Changes in Marital Dissolution Patterns Among Chinese and Chinese
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Of the People's Liberation Army
Understanding the “People” of the People’s Liberation Army A Study of Marriage, Family, Housing, and Benefits Marcus Clay, Ph.D. Printed in the United States of America by the China Aerospace Studies Institute ISBN-13: 978-1724626929 ISBN-10: 1724626922 To request additional copies, please direct inquiries to Director, China Aerospace Studies Institute, Air University, 55 Lemay Plaza, Montgomery, AL 36112 Cover art is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. E-mail: [email protected] Web: http://www.airuniversity.af.mil/CASI https://twitter.com/CASI_Research @CASI_Research https://www.facebook.com/CASI.Research.Org https://www.linkedin.com/company/11049011 Disclaimer The views expressed in this academic research paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the U.S. Government or the Department of Defense. In accordance with Air Force Instruction 51-303, Intellectual Property, Patents, Patent Related Matters, Trademarks and Copyrights; this work is the property of the US Government. Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights Reproduction and printing is subject to the Copyright Act of 1976 and applicable treaties of the United States. This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This publication is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal, academic, or governmental use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete however, it is requested that reproductions credit the author and China Aerospace Studies Institute (CASI). Permission is required from the China Aerospace Studies Institute to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. -
Transforming Family Law in Post-Deng China: Marriage, Divorce and Reproduction*
675 Transforming Family Law in Post-Deng China: Marriage, Divorce and Reproduction* Michael Palmer ABSTRACT This article considers the principal changes in family law in the People's Republic of China during the post-Deng period. The developments that have occurred during the period of review have been notable for their pace and their contribution to a growing legal sophistication in China's corpus of family law. They expand on a series of major reforms in family law documented in my earlier China Quarterly article. Overall, it is in the area of divorce that the most dramatic changes have taken place in family law over the past decade. This article examines the continuing evolution of family law in the People's Republic of China &PRC). Since the publication in 1995 of an earlier China Quarterly article on post-Mao Chinese family law,1 the legal framework for family life has been reformed in order, inter alia, to deal with problems encountered with the regulatory system built up in the 1980s and early 1990s, and to respond to changes taking place in Chinese society. Two legislative developments are highly significant. First, the Marriage Law was revised in 2001,2 and greater judicial attention then given to its implementation, especially * I thank participants in the conference on ``Developments in Chinese Law: the Past Ten Years'' for their helpful comments on the draft version of this article. Responsibility for any remaining errors is mine alone. 1 Michael Palmer, ``The re-emergence of family law in post-Mao China: marriage, divorce and reproduction,'' in Stanley Lubman &guest ed.), ``Law in China Under Reform,'' The China Quarterly, No. -
Women and Communist China Under Mao Zedong: Seeds of Gender Equality Michael Wielink
WOMEN AND COMMUNIST CHINA UNDER MAO ZEDONG: SEEDS OF GENDER EQUALITY MICHAEL WIELINK The mid twentieth century was a tumultuous and transformative period in the history of China. Following over two decades of civil and international war, Mao Zedong and the Communist Party seized control and established the People’s Republic of China on October 1, 1949. Mao Zedong’s famed political slogan “Women Hold Up Half The Sky”1 was powerful rhetoric, with the apparent emphasis on gender equality and inferred concepts of equality and sameness. Women did not achieve equality with men, nor did they attain egalitarian self- determination or social autonomy. Mao envisaged “women’s equality” as a dynamic force with an indelible power to help build a Chinese Communist State. An in-depth investigation into the social, cultural, and economic roles of women, both rural and urban, illustrates how women inextricably worked within Mao’s Communist nation-building efforts to slowly erode gender inequalities. While full gender equality never came to fruition, this era allowed women to experience a broad range of experiences, which ultimately contained the seeds of change toward breaking down gender stratification. Viewed through this lens, a window of understanding opens up about gender dynamics in Mao’s China and how the first cracks in gender inequality appeared in China. Perhaps the best starting point is to understand the social status of women in China prior to the Communist Revolution. Chinese women, not unlike women in most cultures, have historically suffered as a result of their comparatively low status. The Confucian philosophy (551-479 B.C.E) of “filial piety” produced a deep rooted and systematic gender inequality for women in China. -
New Marriage Law in the People's Republic of China : Translations
THE NfiW CARRIAGE LAW IN THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA: TRANSLATIONS, DEVELOPMENT, AND M^EVALUATION by MAR3ARET hsi B. A., Tunghai University, I960 A MASTER'S REPORT submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Family and Child Development KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas 1965 Approved by: Major Professor ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Sincere and deep appreciation is expressed by the writer to Professor Leone Kell, major advisor, of the Department of Family and Child Development, for her guidance and encouragement during the preparation of this report. Special gratitude is expressed to Dr. Marjorie Stith, Head of the Department of Family and Child Development, for her suggestions. ii Ill TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS H Chapter I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. TRANSLATION OF "THE REVOLUTION OF MARRIAGE" 3 The Marriage Revolution Abolishing the Forced and Arranged Marriage Prohibiting Child Betrothal Forbidding the Bargaining Marriage Prohibiting Interference with Widow'? Remarriage Prohibiting Early Marriage Freedom of Divorce Carrying out Monogamy Equality of Rights of Husband and Wife Protecting Women's Legal Rights Protecting Children's Rights Advocating the Marriage Law Appendix Summary of Book 22 III. PROMOTION OF THc. NEW MARRIAGE LAW Some Other propaganda Materials Methods Used in Propaganda LAW IV. INFLUENCES AND DIFFICULTIES IN ADMINISTRATION OF THE NEW . 26 Influences of the New Law Difficulties in Administration of the New Law V. HISTORY OF THE FAMILY REVOLUTION IN CHINA 3k Rang Yu-wei's Reform Movement in l8°8 Sun Yat-sen's Republican Revolution in 1911 The New Culture Movement in 1917 The Law of Kinship Relations in 1930 Outline of the Law of Kinship Relations Influences of the Law of Kinship Relations Communists Policies The New Morality Teachings VI. -
Chapter 24: Asia and the Pacific, 1945-Present
Asia and the Pacific 1945–Present Key Events As you read, look for the key events in the history of postwar Asia. • Communists in China introduced socialist measures and drastic reforms under the leadership of Mao Zedong. • After World War II, India gained its independence from Britain and divided into two separate countries—India and Pakistan. • Japan modernized its economy and society after 1945 and became one of the world’s economic giants. The Impact Today The events that occurred during this time period still impact our lives today. • Today China and Japan play significant roles in world affairs: China for political and military reasons, Japan for economic reasons. • India and Pakistan remain rivals. In 1998, India carried out nuclear tests and Pakistan responded by testing its own nuclear weapons. • Although the people of Taiwan favor independence, China remains committed to eventual unification. World History—Modern Times Video The Chapter 24 video, “Vietnam,” chronicles the history and impact of the Vietnam War. Mao Zedong 1949 1953 1965 Communist Korean Lyndon Johnson Party takes War sends U.S. troops over China ends to South Vietnam 1935 1945 1955 1965 1947 1966 India and Indira Gandhi Pakistan become elected independent prime minister nations of India Indira Gandhi 720 0720-0729 C24SE-860705 11/25/03 7:21 PM Page 721 Singapore’s architecture is a mixture of modern and colonial buildings. Nixon in China 1972 HISTORY U.S. President 1989 2002 Richard Nixon Tiananmen Square China joins World Trade visits China massacre Organization Chapter Overview Visit the Glencoe World History—Modern 1975 1985 1995 2005 Times Web site at wh.mt.glencoe.com and click on Chapter 24– Chapter Overview to 1979 1997 preview chapter information. -
Marriage Practice of the Chinese Communist Party in Modern Era, 1910S-1950S
Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 8-23-2011 12:00 AM From Marriage Revolution to Revolutionary Marriage: Marriage Practice of the Chinese Communist Party in Modern Era, 1910s-1950s Wei Xu The University of Western Ontario Supervisor James Flath The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in History A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Doctor of Philosophy © Wei Xu 2011 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Asian History Commons, Chinese Studies Commons, Cultural History Commons, Family, Life Course, and Society Commons, Gender and Sexuality Commons, History of Gender Commons, Inequality and Stratification Commons, Social Control, Law, Crime, and Deviance Commons, Social History Commons, Women's History Commons, and the Women's Studies Commons Recommended Citation Xu, Wei, "From Marriage Revolution to Revolutionary Marriage: Marriage Practice of the Chinese Communist Party in Modern Era, 1910s-1950s" (2011). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 232. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/232 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FROM MARRIAGE REVOLUTION TO REVOLUTIONARY MARRIAGE: MARRIAGE PRACTICE OF THE CHINESE COMMUNIST PARTY IN MODERN ERA 1910s-1950s (Spine -
The Political Economy of Marriage: Joanne Payton
‘Honour’ and the political economy of marriage Joanne Payton Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD, 2015 i DECLARATION This work has not been submitted in substance for any other degree or award at this or any other university or place of learning, nor is being submitted concurrently in candidature for any degree or other award. Signed (candidate) Date: 13 April 2015 STATEMENT 1 This thesis is being submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of PhD. Signed (candidate) Date: 13 April 2015 STATEMENT 2 This thesis is the result of my own independent work/investigation, except where otherwise stated. Other sources are acknowledged by explicit references. The views expressed are my own. Signed (candidate) Date: 13 April 2015 STATEMENT 3 I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter-library loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations. Signed (candidate) Date: 13 April 2015 Summary ‘Honour’-based violence (HBV) is defined as a form of crime, predominantly against women, committed by the agnates of the victim, often in collaboration, which are justified by the victims’ perceived violation of social norms, particularly those around sexuality and gender roles. While HBV is often considered as a cultural phenomenon, I argue that the cross-cultural distribution of crimes fitting this definition prohibits a purely cultural explanation. I advance an alternate explanation for HBV through a deployment of the cultural materialist strategy and the anthropological theories of Pierre Bourdieu, Claude Lévi-Strauss (as interpreted by Gayle Rubin) and Eric Wolf. -
Immigration Law Advisor
U.S. Department of Justice http://eoir-vll/lib_index.html Executive Office for Immigration Review Published since 2007 Immigration Law Advisor June-July 2013 A Legal Publication of the Executive Office for Immigration Review Vol. 7 No. 6 Understanding Marriage-Based In this issue... K Nonimmigrant Visas: The Difficulty in Saying “I Do” Page 1: Feature Article: by Josh Lunsford Understanding Marriage- Based K Nonimmigrant do.” Two of the most powerful, controversial, and misunderstood Visas: The Difficutly in words in the immigration field. For aliens hoping to immigrate Saying “I Do” “Ito the United States, these words can be the path—and Page 5: Federal Court Activity sometimes an immediate one—to acquiring permanent residence. See, e.g., Page 9: BIA Precedent Decisions section 201(b)(2)(A)(i) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1151(b)(2)(A)(i). For aliens in the country illegally, these words can be the difference between an order of removal and a grant of relief therefrom. See, e.g., section 240A(b)(1) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(b)(1). For others, these words are nothing more than an open invitation to the backdoor The Immigration Law Advisor is a See, e.g. Hello, I Love You, professional newsletter of the Executive of our immigration system. , David Seminara, Office for Immigration Review Won’t You Tell Me Your Name: Inside the Green Card Marriage Phenomenon, (“EOIR”) that is intended solely as an Backgrounder (Ctr. for Immigr. Studies, D.C.), Nov. 2008, available at educational resource to disseminate http://cis.org/marriagefraud. -
Family Reform Through Divorce Law in the PRC
UCLA UCLA Pacific Basin Law Journal Title Family Reform through Divorce Law in the PRC Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/88v9p586 Journal UCLA Pacific Basin Law Journal, 1(2) Author Wong, Linda Publication Date 1982 DOI 10.5070/P812021889 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California FAMILY REFORM THROUGH DIVORCE LAW IN THE PRC Linda Wong* INTRODUCTION As the Chinese Communists tried to establish power during the 1930's, they condemned both the family' and the law. 2 Dur- ing the Chinese Soviet period, the Marriage Regulation of 1931 validated the contested as well as uncontested divorce.3 Immedi- ately after their victory in 1949, the Chinese Communists adopted the Common Program, which abolished "all laws, decrees and ju- dicial systems of the Kuomintang reactionary government who oppress the people."'4 Yet, neither the family nor law has van- * Student, U.C.L.A. School of Law, M.S.W. University of Michigan. © 1982. The author wishes to express her gratitude to a number of very special people-with- out whom this comment would never have been possible. Professor William P. Al- ford of UCLA provided bibliographic direction and patient guidance. Seven persons from the People's Republic of China offered invaluable advice during individual in- terviews conducted by the author. The group included a recent immigrant, a two- time divorcee, two visiting students, two visiting scholars, and a visiting professor. All translations are the author's own translations except noted otherwise. I am responsi- ble for all errors herein. 1. Two reasons are given for the Chinese Communists' view that the traditional family is the "embodiment of all evil." One is economic and the other is political. -
Immigration Provisions of the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA)
Immigration Provisions of the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) William A. Kandel Analyst in Immigration Policy June 7, 2012 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R42477 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Immigration Provisions of the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) Summary The Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) includes provisions to assist foreign nationals who have been victims of domestic abuse. These provisions, initially enacted by Congress with the Immigration Act of 1990 and the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) of 1994, afford benefits to abused foreign nationals and allow them to self-petition for lawful permanent resident (LPR) status independently of the U.S. citizen or LPR relatives who originally sponsored them. Congress reauthorized VAWA with the Battered Immigrant Women Protection Act of 2000, which also created the U visa for foreign national victims of a range of crimes—including domestic abuse—who assisted law enforcement. A second reauthorization in 2005 added protections and expanded eligibility for abused foreign nationals. VAWA expired in 2011. On November 30, 2011, Senator Leahy introduced S. 1925, the Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2011. It was referred to the Committee on the Judiciary and reported favorably on February 7, 2012. On April 26, 2012, the Senate passed it by a vote of 68 to 31. In the House, Representative Adams introduced H.R. 4970 (To reauthorize the Violence Against Women Act of 1994) on April 27, 2012. It was referred to the House Judiciary Committee where it was reported favorably on May 8, 2012. The House passed the bill in the nature of a substitute on May 16, 2012, by a vote of 222 to 205. -
Marketization and the Status of Women in China Anna M
Santa Clara Law Santa Clara Law Digital Commons Faculty Publications Faculty Scholarship 1-1-2001 Holding-Up More Than Half the Sky: Marketization and the Status of Women in China Anna M. Han Santa Clara University School of Law, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/facpubs Part of the Civil Rights and Discrimination Commons, Human Rights Law Commons, Law and Society Commons, and the Women Commons Automated Citation Anna M. Han, Holding-Up More Than Half the Sky: Marketization and the Status of Women in China , 11 J. Contemp. Legal Issues 791 (2001), Available at: http://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/facpubs/33 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Scholarship at Santa Clara Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of Santa Clara Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Holding-Up More Than Half the Sky: Marketization and the Status of Women in ChinatttChinattt ANNAANNAM.HAN* M. HAN* I. INTRODUCTION As China approaches the new millennium, much is made of the direction its economic policies have taken and how these changes affect its people. While these changes impact everyone in China, half of its population, the female half, should be especially concerned about how these shifting policies affect their place in society. In this inquiry, Chinese women have found that theythey have come a long way from the feudal days when they were little-better than property and that communism has improved their status dramatically, making them legally equal to men. -
Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI) Women and Men in Honour- Related Conflicts
Country report NOVEMBER 2018 COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION (COI) Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI) Women and men in honour- related conflicts Report based on interviews in Erbil and Sulaimania, KRI © 2018 The Danish Immigration Service The Danish Immigration Service Ryesgade 53 2100 Copenhagen Denmark Phone: +45 35 36 66 00 newtodenmark.dk November 2018 All rights reserved to the Danish Immigration Service. The publication can be downloaded for free at newtodenmark.dk The Danish Immigration Service’s publications can be quoted with clear source reference. KURDISTAN REGION OF IRAQ (KRI), WOMEN AND MEN IN HONOUR-RELATED CONFLICTS Contents Contents ...................................................................................................................................................1 Disclaimer .................................................................................................................................................3 Introduction and methodology ................................................................................................................. 4 Abbreviations ...........................................................................................................................................6 Executive summary ................................................................................................................................... 7 1. Background on honour conflicts in Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI) ...................................................... 9 2. Prevalence of honour-related