DOCSLIB.ORG

Changes in Marital Dissolution Patterns Among Chinese and Chinese

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Changes in Marital Dissolution Patterns Among Chinese and Chinese CHANGES IN MARITAL DISSOLUTION PATTERNS AMONG CHINESE AND CHINESE IMMIGRANTS: AN ORIGIN-DESTINATION ANALYSIS Yuanting Zhang A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY December 2007 Committee: Jennifer Van Hook, Advisor Nancy Boudreau Graduate Faculty Representative Franklin Goza Susan Brown Laura Sanchez ii ABSTRACT Jennifer Van Hook, Advisor Among the concerns about the assimilability of new immigrant groups from Asia and Latin American countries, one unchallenged, unstated assumption is that these groups bring the strong family values and family ties into American society. Whether new Asian immigrant groups assimilate into American divorce culture the longer they stay in the U.S. is not well studied, nor is it clear how marital dissolution patterns change across immigrant generations. My research goal is to examine the current trends and patterns of marital dissolution (divorce or separation) among Chinese and assess whether Chinese immigrants to the U.S. have more stable marriages than the Chinese in China. The specific analyses conducted are designed to test hypotheses based on the assimilation, selection and abruption effect frameworks (Singley and Landale 1998). Several data sets, including the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) and the China 1990 and 2000 Censuses, were used to examine the complexity of marriage and divorce in China. For the Chinese immigrants in the US, the 1990 and 2000 Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) and the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) were used. Unique to my study were that the hypotheses I tested differentiated the selection, abruption and assimilation effects by mode-of-entry of Chinese immigrants. Overall, despite much speculation about rising divorce rates in China, the rates remain relatively low. In general, my findings show that Chinese immigrants, especially the newly- arrived female immigrants from China, are more likely to divorce/separate. Unlike women in China, Chinese female immigrants overtake their male counterparts in terms of marital dissolution rates for almost every generational status. This suggests that U.S. society iii has given women more leverage and room to choose their spouse and to be less tolerant of bad marriages. There was also some evidence of an abruption effect among the less-educated Chinese male immigrants as they displayed even lower divorce rates compared to their male counterparts in the immigrant-sending regions in China. Also, there is some weak evidence for the assimilation hypothesis among the Chinese men over the generations, but the pattern does not hold for Chinese women. Moreover, there is no evidence for the segmented assimilation hypothesis, as the divorce rates among the highly educated Chinese are not similar to the upper middle class Americans, and the divorce rates among the less-educated Chinese do not resemble the divorce patterns of working class Americans either. Furthermore, mixed marriages involving Asians in general are less stable than Asian endogamous marriages. For Chinese, however, the most unstable marriage is between foreign-born and American-born Chinese or Chinese with American citizenship. This suggests that there are Chinese who are trying to take advantage of the American immigration system and use marriage as a tool to achieve their goal of immigrating to the U.S. iv To my father, Cunsheng Zhang, whose support makes me even more proud of my work. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my committee, Dr. Jennifer Van Hook, Dr. Franklin Goza, Dr. Susan Brown, Dr. Laura Sanchez, and Dr. Nancy Boudreau for their guidance, comments, and all their sincere help with this project. Dr. Van Hook has been an extraordinary mentor for me throughout my graduate school career and has always been my source of inspiration. Dr. Van Hook, Dr. Goza, and Dr. Boudreau have been working diligently along with me in perfecting the final version of my dissertation. I thank my husband, Joel Kniep for his unfailing support throughout graduate school. I also want to thank my family, friends and the writer’s lab at Bowling Green State University for their encouragement and needed assistance throughout this process. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................1 1.1 Statement of the Problem ..............................................................................................1 1.2 Brief Review of History of Chinese Immigrants and Prior Research............................3 1.3 Study Objectives ...........................................................................................................5 1.4 The Rationale (Contributions and Limitations).............................................................6 1.5 Possible Policy Implications .........................................................................................8 1.6 Summary of the Chapters ............................................................................................10 CHAPTER 2: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKS …...11 2.1 Introduction..................................................................................................................11 2.2 Feminist Perspectives ..................................................................................................11 2.3 Assimilation, Selection and Abruption Hypothesis ....................................................15 2.4 Familism, Gender Perspectives on Marital Dissolution among Immigrants ………..18 CHAPTER 3: PRIOR WORK ON MARITAL DISSOLUTION IN SINO-US CONTEXT ...…23 3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................23 3.2 Marital Dissolution in Chinese Context ......................................................................23 3.3 Marital Dissolution in the U.S. Context ......................................................................28 3.4 Common Marital dissolution Risk-Factors for Chinese Marriages ............................29 3.4a Educational Achievement and Occupation ...................................................30 3.4b Urban and Rural Differentials in Marital dissolution Rates .........................32 3.4c Duration of Marriage, Age at Marriage and Other Risk Factors ..................33 3.4d Extra Marital Affairs & Remarriage in China ..............................................36 3.5 Marriage and Marital dissolution among Chinese Immigrants ...................................41 vii 3.6 The Stability of Chinese Interracial Marriages ...........................................................44 CHAPTER 4: DATA AND METHODOLOGY ..........................................................................49 4.1 Data .............................................................................................................................49 4.1a Data from China…………………………………………………………….49 4.1b Data from the U.S. ………………………………………………………....51 4.1c Constructed Data from Both China and the U.S. …………………………..53 4.2 Mode-of-entry Groups ................................................................................................54 4.3 Hypotheses ..................................................................................................................56 4.4 Key Variables ..............................................................................................................61 4.4a Dependent Measures .....................................................................................61 4.4b Independent Variables for the Chinese Data ................................................63 4.4c Independent Variables for the U.S. Data.......................................................65 4.4d Variable Considered but not included ...........................................................73 4.5 Logistic Regression & Cox-Proportional Hazards Modeling…………………..……73 4.6 Methodological Limitations ………………………….. .............................................74 CHAPTER 5: RESULTS ON TESTING SELECTION & ABRUPTION HYPOTHESES ……76 5.1 Education and Marital dissolution Rates in China (Hypothesis 1)..............................76 5.1a Results from the CHNS .................................................................................81 5.1b Results from the Pooled Sino-US 1990 Censuses ........................................82 5.2 Testing for Selection Effects (Hypothesis 2)...............................................................85 5.2a Selection Effect among Lower-Skilled Chinese Immigrants ........................87 5.2b Selection Effect among Chinese Professionals in the U.S. ...........................92 5.3 Testing for Abruption Hypothesis (Hypothesis 3).......................................................92 viii 5.3a Abruption Effect among Lower-Skilled Chinese Immigrants ......................92 5.3b Abruption Effect among Chinese Professionals in the U.S. .........................94 5.3c Abruption Effect among Chinese Mail-order Brides in the U.S. ..................95 5.4 Summary of the Chapter .............................................................................................97 CHAPTER 6: RESULTS ON TESTING THE ASSIMILATION & SEGMENTED ASSIMILATION HYPOTHESES ............................................................................................100 6.1 Testing for the Assimilation Hypothesis (Hypothesis
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Of the People's Liberation Army
    Understanding the “People” of the People’s Liberation Army A Study of Marriage, Family, Housing, and Benefits Marcus Clay, Ph.D. Printed in the United States of America by the China Aerospace Studies Institute ISBN-13: 978-1724626929 ISBN-10: 1724626922 To request additional copies, please direct inquiries to Director, China Aerospace Studies Institute, Air University, 55 Lemay Plaza, Montgomery, AL 36112 Cover art is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. E-mail: [email protected] Web: http://www.airuniversity.af.mil/CASI https://twitter.com/CASI_Research @CASI_Research https://www.facebook.com/CASI.Research.Org https://www.linkedin.com/company/11049011 Disclaimer The views expressed in this academic research paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the U.S. Government or the Department of Defense. In accordance with Air Force Instruction 51-303, Intellectual Property, Patents, Patent Related Matters, Trademarks and Copyrights; this work is the property of the US Government. Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights Reproduction and printing is subject to the Copyright Act of 1976 and applicable treaties of the United States. This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This publication is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal, academic, or governmental use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete however, it is requested that reproductions credit the author and China Aerospace Studies Institute (CASI). Permission is required from the China Aerospace Studies Institute to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use.
    [Show full text]
  • Transforming Family Law in Post-Deng China: Marriage, Divorce and Reproduction*
    675 Transforming Family Law in Post-Deng China: Marriage, Divorce and Reproduction* Michael Palmer ABSTRACT This article considers the principal changes in family law in the People's Republic of China during the post-Deng period. The developments that have occurred during the period of review have been notable for their pace and their contribution to a growing legal sophistication in China's corpus of family law. They expand on a series of major reforms in family law documented in my earlier China Quarterly article. Overall, it is in the area of divorce that the most dramatic changes have taken place in family law over the past decade. This article examines the continuing evolution of family law in the People's Republic of China &PRC). Since the publication in 1995 of an earlier China Quarterly article on post-Mao Chinese family law,1 the legal framework for family life has been reformed in order, inter alia, to deal with problems encountered with the regulatory system built up in the 1980s and early 1990s, and to respond to changes taking place in Chinese society. Two legislative developments are highly significant. First, the Marriage Law was revised in 2001,2 and greater judicial attention then given to its implementation, especially * I thank participants in the conference on ``Developments in Chinese Law: the Past Ten Years'' for their helpful comments on the draft version of this article. Responsibility for any remaining errors is mine alone. 1 Michael Palmer, ``The re-emergence of family law in post-Mao China: marriage, divorce and reproduction,'' in Stanley Lubman &guest ed.), ``Law in China Under Reform,'' The China Quarterly, No.
    [Show full text]
  • Women and Communist China Under Mao Zedong: Seeds of Gender Equality Michael Wielink
    WOMEN AND COMMUNIST CHINA UNDER MAO ZEDONG: SEEDS OF GENDER EQUALITY MICHAEL WIELINK The mid twentieth century was a tumultuous and transformative period in the history of China. Following over two decades of civil and international war, Mao Zedong and the Communist Party seized control and established the People’s Republic of China on October 1, 1949. Mao Zedong’s famed political slogan “Women Hold Up Half The Sky”1 was powerful rhetoric, with the apparent emphasis on gender equality and inferred concepts of equality and sameness. Women did not achieve equality with men, nor did they attain egalitarian self- determination or social autonomy. Mao envisaged “women’s equality” as a dynamic force with an indelible power to help build a Chinese Communist State. An in-depth investigation into the social, cultural, and economic roles of women, both rural and urban, illustrates how women inextricably worked within Mao’s Communist nation-building efforts to slowly erode gender inequalities. While full gender equality never came to fruition, this era allowed women to experience a broad range of experiences, which ultimately contained the seeds of change toward breaking down gender stratification. Viewed through this lens, a window of understanding opens up about gender dynamics in Mao’s China and how the first cracks in gender inequality appeared in China. Perhaps the best starting point is to understand the social status of women in China prior to the Communist Revolution. Chinese women, not unlike women in most cultures, have historically suffered as a result of their comparatively low status. The Confucian philosophy (551-479 B.C.E) of “filial piety” produced a deep rooted and systematic gender inequality for women in China.
    [Show full text]
  • New Marriage Law in the People's Republic of China : Translations
    THE NfiW CARRIAGE LAW IN THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA: TRANSLATIONS, DEVELOPMENT, AND M^EVALUATION by MAR3ARET hsi B. A., Tunghai University, I960 A MASTER'S REPORT submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Family and Child Development KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas 1965 Approved by: Major Professor ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Sincere and deep appreciation is expressed by the writer to Professor Leone Kell, major advisor, of the Department of Family and Child Development, for her guidance and encouragement during the preparation of this report. Special gratitude is expressed to Dr. Marjorie Stith, Head of the Department of Family and Child Development, for her suggestions. ii Ill TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS H Chapter I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. TRANSLATION OF "THE REVOLUTION OF MARRIAGE" 3 The Marriage Revolution Abolishing the Forced and Arranged Marriage Prohibiting Child Betrothal Forbidding the Bargaining Marriage Prohibiting Interference with Widow'? Remarriage Prohibiting Early Marriage Freedom of Divorce Carrying out Monogamy Equality of Rights of Husband and Wife Protecting Women's Legal Rights Protecting Children's Rights Advocating the Marriage Law Appendix Summary of Book 22 III. PROMOTION OF THc. NEW MARRIAGE LAW Some Other propaganda Materials Methods Used in Propaganda LAW IV. INFLUENCES AND DIFFICULTIES IN ADMINISTRATION OF THE NEW . 26 Influences of the New Law Difficulties in Administration of the New Law V. HISTORY OF THE FAMILY REVOLUTION IN CHINA 3k Rang Yu-wei's Reform Movement in l8°8 Sun Yat-sen's Republican Revolution in 1911 The New Culture Movement in 1917 The Law of Kinship Relations in 1930 Outline of the Law of Kinship Relations Influences of the Law of Kinship Relations Communists Policies The New Morality Teachings VI.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 24: Asia and the Pacific, 1945-Present
    Asia and the Pacific 1945–Present Key Events As you read, look for the key events in the history of postwar Asia. • Communists in China introduced socialist measures and drastic reforms under the leadership of Mao Zedong. • After World War II, India gained its independence from Britain and divided into two separate countries—India and Pakistan. • Japan modernized its economy and society after 1945 and became one of the world’s economic giants. The Impact Today The events that occurred during this time period still impact our lives today. • Today China and Japan play significant roles in world affairs: China for political and military reasons, Japan for economic reasons. • India and Pakistan remain rivals. In 1998, India carried out nuclear tests and Pakistan responded by testing its own nuclear weapons. • Although the people of Taiwan favor independence, China remains committed to eventual unification. World History—Modern Times Video The Chapter 24 video, “Vietnam,” chronicles the history and impact of the Vietnam War. Mao Zedong 1949 1953 1965 Communist Korean Lyndon Johnson Party takes War sends U.S. troops over China ends to South Vietnam 1935 1945 1955 1965 1947 1966 India and Indira Gandhi Pakistan become elected independent prime minister nations of India Indira Gandhi 720 0720-0729 C24SE-860705 11/25/03 7:21 PM Page 721 Singapore’s architecture is a mixture of modern and colonial buildings. Nixon in China 1972 HISTORY U.S. President 1989 2002 Richard Nixon Tiananmen Square China joins World Trade visits China massacre Organization Chapter Overview Visit the Glencoe World History—Modern 1975 1985 1995 2005 Times Web site at wh.mt.glencoe.com and click on Chapter 24– Chapter Overview to 1979 1997 preview chapter information.
    [Show full text]
  • Marriage Practice of the Chinese Communist Party in Modern Era, 1910S-1950S
    Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 8-23-2011 12:00 AM From Marriage Revolution to Revolutionary Marriage: Marriage Practice of the Chinese Communist Party in Modern Era, 1910s-1950s Wei Xu The University of Western Ontario Supervisor James Flath The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in History A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Doctor of Philosophy © Wei Xu 2011 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Asian History Commons, Chinese Studies Commons, Cultural History Commons, Family, Life Course, and Society Commons, Gender and Sexuality Commons, History of Gender Commons, Inequality and Stratification Commons, Social Control, Law, Crime, and Deviance Commons, Social History Commons, Women's History Commons, and the Women's Studies Commons Recommended Citation Xu, Wei, "From Marriage Revolution to Revolutionary Marriage: Marriage Practice of the Chinese Communist Party in Modern Era, 1910s-1950s" (2011). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 232. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/232 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FROM MARRIAGE REVOLUTION TO REVOLUTIONARY MARRIAGE: MARRIAGE PRACTICE OF THE CHINESE COMMUNIST PARTY IN MODERN ERA 1910s-1950s (Spine
    [Show full text]
  • The Political Economy of Marriage: Joanne Payton
    ‘Honour’ and the political economy of marriage Joanne Payton Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD, 2015 i DECLARATION This work has not been submitted in substance for any other degree or award at this or any other university or place of learning, nor is being submitted concurrently in candidature for any degree or other award. Signed (candidate) Date: 13 April 2015 STATEMENT 1 This thesis is being submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of PhD. Signed (candidate) Date: 13 April 2015 STATEMENT 2 This thesis is the result of my own independent work/investigation, except where otherwise stated. Other sources are acknowledged by explicit references. The views expressed are my own. Signed (candidate) Date: 13 April 2015 STATEMENT 3 I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter-library loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations. Signed (candidate) Date: 13 April 2015 Summary ‘Honour’-based violence (HBV) is defined as a form of crime, predominantly against women, committed by the agnates of the victim, often in collaboration, which are justified by the victims’ perceived violation of social norms, particularly those around sexuality and gender roles. While HBV is often considered as a cultural phenomenon, I argue that the cross-cultural distribution of crimes fitting this definition prohibits a purely cultural explanation. I advance an alternate explanation for HBV through a deployment of the cultural materialist strategy and the anthropological theories of Pierre Bourdieu, Claude Lévi-Strauss (as interpreted by Gayle Rubin) and Eric Wolf.
    [Show full text]
  • Immigration Law Advisor
    U.S. Department of Justice http://eoir-vll/lib_index.html Executive Office for Immigration Review Published since 2007 Immigration Law Advisor June-July 2013 A Legal Publication of the Executive Office for Immigration Review Vol. 7 No. 6 Understanding Marriage-Based In this issue... K Nonimmigrant Visas: The Difficulty in Saying “I Do” Page 1: Feature Article: by Josh Lunsford Understanding Marriage- Based K Nonimmigrant do.” Two of the most powerful, controversial, and misunderstood Visas: The Difficutly in words in the immigration field. For aliens hoping to immigrate Saying “I Do” “Ito the United States, these words can be the path—and Page 5: Federal Court Activity sometimes an immediate one—to acquiring permanent residence. See, e.g., Page 9: BIA Precedent Decisions section 201(b)(2)(A)(i) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1151(b)(2)(A)(i). For aliens in the country illegally, these words can be the difference between an order of removal and a grant of relief therefrom. See, e.g., section 240A(b)(1) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(b)(1). For others, these words are nothing more than an open invitation to the backdoor The Immigration Law Advisor is a See, e.g. Hello, I Love You, professional newsletter of the Executive of our immigration system. , David Seminara, Office for Immigration Review Won’t You Tell Me Your Name: Inside the Green Card Marriage Phenomenon, (“EOIR”) that is intended solely as an Backgrounder (Ctr. for Immigr. Studies, D.C.), Nov. 2008, available at educational resource to disseminate http://cis.org/marriagefraud.
    [Show full text]
  • Family Reform Through Divorce Law in the PRC
    UCLA UCLA Pacific Basin Law Journal Title Family Reform through Divorce Law in the PRC Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/88v9p586 Journal UCLA Pacific Basin Law Journal, 1(2) Author Wong, Linda Publication Date 1982 DOI 10.5070/P812021889 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California FAMILY REFORM THROUGH DIVORCE LAW IN THE PRC Linda Wong* INTRODUCTION As the Chinese Communists tried to establish power during the 1930's, they condemned both the family' and the law. 2 Dur- ing the Chinese Soviet period, the Marriage Regulation of 1931 validated the contested as well as uncontested divorce.3 Immedi- ately after their victory in 1949, the Chinese Communists adopted the Common Program, which abolished "all laws, decrees and ju- dicial systems of the Kuomintang reactionary government who oppress the people."'4 Yet, neither the family nor law has van- * Student, U.C.L.A. School of Law, M.S.W. University of Michigan. © 1982. The author wishes to express her gratitude to a number of very special people-with- out whom this comment would never have been possible. Professor William P. Al- ford of UCLA provided bibliographic direction and patient guidance. Seven persons from the People's Republic of China offered invaluable advice during individual in- terviews conducted by the author. The group included a recent immigrant, a two- time divorcee, two visiting students, two visiting scholars, and a visiting professor. All translations are the author's own translations except noted otherwise. I am responsi- ble for all errors herein. 1. Two reasons are given for the Chinese Communists' view that the traditional family is the "embodiment of all evil." One is economic and the other is political.
    [Show full text]
  • Immigration Provisions of the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA)
    Immigration Provisions of the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) William A. Kandel Analyst in Immigration Policy June 7, 2012 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R42477 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Immigration Provisions of the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) Summary The Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) includes provisions to assist foreign nationals who have been victims of domestic abuse. These provisions, initially enacted by Congress with the Immigration Act of 1990 and the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) of 1994, afford benefits to abused foreign nationals and allow them to self-petition for lawful permanent resident (LPR) status independently of the U.S. citizen or LPR relatives who originally sponsored them. Congress reauthorized VAWA with the Battered Immigrant Women Protection Act of 2000, which also created the U visa for foreign national victims of a range of crimes—including domestic abuse—who assisted law enforcement. A second reauthorization in 2005 added protections and expanded eligibility for abused foreign nationals. VAWA expired in 2011. On November 30, 2011, Senator Leahy introduced S. 1925, the Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2011. It was referred to the Committee on the Judiciary and reported favorably on February 7, 2012. On April 26, 2012, the Senate passed it by a vote of 68 to 31. In the House, Representative Adams introduced H.R. 4970 (To reauthorize the Violence Against Women Act of 1994) on April 27, 2012. It was referred to the House Judiciary Committee where it was reported favorably on May 8, 2012. The House passed the bill in the nature of a substitute on May 16, 2012, by a vote of 222 to 205.
    [Show full text]
  • Marketization and the Status of Women in China Anna M
    Santa Clara Law Santa Clara Law Digital Commons Faculty Publications Faculty Scholarship 1-1-2001 Holding-Up More Than Half the Sky: Marketization and the Status of Women in China Anna M. Han Santa Clara University School of Law, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/facpubs Part of the Civil Rights and Discrimination Commons, Human Rights Law Commons, Law and Society Commons, and the Women Commons Automated Citation Anna M. Han, Holding-Up More Than Half the Sky: Marketization and the Status of Women in China , 11 J. Contemp. Legal Issues 791 (2001), Available at: http://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/facpubs/33 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Scholarship at Santa Clara Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of Santa Clara Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Holding-Up More Than Half the Sky: Marketization and the Status of Women in ChinatttChinattt ANNAANNAM.HAN* M. HAN* I. INTRODUCTION As China approaches the new millennium, much is made of the direction its economic policies have taken and how these changes affect its people. While these changes impact everyone in China, half of its population, the female half, should be especially concerned about how these shifting policies affect their place in society. In this inquiry, Chinese women have found that theythey have come a long way from the feudal days when they were little-better than property and that communism has improved their status dramatically, making them legally equal to men.
    [Show full text]
  • Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI) Women and Men in Honour- Related Conflicts
    Country report NOVEMBER 2018 COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION (COI) Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI) Women and men in honour- related conflicts Report based on interviews in Erbil and Sulaimania, KRI © 2018 The Danish Immigration Service The Danish Immigration Service Ryesgade 53 2100 Copenhagen Denmark Phone: +45 35 36 66 00 newtodenmark.dk November 2018 All rights reserved to the Danish Immigration Service. The publication can be downloaded for free at newtodenmark.dk The Danish Immigration Service’s publications can be quoted with clear source reference. KURDISTAN REGION OF IRAQ (KRI), WOMEN AND MEN IN HONOUR-RELATED CONFLICTS Contents Contents ...................................................................................................................................................1 Disclaimer .................................................................................................................................................3 Introduction and methodology ................................................................................................................. 4 Abbreviations ...........................................................................................................................................6 Executive summary ................................................................................................................................... 7 1. Background on honour conflicts in Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI) ...................................................... 9 2. Prevalence of honour-related
    [Show full text]