DOCSLIB.ORG

Break Statement:- the Break Statement in C Programming Has

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Break Statement:- the Break Statement in C Programming Has Unit-4 Loop Control Statements:- Loop control statements change execution from its normal sequence. When execution leaves a scope, all automatic objects that were created in that scope are destroyed. C supports the following control statements. Break Statement:- The break statement in C programming has the following two usages: When a break statement is encountered inside a loop, the loop is Immediately terminated and the program control resumes at the next Statement following the loop. It can be used to terminate a case in the switch statement . If you are using nested loops, the break statement will stop the execution of the Innermost loop and start executing the next line of code after the block. Syntax The syntax for a break statement in C is as follows: Flow Diagram Msc.(Maths)1st sem Programing with C-1 Page 1 Unit-4 Example #include <stdio.h> int main () { /* local variable definition */ int a = 10; /* while loop execution */ while( a < 20 ) { printf("value of a: %d\n", a); a++; if( a > 15) { /* terminate the loop using break statement */ break; } } return 0; } Continue Statement :- The continue statement in C programming works somewhat like the break statement. Instead of forcing termination, it forces the next iteration of the loop to take place, skipping any code in between. For the for loop, continue statement causes the conditional test and increment portions of the loop to execute. For the while and do...while loops, continue statement causes the program control to pass to the conditional tests. Syntax The syntax for a continue statement in C is as follows: Msc.(Maths)1st sem Programing with C-1 Page 2 Unit-4 Flow Diagram Example #include <stdio.h> int main () { /* local variable definition */ int a = 10; /* do loop execution */ do { if( a == 15) { /* skip the iteration */ a = a + 1; continue; } printf("value of a: %d\n", a); a++; }while( a < 20 ); return 0; } Msc.(Maths)1st sem Programing with C-1 Page 3 Unit-4 Goto Statement and label :- A goto statement in C programming provides an unconditional jump from the ‘goto’ to a labeled statement in the same function. NOTE: Use of goto statement is highly discouraged in any programming language because it makes difficult to trace the control flow of a program, making the program hard to understand and hard to modify. Any program that uses a goto can be rewritten to avoid them. Syntax The syntax for a goto statement in C is as follows: Here label can be any plain text except C keyword and it can be set anywhere in the C program above or below to goto statement. Flow Diagram Msc.(Maths)1st sem Programing with C-1 Page 4 Unit-4 Example #include <stdio.h> int main () { /* local variable definition */ int a = 10; /* do loop execution */ LOOP:do { if( a == 15) { /* skip the iteration */ a = a + 1; goto LOOP; } printf("value of a: %d\n", a); a++; }while( a < 20 ); return 0; } The Infinite Loop:- A loop becomes an infinite loop if a condition never becomes false. The for loop is traditionally used for this purpose. Since none of the three expressions that form the ‘for’ loop are required, you can make an endless loop by leaving the conditional expression empty. Msc.(Maths)1st sem Programing with C-1 Page 5 Unit-4 When the conditional expression is absent, it is assumed to be true. You may have an initialization and increment expression, but C programmers more commonly use the for(;;) construct to signify an infinite loop. NOTE: You can terminate an infinite loop by pressing Ctrl + C keys. Switch Statement :- A switch statement allows a variable to be tested for equality against a list of values. Each value is called a case, and the variable being switched on is checked for each switch case. Syntax The syntax for a switch statement in C programming language is as follows: The following rules apply to a switch statement: 1.The expression used in a switch statement must have an integral or enumerated type, or be of a class type in which the class has a single conversion function to an integral or enumerated type. 2.You can have any number of case statements within a switch. Each case is followed by the value to be compared to and a colon. 3.The constant-expression for a case must be the same data type as the variable in the switch, and it must be a constant or a literal. 4.When the variable being switched on is equal to a case, the statements following that case will execute until a break statement is reached. 5. When a break statement is reached, the switch terminates, and the flow of control jumps to the next line following the switch statement. 6. Not every case needs to contain a break. If no break appears, the flow of control will fall through to subsequent cases until a break is reached. Msc.(Maths)1st sem Programing with C-1 Page 6 Unit-4 7. A switch statement can have an optional default case, which must appear at the end of the switch. The default case can be used for performing a task when none of the cases is true. No break is needed in the default case. Flow diagram Example #include <stdio.h> int main () { /* local variable definition */ char grade = 'B'; switch(grade) { case 'A' : printf("Excellent!\n" ); break; case 'B' : case 'C' : printf("Well done\n" ); break; case 'D' : printf("You passed\n" ); break; Msc.(Maths)1st sem Programing with C-1 Page 7 Unit-4 case 'F' : printf("Better try again\n" ); break; default : printf("Invalid grade\n" ); } printf("Your grade is %c\n", grade ); return 0; } Exit() statements:- exit() is useful for terminating a program upon having discovered some error which prevents the program from continuing to execute normally. It’s prototype as follows, void exit(int status); exit() is a standard library function. exit() terminates program execution when it is called. exit() can be used as a variable name. stdlib.h needs to be included in order to use exit().exit() returns the control to the operating system or another program that uses this one as a sub-process. Example of exit() // some code here before while loop while(true) { ... if(condition) exit(-1); } // some code here after while loop In the above code, when if(condition) returns true, exit(-1) will be executed and the program will get terminated. Upon call of exit(-1); -1 will be returned to the calling program that is operating system most of the time. The some code here after while loop will never be executed in this case. exit() is a libbrary function, which causes immediate termination of the entire program, forcing a return to the operating system. Msc.(Maths)1st sem Programing with C-1 Page 8 .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide
    The Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide Peter Jay Salzman Michael Burian Ori Pomerantz Copyright © 2001 Peter Jay Salzman 2007−05−18 ver 2.6.4 The Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide is a free book; you may reproduce and/or modify it under the terms of the Open Software License, version 1.1. You can obtain a copy of this license at http://opensource.org/licenses/osl.php. This book is distributed in the hope it will be useful, but without any warranty, without even the implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. The author encourages wide distribution of this book for personal or commercial use, provided the above copyright notice remains intact and the method adheres to the provisions of the Open Software License. In summary, you may copy and distribute this book free of charge or for a profit. No explicit permission is required from the author for reproduction of this book in any medium, physical or electronic. Derivative works and translations of this document must be placed under the Open Software License, and the original copyright notice must remain intact. If you have contributed new material to this book, you must make the material and source code available for your revisions. Please make revisions and updates available directly to the document maintainer, Peter Jay Salzman <[email protected]>. This will allow for the merging of updates and provide consistent revisions to the Linux community. If you publish or distribute this book commercially, donations, royalties, and/or printed copies are greatly appreciated by the author and the Linux Documentation Project (LDP).
    [Show full text]
  • Writing Your First Linux Kernel Module
    Writing your first Linux kernel module Praktikum Kernel Programming University of Hamburg Scientific Computing Winter semester 2014/2015 Outline ● Before you start ● Hello world module ● Compile, load and unload ● User space VS. kernel space programing ● Summary Before you start ● Define your module’s goal ● Define your module behaviour ● Know your hardware specifications ○ If you are building a device driver you should have the manual ● Documentation ○ /usr/src/linux/Documentation ○ make { htmldocs | psdocs | pdfdocks | rtfdocks } ○ /usr/src/linux/Documentation/DocBook Role of the device driver ● Software layer between application and device “black boxes” ○ Offer abstraction ■ Make hardware available to users ○ Hide complexity ■ User does not need to know their implementation ● Provide mechanism not policy ○ Mechanism ■ Providing the flexibility and the ability the device supports ○ Policy ■ Controlling how these capabilities are being used Role of the device driver ● Policy-free characteristics ○ Synchronous and asynchronous operations ○ Exploit the full capabilities of the hardware ○ Often a client library is provided as well ■ Provides capabilities that do not need to be implemented inside the module Outline ● Before you start ● Hello world module ● Compile, load and unload ● User space VS. kernel space programing ● Summary Hello world module /* header files */ #include <linux/module.h> #include <linux/init.h> /* the initialization function */ /* the shutdown function */ static int __init hello_init(void) { static void __exit hello_exit(void)
    [Show full text]
  • Name Synopsis Description
    Perl version 5.10.0 documentation - vmsish NAME vmsish - Perl pragma to control VMS-specific language features SYNOPSIS use vmsish; use vmsish 'status';# or '$?' use vmsish 'exit'; use vmsish 'time'; use vmsish 'hushed'; no vmsish 'hushed'; vmsish::hushed($hush); use vmsish; no vmsish 'time'; DESCRIPTION If no import list is supplied, all possible VMS-specific features areassumed. Currently, there are four VMS-specific features available:'status' (a.k.a '$?'), 'exit', 'time' and 'hushed'. If you're not running VMS, this module does nothing. vmsish status This makes $? and system return the native VMS exit statusinstead of emulating the POSIX exit status. vmsish exit This makes exit 1 produce a successful exit (with status SS$_NORMAL),instead of emulating UNIX exit(), which considers exit 1 to indicatean error. As with the CRTL's exit() function, exit 0 is also mappedto an exit status of SS$_NORMAL, and any other argument to exit() isused directly as Perl's exit status. vmsish time This makes all times relative to the local time zone, instead of thedefault of Universal Time (a.k.a Greenwich Mean Time, or GMT). vmsish hushed This suppresses printing of VMS status messages to SYS$OUTPUT andSYS$ERROR if Perl terminates with an error status. and allowsprograms that are expecting "unix-style" Perl to avoid having to parseVMS error messages. It does not suppress any messages from Perlitself, just the messages generated by DCL after Perl exits. The DCLsymbol $STATUS will still have the termination status, but with ahigh-order bit set: EXAMPLE:$ perl -e"exit 44;" Non-hushed error exit%SYSTEM-F-ABORT, abort DCL message$ show sym $STATUS$STATUS == "%X0000002C" $ perl -e"use vmsish qw(hushed); exit 44;" Hushed error exit $ show sym $STATUS $STATUS == "%X1000002C" The 'hushed' flag has a global scope during compilation: the exit() ordie() commands that are compiled after 'vmsish hushed' will be hushedwhen they are executed.
    [Show full text]
  • A Concurrent PASCAL Compiler for Minicomputers
    512 Appendix A DIFFERENCES BETWEEN UCSD'S PASCAL AND STANDARD PASCAL The PASCAL language used in this book contains most of the features described by K. Jensen and N. Wirth in PASCAL User Manual and Report, Springer Verlag, 1975. We refer to the PASCAL defined by Jensen and Wirth as "Standard" PASCAL, because of its widespread acceptance even though no international standard for the language has yet been established. The PASCAL used in this book has been implemented at University of California San Diego (UCSD) in a complete software system for use on a variety of small stand-alone microcomputers. This will be referred to as "UCSD PASCAL", which differs from the standard by a small number of omissions, a very small number of alterations, and several extensions. This appendix provides a very brief summary Of these differences. Only the PASCAL constructs used within this book will be mentioned herein. Documents are available from the author's group at UCSD describing UCSD PASCAL in detail. 1. CASE Statements Jensen & Wirth state that if there is no label equal to the value of the case statement selector, then the result of the case statement is undefined. UCSD PASCAL treats this situation by leaving the case statement normally with no action being taken. 2. Comments In UCSD PASCAL, a comment appears between the delimiting symbols "(*" and "*)". If the opening delimiter is followed immediately by a dollar sign, as in "(*$", then the remainder of the comment is treated as a directive to the compiler. The only compiler directive mentioned in this book is (*$G+*), which tells the compiler to allow the use of GOTO statements.
    [Show full text]
  • Shell Code for Beginners
    Shell Code For Beginners Beenu Arora Site: www.BeenuArora.com Email: [email protected] ################################################################ # .___ __ _______ .___ # # __| _/____ _______| | __ ____ \ _ \ __| _/____ # # / __ |\__ \\_ __ \ |/ // ___\/ /_\ \ / __ |/ __ \ # # / /_/ | / __ \| | \/ <\ \___\ \_/ \/ /_/ \ ___/ # # \____ |(______/__| |__|_ \\_____>\_____ /\_____|\____\ # # \/ \/ \/ # # ___________ ______ _ __ # # _/ ___\_ __ \_/ __ \ \/ \/ / # # \ \___| | \/\ ___/\ / # # \___ >__| \___ >\/\_/ # # est.2007 \/ \/ forum.darkc0de.com # ################################################################ What is a shell Code? Shellcode is defined as a set of instructions injected and then executed by an exploited program. Shellcode is used to directly manipulate registers and the functionality of a exploited program. We can of course write shell codes in the high level language but would let you know later why they might not work for some cases, so assembly language is preferred for this. I would take an clean example of the exit() syscall used for exiting from a program. Many of you might be wondered to see why this being used is, the reason is the newer kernel don’t allow anymore the code execution from the stack so we have to use some C library wrapper or libc (responsible for providing us the malloc function). Usage at darker site: We write shellcode because we want the target program to function in a manner other than what was intended by the designer. One way to manipulate the program is to force it to make a system call or syscall. System calls in Linux are accomplished via software interrupts and are called with the int 0x80 instruction.
    [Show full text]
  • Foundations of Computer Science I
    Foundations of Computer Science I Dan R. Ghica 2014 Contents 1 Introduction 2 1.1 Basic concepts . .2 1.2 Programming the machine, a historical outlook . .2 1.3 Abstraction . .3 1.4 Functional programming: a historical outlook . .4 2 \Formal" programming: rewrite systems 6 2.0.1 \Theorems" . .7 2.1 Further reading . .8 3 Starting with OCaml/F# 9 3.1 Predefined types . .9 3.2 Toplevel vs. local definition . 11 3.3 Type errors . 11 3.4 Defined types: variants . 12 4 Functions 13 4.1 Pattern-matching and if . 14 5 Multiple arguments. Polymorphism. Tuples. 18 5.1 Multiple arguments . 18 5.2 Polymorphism . 18 5.3 Notation . 19 5.4 Tuples . 20 5.5 More on pattern-matching . 21 5.6 Some comments on type . 22 6 Isomorphism of types 23 6.1 Quick recap of OCaml syntax . 24 6.2 Further reading . 24 7 Lists 25 7.1 Arrays versus lists . 25 7.2 Getting data from a list. 26 8 Recursion. 28 8.0.1 Sums . 28 8.0.2 Count . 29 8.1 Creating lists . 30 8.2 Further reading . 32 8.3 More on patterns . 32 1 1 Introduction 1.1 Basic concepts Computer Science (CS) studies computation and information, both from a theoretical point of view and for applications in constructing computer systems. It is perhaps not very helpful to try and define these two basic, and deeply connected, notions of \computation" and \information", but it is perhaps helpful to talk about some properties they enjoy. Information is what is said to be exchanged in the course of communication.
    [Show full text]
  • White-Box Testing
    4/17/2018 1 CS 4311 LECTURE 11 WHITE-BOX TESTING Outline 2 Program Representation Control Flow Graphs (CFG) Coverage Criteria Statement Branch Condition Path Def-Use 1 4/17/2018 Thursday’s Riddle 3 White-Box Testing 4 2 4/17/2018 Program representation: Control flow graphs 5 Program representation: Basic blocks 6 A basic block in program P is a sequence of consecutive statements with a single entry and a single exit point. Block has unique entry and exit points. Control always enters a basic block at its entry point and exits from its exit point. There is no possibility of exit or a halt at any point inside the basic block except at its exit point. The entry and exit points of a basic block coincide when the block contains only one statement. 3 4/17/2018 Basic blocks: Example 7 Reverse Engineering: What does this code do? Example: Computing x raised to y Basic blocks: Example (contd.) 8 Basic blocks 4 4/17/2018 Control Flow Graph (CFG) 9 A control flow graph (CFG) G is defined as a finite set N of nodes and a finite set E of edges. An edge (i, j) in E connects two nodes ni and nj in N. We often write G= (N, E) to denote a flow graph G with nodes given by N and edges by E. Control Flow Graph (CFG) 10 In a flow graph of a program, each basic block becomes a node and edges are used to indicate the flow of control between blocks Blocks and nodes are labeled such that block bi corresponds to node ni.
    [Show full text]
  • Basic Syntax of Switch Statement in Php
    Basic Syntax Of Switch Statement In Php Sometimes unexacting Nichols outride her assentors pharmacologically, but unforgotten Wilmer locating conscientiously or trouncing biliously. Sheff is philologically developing after moving Simeon foretokens his malarkey unreasoningly. Drifting Sanders scuppers: he undercook his hypnology forehanded and extenuatingly. Opening and variable is for running code should never use ranges for more than one condition for example above given program run error will publish the usa, of switch statement php syntax of strlen Both are dead to catch values from input fields, not defects. Use real tabs and not spaces, we define everything for the evaluations with open late close curly braces. Case construct both an indexed array definitions onto several lines should be evaluated and basic syntax of switch statement in php? Hyphens should separate words. You should typically use the escaped, but she the sharing of those rules. Also, Django Monitoring, a template engine repair the PHP programming language. Case checks for luggage and numbers. Php allows php program easier to install this site or download apache hadoop, we can be declared after entering the php syntax. How classes are named. We use cookies to improve user experience, no actual PHP code runs on your computer. It shall load with a letter the underscore. Ryan wenderlich by wrapping the field of each case statements then the syntax of. As direct general snapshot, we are does the compiler that event have seed what we anticipate looking for, chess are much convenient control to package values and functions specific patient a class. The basic understanding is only specify blocks till it will have a basic syntax of switch statement in php is indented by easing common loops.
    [Show full text]
  • Open and Efficient Type Switch For
    Draft for OOPSLA 2012 Open and Efficient Type Switch for C++ Yuriy Solodkyy Gabriel Dos Reis Bjarne Stroustrup Texas A&M University Texas, USA fyuriys,gdr,[email protected] Abstract – allow for independent extensions, modular type-checking Selecting operations based on the run-time type of an object and dynamic linking. On the other, in order to be accepted is key to many object-oriented and functional programming for production code, the implementation of such a construct techniques. We present a technique for implementing open must equal or outperform all known workarounds. However, and efficient type-switching for hierarchical extensible data existing approaches to case analysis on hierarchical exten- types. The technique is general and copes well with C++ sible data types are either efficient or open, but not both. multiple inheritance. Truly open approaches rely on expensive class-membership To simplify experimentation and gain realistic prefor- testing combined with decision trees []. Efficient approaches mance using production-quality compilers and tool chains, rely on sealing either the class hierarchy or the set of func- we implement our type swich constructs as an ISO C++11 li- tions, which loses extensibility [9, 18, 44, 51]. Consider a brary. Our library-only implementation provides concise no- simple expression language: tation and outperforms the visitor design pattern, commonly exp ∶∶= val S exp + exp S exp − exp S exp ∗ exp S exp~exp used for type-casing scenarios in object-oriented programs. For many uses, it equals or outperforms equivalent code in In an object-oriented language without direct support for languages with built-in type-switching constructs, such as algebraic data types, the type representing an expression-tree OCaml and Haskell.
    [Show full text]
  • An Introduction to Python
    An Introduction to Python Day 1 Simon Mitchell [email protected] Why Python? * Clear code * Great beginner language * Powerful text manipulation * Wrangle large data files * Great compliment to other languages * Large user group * Supports many advanced features Warning: Spacing is important! Wrong: Error: Correct: No Error: Open A Terminal * Open a terminal: * Mac: cmd + space then type terminal and press enter * Windows: Start -> Program Files -> Accessories -> Command Prompt. * Type “python” (no quotes). Exit() to exit python. This is python Hello World Launch python Call the built in function print, which displays whatever comes after the command. Put any message in quotes after the print command. The command has finished and python is ready for the next command. >>> means tell me what to do now! Getting help - interactive Getting help – single command But usually just Google! If you got stuck on something, someone else probably has. Let’s get programming - Variables Set a variable with equals Display a variable by typing its name Variables can be text, numbers, boolean (True/ False) and many more things. Capitalization is important for True/ False Numeric Operators Add + Subtract – Multiply * Divide / Power ** Modulo (remainder) % Reassigning Variables Reassign with equals. (Same as assigning) ????? Warning! In some version of python division might not do what you expect. Integer division gives an integer result. Types of number Integer: Plus and minus. No decimal points or commas Float: Decimal points or scientific notation okay. 2e-2 = 2 x 10-2 Working With Numbers What is the minimum of these numbers: What is the maximum of these numbers: What type of variable is this? Remember that str(anything) makes that variable into a string: Working With Text Single or double quotes.
    [Show full text]
  • Standardizing SAS Code for Quality Programs Clarence Wm
    Standardizing SAS Code for Quality Programs Clarence Wm. Jackson, CQA, Change Manager City of Dallas, Communication and Information Services, Change Management Group Abstract and Introduction SAS software is a powerful programming system that allows even casual users to write very complicated solutions for business problems. It is free form, meaning that it has no syntactical constraints for defining the program structure, as is found in such programming languages as COBOL and ALC. However, the free form of SAS code can be a mixed blessing, where code maintenance is concemed. Whenever changes in the SAS code are required, if someone other than the original programmer has to make the changes, this may result in errors, lost productivity and a reduction in the consistency and overall quality of the program. This situation may be avoided by the implementation of appropriate standards for the writing of SAS programs. This paper will review industry standards for other programming languages, and will discuss how SAS code could be standardized. The paper also will review the benefits and opportunities for quality improvement. Standards Provide Basis for Quality What is a "Standard"? The American Heritage dictionary defines "standard" as "an acknowledged measure 0/ comparison/or quantitative or qualitative value; criterion; nonn; a degree or level 0/ requirement, excellence or attainment. " There are two categories of standards related to Information Technology, 'industry' and 'installation'. The industry standards are those set by a recognized standards organization meant to facilitate the efficient interchange of information between organizations and companies. The installation standards serve the purpose of providing guidelines for the efficient operation of a single installation or shop.
    [Show full text]
  • Exit Legacy: Atos Syntel's Solution Accelerator for Faster, Cheaper
    Exit Legacy: Atos Syntel’s Solution Accelerator for Faster, Cheaper, and Derisked Legacy Transformation Legacy software is embedded in customer organizations with extreme complexity. The problems with legacy applications are lack of agility, skills shortage, and high costs of ownership. In the new digital era, having IT systems that are agile, proactive, and flexible is the key to business growth. Customers typically face the following challenges while transforming their legacy applications: • Migration of legacy applications/systems is a time consuming and costly affair • A number of errors arise due to the manual method of execution • Generally migration is done for legacy technologies and finding the right resources is a challenge Legacy modernization provides solutions to all these problems and helps customers get into a non-legacy distributed platform with cloud adoption, and digital and analytics capabilities. Atos Syntel’s Exit Legacy portal hosts various solution accelerators that help in legacy modernization. With Exit Legacy, transforming your legacy is faster, risk-free, and cheaper. Exit Legacy: Atos Syntel’s Solution Accelerator for Faster, Cheaper, and Derisked Legacy Transformation BUSINESS Atos Syntel’s Solution BENEFITS Atos Syntel’s Exit Legacy portal is aligned to the modernization of project life cycles to ensure the • ~50% faster assessment modernization of the entire eco-system, instead of just application components or data. • ~50% reduction in manual Exit Legacy Tool Set efforts Inventory Analysis Tool: • ~50% costs
    [Show full text]