, S.H. 1966. Biology and morphology of the larvae of bean beetle Epilachnac hrysomelina. A research monograph . The Time press, Saddar, Karachi, 55-63. Chaudhry, G. U., M.I. Chaudhry and M.S. Khan. 1966. Survey of insect fauna of forests of Pakistan. Final Technical Report. Pakistan Forests Institute Peshawar, 167pp. Commonwealth Institute of biological control. 1982. Investigation on natural enemies of Epilachna spp . in Pakistan. Final report, Commonwealth Institute of biological control, Pakistan station, Rawalpindi, 31pp. Crotch, G. R. 1874. A revision of the Coleopterous family Coccinellidae. E. W. Janson, London, 16: 311. Dieke, G.H. 1947. Lady beetles of the genus Epilachna Asia, Europe and Australia. Smithson. Misc. Coll. 106 (15): 1-183. Dixon, A. F. G. 2000. Insects predator-prey dynamics. Lady bird beetles and biological control. New York: Cambridge University Press, ix+ 257. Gilani, W. A. 1976. Studies on the predaceous Coccinellidae of Lyallpur. Unpublished Thesis, M.sc. (Hons) Entomology Department of Agriculture University Faisalabad.81-87. Hayat, A. 2013. Diversity of Coccenillids beetle Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Department of Entomology, Agriculture College Rawalakot, The University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir Muzafar Abad. Inayatullah, M., Hayat, A. and Rafi, M.A. 2005. Species composition, distribution and seasonal occurrence of Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) in District Poonch, Azad Kashmir with new records. Sarhad J. Agric., 21 (1): 97-100. Irshad, M. 2001. Aphids and their biological control in Pakistan. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. Ind. Res., 6: 40-44. Jadwiszczak, A. S. and Wegrzynowicz, P. 2003. World Catalogue of Coccinellidae, Part I, Epilachninae. Mantis ul. Slowieza 11, 11-044 Olsztyn, Poland. 264. Kapur, A.P. 1958. Coccinellidae of Nepal. Rec. Indian Mus., 53:309-338. Kapur, A.P. 1963. The Coccinellidae of the third Mount Everest expedition, 1924 (Coleoptera). Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. Lon. 14(1): 1-48. Khan, I., Din, S., Khalil, S.K. and Rafi, M.A. 2007. Survey of predatory Coccinellids (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in the Chitral District, Pakistan. J. Insect Science, 7 (7): 6. Khan, M. R., Irshad, M. and Rafi, M.A. 2008. Insect fauna of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. MK Traders, Islamabad, 143. Khan, M. R., Sheikh, M.K., Rafi, M. A. and Sharif, A. 1999. Predatory Coccinellid Fauna (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of Sudhnuti District, Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Pak. J. Entomol., Karachi, 14 (1-2): 5-7. Khan, M.G. R., Inayatullah, M., Rafi, M.A. and Ashfaque, M. 1999. Species composition, distribution and host plants of predatory Coccinellids (Coccinellidae: Coleoptera) in District Bagh, Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Pak. J. Entomol. Karachi, 14(1-2): 1-4. Kuznetsov, V.N. 1997. Lady beetles of the Russian Far East. Memoir No.1. The Sand Ladybird beetles in District Dir Lower, Pakistan, International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation, Vol. 3(12), 670-675. Li, C.S. and Cook, F.E. 1961. The Epilachninae of Taiwan (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Pac. Insects, 3(1): 31-91. Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Nature.10 th ed. Stockholm: 826. Linnaeus, C. 1767. Systema Nature. 12 th ed. Stockholm: 830. Majerus, M. and Kearns, P.K. 1989 “Lady Birds”. University of Cambridge. Richmond Publishing Co. Ltd. P.O. Box 963, Slough, SL 23 RS, England 1-101. Miyatake, M. 1985. Coccinellidae collected by the Hokkaido University Expedition to Nepal Himalaya, 1968 (Coleoptera). Insecta Matsumurana, 30:33. Naz, F. 2012. Taxonomic study of Epilachninae (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of Pakistan. PhD thesis, Department of Entomology, Faculty of crop protection sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar Pakistan.p1 Omkar and A. Pervez. 1999. New Records of Coccinellids from Uttar Pardesh I. J. Adv. Zool., 20: 106-112. Poorani, J. 2004. Notes on the Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) of the Indian sub-continent, including new synonymies. Journal of Biological Control. 18(2): 185-187. Rafi, M.A., Irshad, M. and Inyatullah, M. 2005 Predatory Ladybird beetles of Pakistan. PARC/NWFP Agric. Univ. Roohani Art Press, Islamabad, Pakistan, 105. Rahatullah, F. Haq, S.A. Mehmood, K. Saeed and S. Rehman. 2011. Diversity and Distribution of Ladybird beetles in District Dir Lower, Pakistan. Int. J. Biodiversity Conserv., 3 (12): 670-675pp. Shah, Z.M. 1983. Lady bird beetles (Coccinellidae: Coleoptera) of Peshawar region. M.Sc. (Hons,) Thesis,

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Department of Entomology, NWFP, Agriculture University, Peshawar (Unpublished). 109. Sharma, P. K. and P. C. Joshi. 2010. New records of Coccinellid Beetles (Coccinellidae: Coleoptera) from District Dehradun, (Uttarakhand), India. N. Y. Sci. J., 3(6): 112-120. Shunxiang, R., W. Xingmen, P. Hong, P. Zhengqiang and Z. Tao 2009. Colored pictorial handbook of Lady bird beetles in China. Science Press No.16. North Street, City DongHuang, Beijing China 336 pp. Slipinski, A. 2007. Australian Ladybird beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), their biology and Classification. Australian Biological Resources Study. Coll. Illus. 288.

Colour plates of Ladybird beetle

b c

Plate 1. Brumoides suturalis a: Adult; b: Male genitalia; c: Female genitalia

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b c

Plate 2. Ailocaria hexaspilota a: Adult; b: Male genitalia; c: Female genitalia

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b c

Plate 3. Coccinella septempunctata a: Adult; b: Male genitalia; c: Female genitalia

Plate 4. Coccinella transversalis a: Adult; b: Male genitalia; c: Female genitalia

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b c

Plate 5. Harmonia dimidiata a: Adult; b: Male genitalia; c: Female genitalia.

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Plate 5, 5.1. Harmonia dimidiata a, b: Adult

b c

Plate 6. Coelophora bissellata a: Adult; b: Male genitalia; c: Female genitalia

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b c

Plate 7. Menochilus sexmaculatus a: Adult; b: Male genitalia; c: Female genitalia

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b c

Plate 8. Oenopia sauzuti a: Adult; b: Male genitalia; c: Female genitalia

b c

Plate 9. Propylea dissecta a: Adult; b: Male genitalia; c: Female genitalia

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a b

d e

Plate 9, 9.1. Propylea dissecta a, b, c, d, e: Adult

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Plate 10. Psyllobora bisoctonotata a: Adult; b: Male genitalia;

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b c

Plate 11. Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata a: Adult; b: Male genitalia; c: Female genitalia

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b c

Plate 12. Henosepilachna septima a: Adult; b: Male genitalia; c: Female genitalia

Plate 13. Afidentula manderstjernae a: Adult; b: Male genitalia