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Pratheepan, Et Al. Sentencing Memo

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Pratheepan, Et Al. Sentencing Memo UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT EASTERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK -------------------------------------- X : UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, : -vs.- 06 CR 616 (S-1) (RJD) : PRATHEEPAN THAVARAJA, et al., : Defendants. : -------------------------------------- X DEFENDANTS’ JOINT SENTENCING MEMORANDUM CHARLES A. ROSS, ESQ. WILLIAM J. STAMPUR, ESQ. Charles A. Ross & Associates, LLC Hurwitz, Stampur & Roth 111 Broadway, Suite 1401 MICHAEL H. SPORN, ESQ. New York, New York 10006 EMMA M. GREENWOOD, ESQ. Telephone: (212) 616-3030 299 Broadway, Suite 800 New York, New York 10007 FRAN OBEID, ESQ. Telephone: (212) 619-4240 Obeid & Lowenstein, LLP Attorneys for Defendant 111 Broadway, Suite 1401 Thavarajah Pratheepan New York, New York 10006 Telephone: (212) 616-3040 JOSHUA L. DRATEL, ESQ Attorneys for Defendant ALICE L. FONTIER Karunakaran Kandasamy Joshua L. Dratel, P.C. 2 Wall Street, Third Floor SUSAN G. KELLMAN, ESQ. Telephone: (212) 732-0707 25 Eighth Avenue Attorneys for Defendant Brooklyn, New York 11217 Nachimuthu Socrates Telephone: (718) 783-8200 Attorney for Defendant MICHAEL A. MARINACCIO Vijayshanthar Patpanathan Culleton & Marinaccio, Esqs. 245 Main Street, Suite 410 White Plains, New York 10601 Telephone: (914) 761-0707 TO: LORETTA E. LYNCH, ESQ. Attorney for Defendant United States Attorney Murugesu Vinayagamoorthy Eastern District of New York 271 Cadman Plaza East BRUCE FEIN, ESQ. Brooklyn, New York 11201 Bruce Fein & Associates Attn.: Jeffrey Knox, Esq. Of Counsel Assistant United States Attorney INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 3 I. Sri Lanka’s History of Discrimination, Persecution, and Genocide Against Tamils................. 4 A. Formal Discrimination Against Tamils: Constitution, Legislation, and Regulation.......................5 1. Denial of Citizenship, Discriminatory Flag, and Language Discrimination .................................................. 5 2. Formal Ethnic Discrimination In Education..............................................................................................................6 3. A New, Illegal, and Oppressive Constitution..............................................................................................................6 4. Excluding Tamils from the Presidency.......................................................................................................................... 6 5. Criminalization of the Tamil People.............................................................................................................................. 7 6. Further Discriminatory Constitutional Amendments .............................................................................................. 7 7. Additional Regulations Institutionalize the Concealment of Violence Against Tamils.................................7 B. Government and Popular Violence Against Sri Lanka’s Tamils..............................................................8 1. Peaceful Tamil Protests Evoke Violence by Sinhalese Buddhists ........................................................................8 2. Anti-Tamil Riots and Massacres Continue Through the Decades .................................................................... 10 II. Formation of LTTE and LTTE Ideology..........................................................................................11 A. The Formation of LTTE...................................................................................................................................... 11 B. Formal Expressions of LTTE Ideology.......................................................................................................... 12 1. The May 1976 Vaddukoddai Resolution.................................................................................................................... 12 2. The July 1985 Thimpu Declaration ............................................................................................................................ 13 3. October 2003: LTTE’s Interim Self-Governing Authority (“ISGA”)............................................................. 13 4. October 2005: Northeast Secretariat of Human Rights (NESOHR)............................................................... 13 5. June 2006: LTTE’s Oslo Communique .................................................................................................................... 14 C. LTTE Functioned as a De Facto Government in Tamil Areas of Sri Lanka....................................... 14 1. The Evolution of LTTE’s Governmental Function in the North East.............................................................. 14 2. LTTE’s Provision of Social and Administrative Services .................................................................................... 15 a. Police and Judiciary Functions ............................................................................................................................... 15 b. LTTE’s Interaction With International Entities................................................................................................. 16 c. LTTE’s Social Welfare Administration................................................................................................................ 19 III. The Three Principal Sri Lankan Ethnic Civil Wars, a/k/a, “The Eelam Wars”......................20 A. Eelam War I............................................................................................................................................................ 20 B. Eelam War II .......................................................................................................................................................... 20 1. Economic Elements of GOSL’s Anti-Tamil Program............................................................................................ 21 2. The Effects of GOSL’s Blockade of Tamil Areas In the North and East......................................................... 22 a. The Effect on Medical Care and Conditions ...................................................................................................... 22 b. Destroying Tamils Through Disease..................................................................................................................... 23 c. The Blockade’s Adverse Impact on Food and Energy Security .................................................................. 24 d. The Blockade’s Isolation of Sri Lankan’s Tamils ............................................................................................ 25 3. The Impact On the Tamil Diaspora............................................................................................................................. 26 C. Eelam War III......................................................................................................................................................... 27 IV. The Period of the Cease Fire Agreement (2002-2008)...................................................................28 A. GOSL’s Methods of Oppressing Tamils During the CFA........................................................................ 29 B. The December 2004 Tsunami........................................................................................................................... 30 1. Politicization of Post-Tsunami Aid............................................................................................................................... 31 2. Channeling Post-Tsunami Aid to Sinhala Areas...................................................................................................... 32 3. Closure of Borders and Roads, and Interposition of Checkpoints..................................................................... 33 4. Militarization of Post-Tsunami Aid.............................................................................................................................. 34 5. GOSL’s Creation of An Impenetrably Complex Aid Bureaucracy..................................................................... 34 6. Freezing Assets of the Largest Tamil NGO in North East .................................................................................... 34 V. GOSL’s Eradication of the LTTE (2006-2009)................................................................................34 A. Civilian Casualties as a Result of GOSL’s 2009 Military Campaign Against LTTE .................... 34 B. The Humanitarian Crisis Created by GOSL’s 2009 Offensive ............................................................. 37 C. International Reaction to GOSL’s 2009 Offensive Against Tamil Areas ........................................... 40 VI. Continued Persecution of Tamils Following the Defeat of the Tamil Tigers in May 2009.....42 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................... 46 EVIDENTIARY SOURCES ...................................................................................................... 48 2 INTRODUCTION This Joint Sentencing Memorandum is respectfully submitted on behalf of all defendants in this case – Thavarajah Pratheepan, Murugesu Vinayagamoorthy, Vijayshanthar Patpanathan, Karunakaran Kandasamy, and Nachimuthu Socrates – and presents certain historical and political information and events, including recent developments, regarding Sri Lanka that are relevant to defendants’ sentencing, and apply to all of them in some fashion.1 As a
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