sign in sign up
<<
Home , Arktos Media, Cas Mudde, Daniel Friberg, Deplatforming, Ethnopluralism, European New Right

A REPORT FROM THE GLOBAL PROJECT AGAINST HATE AND EXTREMISM

Generation INTERNATIONAL WHITE SPREADING ON AND YOUTUBE Identity

Heidi Beirich, PhD Wendy Via CONTENTS The Global Project Against Hate and EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2 Extremism (GPAHE) is a nonprofit organi- GENERATION IDENTITY: INTERNATIONAL WHITE NATIONALIST zation devoted to building a diverse global MOVEMENT SPREADING ON TWITTER AND YOUTUBE 5 YOUTUBE RUNNING TRUMP AND BIDEN community by exposing and countering rac- CAMPAIGN ADS ON EXTREMIST VIDEOS 9

ism, bigotry and and promoting YOUTUBE AND TWITTER PROLIFERATING IDENTITARIAN CONTENT PUSHED BY GERMAN EIN PROZENT 13 that are central to flourishing, ENDNOTES 17 multicultural societies and . We believe that , hate, and far- COVER PHOTO DPA/ALAMY STOCK PHOTO & SQUARE LIGHTNING right extremist movements are existential threats to societies and democracies around the globe. Extremists’ hateful and actions don’t stop at a country’s borders and neither can those who work to stop it.

GLOBALEXTREMISM.ORG @GLOBALEXTREMISM [email protected]

II GLOBAL PROJECT AGAINST HATE AND EXTREMISM GENERATION IDENTITY // INTERNATIONAL WHITE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT SPREADING ON TWITTER AND YOUTUBE

Executive Summary IT WOULD BE INCONCEIVABLE IN JUNE 2020, THE U.S. STATE DEPARTMENT announced by GI adherents, or the number of times Identitarian FOR PLATFORMS proponents have appeared on other channels. For that white supremacist is “a serious challenge example, Identitarians made frequent appearances on TO ALLOW ISIS PROPAGANDA for the global community.” That same conclusion has been the American Renaissance channel (135,000 subscrib- reached by other American agencies includ- ers) until it was banned in June 2020. It is impossible TO SPREAD AND GROW to determine how quickly the material is proliferat- ing the FBI, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), ing because we have no comprehensive baseline data UNCHECKED, BUT THAT IS and the National Counterterrorism Center, as well as foreign from prior years. However, even in the weeks leading security organizations such as . DHS has specifically up to publication, the accounts summarized in this EXACTLY WHAT IS HAPPENING report have gained followers. pointed to the propaganda pushed by the international white This analysis certainly undercounts the num- WITH IDENTITARIANISM. supremacist network Generation Identity, the subject of this ber of Identitarian accounts thriving on Twitter and YouTube. report, as motivating white supremacist violence. Disturbingly, these platforms push viewers At this point, it is well accepted that white supremacy is as significant a threat toward similar content on Twitter and YouTube for generating mass casualty terrorist acts internationally as other forms of extrem- and toward even more extreme content on unreg- Without an official international terrorism des- ism. Yet, there is a double standard when it comes to how online platforms treat ulated platforms such as Telegram. Because ignation (something almost never applied to white content produced by white supremacists compared to content by Islamic extremist Identitarianism is very much a youth movement, supremacist groups which have, historically and groups like ISIS or Al-Qaeda. For the latter, deplatforming is the accepted and, actu- Twitter and YouTube serve as important gateways wrongly, been seen as domestic formations regard- ally, demanded strategy, one pushed by the American government, the Global Internet to further of young , par- less of their international nature), Twitter requires Forum to Counter Terrorism, and the major technology platforms. ticularly males, into white supremacy. The growth groups to meet three criteria before labeling them Not so for white supremacist groups. Enforcement of bans on these groups and their in the number of white supremacists worldwide can violent extremists. Two are highly subjective (have acolytes is much more haphazard, despite their proliferation of propaganda such as the be laid at the feet of tech companies who allow this engaged in, or currently engage in, violence and/ , which similarly inspires terrorism and argues that white people material to thrive on their platforms. or the promotion of violence as a means to fur- are being genocided in their home countries. Groups that push this idea, in particular It is time for this to end. ther their cause, and target civilians in their acts Generation Identity (GI), are rampant on Twitter and YouTube, even though such pro- and/or promotion of violence). The third criteria paganda has inspired six mass attacks since October 2018. These included the mosque WHY DOES THIS CONTENT STAY UP? is that the group considers itself to be extremist, attacks in , NZ, and attacks staged at two American synagogues, an El The policies at Twitter and YouTube do not go far which of course almost no groups do. That so many Paso , a synagogue in Halle, , and two shisha bars in Hanau, Germany, enough and allow for far too much interpretation Identitarian groups are thriving on Twitter, even where the shooter is believed to have been targeting Muslim immigrants. to adequately battle a white supremacist threat that though their ideas have inspired terrorists (one of It would be inconceivable for social media platforms to allow ISIS propa- security agencies around the world have repeatedly the GI chapters received a donation from the mass ganda to spread and grow unchecked, but that is exactly what is happening with said leads to mass violence. killer Brenton Tarrant) and despite members of Identitarianism (the that underpins Generation Identity). Research by the For example, Twitter claims that “there is no Identitarian groups having been arrested for engag- Global Project Against Hate and Extremism (GPAHE) found 67 Twitter accounts for place on Twitter for terrorist organizations or vio- ing in violence, means these policies are inadequate Generation Identity chapters in 14 countries with nearly 140,000 followers. Those lent extremist groups and individuals who affiliate or not enforced. numbers do not include the accounts of individual Identitarians, such as GI’s unof- with and promote their illicit activities.” Their ter- YouTube’s policies are even less defined. Its hate- ficial leader and head of the Austrian chapter , who has nearly 40,000 rorism and policy says that it is ful content policy states that, “ is not followers on Twitter, or accounts for GI coordinated activity, like Defend , “informed by national and international terrorism allowed on YouTube. We remove content promot- which has 27,000 followers. GPAHE found 25 such accounts totaling more than designations.” Additionally, Twitter states it will ing violence or hatred against individuals or groups 400,000 followers. (All data available on request.) “examine a group’s activities both on and off Twitter based on any of the following attributes: age, , On YouTube, GPAHE found at least 12 countries represented by 31 GI chapters with to determine whether they engage in and/or pro- , ethnicity, gender identity and expression, about 86,000 subscribers. These numbers do not include the large Identitarian presence mote violence against civilians to advance a political, , race, status, sex/gender, of individuals like Sellner who has 69,000 subscribers, the hundreds of videos posted religious and/or social cause.” sexual orientation, victims of a major violent event

2 3 GLOBAL PROJECT AGAINST HATE AND EXTREMISM GENERATION IDENTITY // INTERNATIONAL WHITE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT SPREADING ON TWITTER AND YOUTUBE

and their kin, and veteran status.” And its Violent the video may be removed and/or some features GENERATION IDENTITY Criminal Organizations policy, which references may be limited. If content fully violates the policies, only crime and terrorism, not extremist organi- the creator will receive a warning. Three strikes for zations, states that, “Content intended to , repeated behavior within a 90-day period results in promote, or aid violent criminal organizations is not termination; however, strikes expire every 90 days. International White allowed on YouTube. These organizations are not With policies that are clearly subjective and allow allowed to use YouTube for any purpose, including so many chances for extremists to keep their content recruitment.” up, it’s no wonder that YouTube is a favorite plat- Nationalist Movement Violations of both these policies result in a review form of the and the young that takes into account context. For example, if people who follow it. • YouTube deems that content is close to hate speech, Spreading on Twitter and YouTube RECOMMENDATIONS GPAHE makes the following recommendations to tech companies, in particular Twitter and YouTube, to stop the proliferation of Identitarian and other white supremacist content: THE SHOOTER IN THE MARCH 2019 TERRORIST ATTACKS on mosques • Twitter and YouTube should take immediate • Algorithms and search systems should never in Christchurch, NZ, that left 51 people dead, was clear about his motive. steps to deplatform all Identitarian material. recommend white supremacist content, which can lead users down a rabbit hole of hate. In his , Brenton Tarrant wrote that he wanted to stop what he • Policies against hate speech and posting by called “The Great Replacement,” a racist he’d adopted violent extremist groups need to be clearly • Both AI systems and content reviewers must that argues white people are slowly being genocided in their own home defined to include white supremacist pro- be trained to prioritize white supremacist paganda and groups. These policies must be material for removal. countries due to a plot by elites to displace white people with rising num- rigorously enforced. bers of non-white immigrants. • Identifying white supremacist and other hate • Deplatforming organized white suprema- content should not be outsourced to civil This concept, originally put forth by ’s shisha bars in Hanau, Germany, where the shooter is cist groups must be prioritized, and white society and anti-racist activists. This is the , is now the bedrock idea prop- believed to have been targeting Muslim immigrants. supremacy must be recognized as a driver responsibility of the platforms. agated by the Identitarian movement, in These attacks left a total of 99 dead. of terrorism at the same level as Islamic particular Generation Identity (GI), a sprawling, In September 2019, the American Department of extremism by the Global Internet Forum for • There should be no monetization of white multinational organization with chapters in at least Homeland Security (DHS) declared white suprem- Counter Terrorism and the major technology supremacist material through ads, and payment 14 countries and allies in others, including the U.S. acy as big a threat as ISIS or Al-Qaeda.1 DHS further companies. processors should not allow their products to The reach of Identitarian thinking is much wider warned that “white supremacist violent extremists be used by white supremacist groups. than GI, with attendant think tanks, institutes, have adopted an increasingly transnational outlook” housing complexes, newspapers, clothing labels, that is driven by connecting with “like-minded indi- individual supporters, and even bars and boxing viduals online.”2 DHS specified sharing of the “ethnic GPAHE is a member of the Change the Terms coalition, which has a comprehensive of recom- clubs where activists congregate. replacement” idea as particularly problematic. In mended corporate policies and terms of service for Internet companies to reduce hateful activities online. As Identitarian ideas have spread across the June 2020, the U.S. State Department announced , so too has violence by lone actors that white supremacist terrorism “remained a seri- For more on the Change the Terms coalition and its model policies see motivated to stop the supposedly impending ous challenge for the global community.”3 changetheterms.org and @changetheterms. white . Since October 2018, there have The Great Replacement also made an appearance been at least six mass attacks motivated by Great during the August 2017 in Charlottesville, Replacement ideas. Besides Christchurch, attacks Virginia, where the unnerving chants of “ will were staged at two American synagogues, an El Paso not replace us” and “you will not replace us” could Walmart, a synagogue in Halle, Germany, and two be heard as an ominous warning. The weekend left

4 5 GLOBAL PROJECT AGAINST HATE AND EXTREMISM GENERATION IDENTITY // INTERNATIONAL WHITE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT SPREADING ON TWITTER AND YOUTUBE

YouTube) or accounts for GI-coordinated activity, like YOUTUBE AND TWITTER Defend Europe, which has 27,000 followers. GPAHE found another 400,000 followers of 25 such accounts. HAVE BOTH THE RESOURCES This data also does not include UK accounts, as the main GI chapter there collapsed last year; however, AND THE RESPONSIBILITY Identitarian activity coming from the UK continues to be found online. (All data available on request.) TO MONITOR THEIR In May 2019, the Institute for Strategic Dialogue PLATFORMS AND TO DISARM (ISD) identified five large GI chapter Twitter accounts and a handful of small ones totaling 70,000 IDENTITARIAN AND OTHER GI Twitter followers.5 Based on ISD’s numbers from a year ago, GI Germany’s follower count grew by EXTREMIST GROUPS OF nearly 20 percent and GI ’s by five percent in the last year. WHAT IS CURRENTLY A On YouTube, GPAHE found at least 12 countries represented by 31 GI chapters with 86,000 subscrib- KEY ORGANIZING TOOL. ers. These numbers do not include the hundreds of videos posted by GI adherents or the number of times Identitarian proponents have appeared on other channels followed by thousands of additional subscribers. Both Twitter and YouTube push readers to view more extremist content with their suggested accounts to follow and videos to watch. The BvF likely took into consideration It is completely unreasonable and untenable for Identitarian connections to terrorism and vio- civil society actors and watchdog groups to take on lence when they upgraded their monitoring of the labor of documenting GI-related activity online. this movement. The most example of such YouTube and Twitter have both the resources and a connection was disclosed in the wake of the an anti-racist protester dead and several others Typical of Identitarian protests, members display the group’s the responsibility to monitor their platforms and to Christchurch mosque massacres in March 2019. injured at the hands of white supremacists. symbol and carry an anti-immigrant banner. disarm Identitarian and other extremist groups of Investigators found that the shooter was steeped in The idea of white people being “replaced” was, what is currently a key organizing tool. Identitarian thinking and had emailed with Sellner, by that time, proliferating on both sides of the giving him a €1,500 donation the prior year.7 Perhaps Atlantic. American white supremacists who were IDENTITARIANISM AS SECURITY THREAT the second best-known Identitarian after Sellner is in Charlottesville, such as Richard Spencer, had It is particularly disturbing that a movement Twitter and YouTube are allowing this material to his wife, Brittany Pettibone Sellner, an American. become steeped in Identitarianism, and European whose ideas are linked directly to terrorism and the proliferate at the same time that intelligence and law Pettibone Sellner is co-author (with her sister) of Identitarians — specifically Christoffer Dulny and building of an international white supremacist net- enforcement agencies are trying to curtail this dan- the Hatred Day young-adult book series and has a — traveled to Charlottesville to be on work conducts its online organizing in plain sight gerous movement and its violence-inspiring ideas. Twitter account with more than 150,000 followers, hand with their American counterparts.4 — on Twitter and YouTube platforms, among others. Last summer, Germany’s Bundesamt für a YouTube channel with 137,000 subscribers, and a The white supremacist killers in these attacks These accounts are then used to drive Verfassungsschutz (BvF), the agency responsi- PayPal account to receive funds. did not pick up their ideas of white genocide and traffic to darker corners of the internet where mes- ble for tracking domestic extremism, classified Undeterred by mass violence directly con- The Great Replacement randomly. The Identitarian saging is even more explicit, and offers no pretense the Identitarian movement as “verified extreme- nected to Identitarian propaganda, and not movement uses its massive online presence to of acceptance of Muslims, refugees, and immigrants. right” saying its views were not compatible with the long after the Christchurch attacks, Generation spread its abhorrent anti-Muslim and anti-immi- Research by the Global Project Against Hate and German Constitution and . BvF President Identity Austria held a against “The Great grant messaging, and to warn of a coming civil war Extremism (GPAHE) found 67 Twitter accounts for Thomas Haldenwang said at the time, “These verbal Replacement” in , calling for “” while assiduously recruiting young people into its Generation Identitarian chapters in 14 countries fire-raisers question people’s equality and dignity, and “de-.”8 ranks and ideology. Identitarians’ real-world pub- with nearly 140,000 followers. Those numbers do they speak of foreign infiltration, boost their own It’s not just the German security services who licity stunts targeting Muslims and immigrants not include the accounts of individual Identitarians, identity to denigrate others and stoke hostile feel- have Identitarianism on their radar. In 2018, Sellner provide fuel for its online audience in the form of such as GI’s unofficial leader and head of the Austrian ings towards perceived enemies.”6 The move allows and his now wife Pettibone Sellner, were banned viral images, videos, music, and press coverage, all of chapter Martin Sellner (who has nearly 40,000 fol- the BvF to more heavily surveil and infiltrate the from visiting the UK on the grounds that their pres- which help draw more young people into its ranks. lowers on Twitter and 69,000 subscribers on German branch of Generation Identity. ence in the country was not conducive to the public CHROMORANGE / JOHANNA POETSCH / ALAMY STOCK PHOTO STOCK / ALAMY / JOHANNA POETSCH CHROMORANGE

6 7 GLOBAL PROJECT AGAINST HATE AND EXTREMISM GENERATION IDENTITY // INTERNATIONAL WHITE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT SPREADING ON TWITTER AND YOUTUBE

good.9 One year later, Sellner banned Sellner in January was permanently excluded 2020.17 YOUTUBE RUNNING TRUMP AND BIDEN from the UK on security But not so for Twitter and grounds10 and denied a visa YouTube. CAMPAIGN ADS ON EXTREMIST VIDEOS for a visit to the US to marry There, the Identitarian Pettibone.11 Dulny and Friberg movement is thriving. were banned from traveling to Despite the security threat In 2017, YouTube and for the first time Project Against Hate and Extremism (GPAHE), the US after Charlottesville.12 Identitarianism poses and the lost millions in dollars because they numerous campaign ads were found on European And in June, Ukrainian secu- terror-inducing views they allowed major ads to appear with extremist and American Identitarian movement content, rity forces raided the homes advance, these two major and hateful content; both apologized and went to including multiple ads from each presidential can- of neo-Nazi followers of the social media platforms remain work reviewing their policies, pledging to provide didate. To be clear, this is neither campaign’s fault. Christchurch shooter.13 prime recruiting grounds for a safer environment for their advertisers.1 In 2018, The campaigns are paying YouTube for suitable In the US, the multiple this movement. Identitarian yet another investigative report, this one by CNN, ad placement; YouTube is then paying the extrem- recent mass attacks by white groups specifically target revealed that more than 300 advertisers’ ads ran ist content creators when the ads run. supremacists have forced a young people, using these on channels that were still promoting extrem- GPAHE viewed dozens of examples of ads on reckoning about which threats mainstream accounts as a key ist and hateful ideas, despite YouTube’s renewed Identitarian content. The Identitarian movement, the country is most likely part of a radicalization process commitment to limit the monetizing of hate and personified by Identity Europa/American Identity to face. In August 2019, the that directs potential recruits extremist content.2 Movement in the US and Generation Identity in National Counter Terrorism from Twitter and YouTube Finally, in June 2019, YouTube changed its com- Europe, adheres to the that white people are Center quietly added white toward more extreme mate- munity guidelines to ban videos that “allege that a suffering a genocide in their own countries caused supremacist violence to its rial found on the movement’s group is superior in order to justify , by non-white immigrants. The Great Replacement, mandate.14 In recent months, Marin Sellner, 31, leads the Austrian chapter of Telegram and other more segregation or exclusion based on qualities like as this theory is called, has specifically been Generation Identity and is considered the unof- age, gender, race, caste, , sexual orienta- labeled by the Department of Homeland Security federal law enforcement agen- ficial head of this sprawling movement. underground, unregulated cies, including DHS and the channels. In effect, these tion or veteran status.” And in 2020, major as promoting white supremacist violence, which FBI, have stated they con- mainstream platforms are went back to advertising on YouTube after collab- is as big a threat for mass terrorist acts as other sider white supremacy as big a the gateway for this danger- orating on its brand safety protections. forms of extremism. Violence inspired by this idea threat as Islamic extremism. In February 2020, the ous movement to recruit and radicalize white youth The YouTube Partner Program which allows led to in Charlottesville, Virginia, and FBI announced that it now considered the risk of worldwide into white supremacy. content creators to monetize their channels and Christchurch, NZ. YouTube itself has a context dis- violence from such groups as “on the same footing” videos has a specific approval process.3 To be claimer on Great Replacement content. as threats posed to the country by foreign terrorist THE ROOTS OF THE IDENTITARIAN MOVEMENT monetized, YouTube must specifically approve In one particularly egregious case, Trump and organizations such as ISIS and its sympathizers.15 In The modern Identitarian movement was launched one’s channel and videos. To make that decision, Biden ads appeared on the same video on the April, the State Department designated the Russian in France in 2012 with the founding of Generation YouTube uses algorithms and human oversight. same channel. From a purely advertising stand- Imperial Movement (which offered training to Identitaire, an offshoot of the white nationalist Additionally, it requires that all creators follow its point, this indicates that YouTube’s ad placement American organizers of the Charlottesville riots) and Bloc Identitaire. There are now GI chapters in sev- Community Guidelines in order to be eligible for algorithm needs work. From a content standpoint, members of its as “Specially Designated eral countries. advertisements on their content.4 the monetization of the video, titled “Generation Global Terrorists.”16 This is the first time in his- Known for provocative anti-Muslim and anti-immi- YouTube’s advertiser guidelines assure adver- Identitaire — A Declaration of War from the Youth tory that the State Department designated a white grant actions and a youthful, hipster style, the group’s tisers that videos that do not meet its content of France (English subs)”, violates YouTube’s own supremacist terrorist group in this manner. first major public act was to occupy the largest mosque policies, including its hateful content policies, will hateful content policy and its advertiser content Two years ago, took action against the in Poitiers to denounce “the Islamization of France.”18 have limited or no ad access.5 guidelines, as well as fails to protects its advertis- Identitarian movement after several members of the Also in 2012, the French branch of GI posted a slickly Why then, in June 2020, can ers from brand threat. One of the comments on Austrian chapter were investigated for potentially produced video on YouTube titled “A Declaration and Joe Biden campaign ads be found on extrem- the video reads, “Africans and , ESPECIALLY running a criminal organization (the investigation of War from The Generation of National Identity.”19 ist videos? In research conducted by the Global MUSLIMS, must be banned from Europe. Their ended without charges). Facebook deplatformed Featuring a series of young white people decrying mul- the entire network citing violations of policy. Before ticulturalism and democracy, the video made clear the being blocked, more than 120,000 people followed group’s racist and anti-immigrant views. Generation Identity on Facebook. It should be noted “We are the generation of ethnic fracture, total 1 https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/google-faces-questions-over-videos-on--3km257v8d 2 https://money.cnn.com/2018/04/19/technology/youtube-ads-extreme-content-investigation/index.html that Facebook took action after a mass and failure of coexistence and forced mixing of the 3 https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/1311392?hl=en&ref_topic=9153642 the airing of the Christchurch shooting on Facebook races… our heritage is our land, our blood, our iden- 4 https://www.youtube.com/about/policies/#community-guidelines 5 https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/6162278?hl=en live. The payment processing platform Stripe tity,” reads the video’s subtitles. It ends with “don’t WIKIMEDIA COMMONS

8 9 GLOBAL PROJECT AGAINST HATE AND EXTREMISM GENERATION IDENTITY // INTERNATIONAL WHITE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT SPREADING ON TWITTER AND YOUTUBE

behavior and cultures are destructive to Western advertisers from appearing on objectionable and Society...deport them post haste.” brand-threatening content. It’s well accepted that Another example of YouTube failing to sup- YouTube has much more work to do in this regard. port its advertisers is the appearance of Trump The question is, will they? Will they protect the and Biden campaign ads on Ruptly videos about average viewer from hateful content and the aver- extremist activity. While the content might be age advertiser from potentially losing revenue or debated as news since Ruptly, a subsidiary of harming its brand? RT News, provides video content to mainstream And will they pay attention to the fact that news agencies across the globe, it is doubtful there are no borders on the internet? Hate and that either candidate would choose to advertise extremism thrive across the globe, and it’s the on these videos given their disclaimer reading responsibility of companies to prevent their plat- “RT is funded in whole or in part by the Russian forms from being used for the proliferation of government.” hate, and its progeny, violence. Again, GPAHE does not believe that the Trump As a final note, YouTube is not alone in mone- or Biden campaigns requested that their ads tizing hate. There are many examples across social appear on this controversial content. This is just media and technology platforms of abhorrent another example of YouTube not following its own views, but in light of PayPal CEO Dan Schulman’s guidance. This time, it puts candidates for the recent and generous public commitment to American presidency at risk by making it look as anti-, it should be noted that Brittany In 2016, 15 Identitarians scaled ’s Brandenburg Gate and Camp students are schooled in what are viewed though they endorse hateful ideas. Pettibone Sellner and Ein Prozent/Laut Gedacht, posted a banner reading “Secure Borders – Secure Future.” as instructive moments of European like the YouTube says it will limit the extremist con- which has more than 54,000 YouTube subscrib- , a forced removal today’s Identitarians tent on its site and follow its own hate speech ers, both have active PayPal accounts with links think they need to replay.26 rules. And they say that they will work to prevent from their YouTube channels. This militancy is also central to GI’s online In this context, violence shouldn’t be a surprise. work. In a manual called “The Art of Red-Pilling,”27 Not only has there been terrorism connected to step-by-step instructions for radicalizing poten- these ideas, but hate crimes against mosques and tial recruits are provided. “You sow the soft red think this is a manifesto, this is a declaration of war.” borders, stopping the construction of new mosques, Muslims in European countries are also rising in pill seeds and then you water them constantly. An In its many postings, the video has had tens of thou- and outlawing of Islamist organizations. Identitarians recent years.23 As researchers at Hope Not Hate honest question to start with, a news piece here, an sands of views worldwide. also accuse their of importing terror in wrote in 2019, “Despite often preaching non-vio- email there, and in the evening an anecdote over Identitarians are best known for their anti-Mus- the form of Muslim immigrants. lence, there is nothing stopping Identitarianism’s beer,” reads the manual.28 It recommends taking lim and anti-immigrant stunts, similar to the Identitarian thinking has metastasized across followers believing violence is the only feasible advantage first of grievances over free speech, polit- Poitiers mosque . A classic example was broad swaths of the West, becoming a worldwide response to this alarmist rhetoric.”24 ical correctness, or as a starting staged by Italian members of GI who, in 2016, scaled movement that advances the idea that a global elite point, slowly drawing in young recruits before radi- a monument to the Italian opera composer Donizetti is conspiring to cause white people to be wiped out PREPPING FOR VIOLENCE calizing them with racist ideas. in Bergamo, stuck a poster on it with the inscription in their historic homelands, and that immigrants and GI adherents are preparing for violence, seeing a “We want complete militants,” a French GI leader “ in Europe—2050,” then covered the statue refugees need to be repatriated to their countries coming civil war as nearly inevitable. Every summer, told Durie.29 with a niqab.20 That same year in Austria, adherents of origin to stop the so-called Great Replacement. members from across Europe attend military-style As his manifesto revealed, the Christchurch killer of that branch of GI covered a statue of the Habsburg , an intellectual prized by many camps in rural France. Training videos online show followed this path of Identitarian radicalization. He Empress Maria Theresa with a giant burqa.21 Identitarians who runs an Identitarian-like cultural followers boxing and practicing combat exercises. wrote that between April and May 2017, while trav- The movement is strongly opposed to Muslims and group Land and People, says the Great Replacement According to Alexander Durie, a journalist who spent eling in Europe, he came to believe that his political Islam and argues for a new Reconquest of Europe, or is a “racial invasion of Europe” leading to “all the time with the French branch of GI, camp videos he goals could no longer be achieved democratically Reconquista, the 700-year period in which Christians conditions of a racial war, which will be the war of viewed had students lined up in military formation, and that, rather, “violent, solution is violently expelled Muslims from the Iberian the XXI century. A war that is under way.” He adds wearing sky blue uniforms carrying the group’s lambda the only possible solution.” He came to accept the Peninsula. Followers complain of an “Islamization” of this will be a war “that we will wage in the name logo.25 (Lambda is “L” in Greek and refers to the battle Great Replacement narrative, his manifesto lead- Europe through mass immigration, which they view of a very simple reminder addressed at the invad- of Thermopylae in 480 BC, where 300 Spartans fought ing off with, “It’s the birthrates. It’s the birthrates. as a threat to European culture and society. Among ers: the suitcase or the coffin.” A key German activist, to the death for their state.) In another video, trainees It’s the birthrates.”30 He concluded: “Due to the other things, Identitarians in France have called for Markus Willinger, has crudely said, “We don’t want wore T-shirts with a quote from the classical Greek threat of ethnic replacement and our own horribly freezing of legal immigration, reestablishment of Mehmed and Mustapha to become Europeans.”22 poet Homer, “From a fight, only cowards depart.” low birth rates, we do not have 150 years or even 50 DPA / ALAMY STOCK PHOTO STOCK / ALAMY DPA

10 11 GLOBAL PROJECT AGAINST HATE AND EXTREMISM GENERATION IDENTITY // INTERNATIONAL WHITE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT SPREADING ON TWITTER AND YOUTUBE

years to achieve positions of power,” and he encour- attacked two police officers with baseball bats and Compact!” As Hope Not Hate points out, this was itself on the European movement. But many other aged his readers to “not suffer under the delusion of pepper spray, apparently mistaking the officers for likely a reference to a UN migration pact that GI Americans support Identitarianism. an effortless, riskless democratic victory. Prepare for left-wing extremists.40 In other cases, Identitarians campaigned against extensively in 2018.50 Tarrant’s Atlantic journalist Daniel Lambroso wrote in war, prepare for violence and prepare for risk, loss, have been arrested in Germany and France for vio- manifesto also calls for violence against NGOs who June 2020 about the American white suprem- struggle, death.”31 lence during protests or GI actions.41 In 2018, an Al have “ferr[ied] the invaders to European shores acists he spent time with and their views on Jazeera investigation exposed French GI members aboard their own vessels.” That has been a signature Identitarianism. In a visit to Richard Spencer’s ACTS OF HATE, , AND TERROR engaging in racist violence and advocating for ter- tactic of GI, campaigning and working against NGOs apartment in Alexandria, Virginia, Lambroso Though better known for their political stunts and rorist attacks against mosques.42 that try to protect migrants. reported those present “discussed the coming the terrorist acts inspired by their ideas, Identitarian The largest coordinated action by Identitarians ‘Identitarian’ revolution.”51 Spencer’s US-based adherents have been involved in less publicized vio- happened in 2017 when GI activists from across AMERICAN IDENTITARIANISM National Policy Institute, which is now mostly lent incidents. In the last year, Identitarians have Europe disrupted NGOs working to save the lives of In the US, Identitarian thinking has been infused defunct, latched on to Identitarianism early. In traveled to the Greek island of Lesbos to confront migrants and refugees crossing the Mediterranean, into a number of groups, most notably Identity 2014, the group attempted to hold a major confer- refugees who fled there from and the Middle including blocking an NGO ship in May 2017 in Evropa (IE, now renamed American Identity ence in Budapest, , called the “European East. News reports have documented Identitarians Sicily.43 Movement, AIM), which specifically patterned Identitarian Congress.” Due to advance publicity, from France, Austria, the , the UK, and Later that year, several Identitarians joined an Greece attempting to stoke violence on the island.32 effort to charter a ship in the Mediterranean to Some have pitched themselves as “Soldiers of the interfere with more migrant boats. Called “Defend Cross,” supposedly holding the line against immi- Europe,” the boat action was praised by former YOUTUBE AND TWITTER PROLIFERATING IDENTITARIAN grant invaders.33 American Klansman , who encouraged Several aid groups on Lesbos announced in his more than 40,000 Twitter followers to donate CONTENT PUSHED BY GERMAN EIN PROZENT recent months that they were suspending work and to the movement (today he has nearly 53,000 fol- evacuating personnel because of attacks on staff. lowers).44 The action raised more than $158,000 Douglas Herman, from the organization Refocus, on the now defunct American crowdfunding site Identitarian content also finds its way online by allowing it to spend $425,000 on ‘patriotic proj- which teaches media skills to refugees, said “once WeSearchr.45 Brittany Pettibone Sellner was the individuals and affiliated organizations pushing ects’ that year.” The group has held more than 80 night falls, there are non-stop attacks on NGOs, on public face of the effort, but many Identitarians from anti-Muslim and anti-immigrant messages. right-wing cultural events across Germany and workers, on people who are here as volunteers.”34 all over Europe were involved. A June story in Coda1 described how Alexander has more than 15,000 followers on Twitter. Herman told the AFP that “fascist” The action failed and led very quickly to the “Malenki” Kleine, 28, a German member of the Ein Prozent was co-founded by Götz Kubitschek, mobs were responsible for the violence.35 The Dutch Identitarians abandoning the boat and having to be Identitarian movement and “an important influ- a former reserve officer in the German army, who Boat Refugee Foundation, which provides medical rescued by the NGOs. Nonetheless, it galvanized encer on Germany’s far-right scene,” along with his served in Bosnia and was almost removed from care in the Moria migrant camp on Lesbos, told AFP the international far right and demonstrated their partner Phillip Thaler, produce a YouTube channel the military for his involvement in extremist poli- that aid workers’ cars had been hit with steel pipes capability to work cooperatively on a global scale.46 titled Laut Gedacht, meaning “Thinking out loud.” tics (his superior gave him a letter of discharge for by a “small group of right-wing extremists.”36 Prominent white nationalist figures in the US had Laut Gedacht’s weekly videos regularly attract up participating in “right-wing extremist endeavors,” a Last August, three French Identitarians were long been eyeing the European Identitarian move- to 200,000 views and push Identitarian messages decision overturned on appeal).2 The group’s other sentenced to jail time and fined for flying a heli- ment, and Defend Europe catalyzed their interest in among other topics, while supporting far-right fig- co-founders are Karl Albrecht Schachtschneider, copter on the mountainous border between France GI. Among other publicity, Defend Europe received ures such as Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orban. a strong critic of the , and Jürgen and to deter migrants (the exact charge was favorable mention from anti-Muslim Canadian blog- But this isn’t some two-, self-financed Elsässer, editor of the anti-Muslim Compact mag- “exercising activities in conditions that could cre- ger ,47 the far-right operation. Laut Gedacht is backed by the German azine, who is an admirer of Serbian hardliner ate confusion with a public function”).37 Generation Network48 (once run by Trump campaign man- group Ein Prozent (short for One Percent for Our Slobodan Milosevich and an outspoken supporter Identity France was fined for this incident. A few ager ), the leading American neo-Nazi Country), which was founded in reaction to the of Russian President . weeks before, around 100 GI adherents had, in the website, ,49 and praise from white refugee crisis in 2015 and aims to spread - Kubitschek, the key leader of the group, is same border region, erected a “symbolic border” and nationalists Richard Spencer and , who alist ideas to young . Ein Prozent has extremely close to the anti-Muslim unfurled a banner urging asylum seekers to go back said he was an Identitarian as early as 2015. massive reach and substantial funding. Again Alternative for German (AfD) and has spoken at to “your homeland.”38 Anti-racist activists and some A few months after Defend Europe, in August according to Coda, “almost 50,000 people gave rallies put on by , another anti-Muslim leaders within the French government called for the 2017, prominent European Identitarians joined an average sum of $22 to Ein Prozent in 2018, group. In 2010, he took part in a memorial march group to be banned after these incidents.39 American white nationalists on the ground during There have been other troubling events involv- the Charlottesville protests. ing Identitarians. According to Deutsche Welle, All indicators are that the Christchurch killer was in 2017, in the eastern German city of Halle where well aware of GI’s activities and rhetoric. An inscrip- 1 https://www.codastory.com/disinformation/germany-far-right-youth/ 2 https://www.sueddeutsche.de/kultur/wir-sind-noch-im-training-der-kalte-blick-von-rechts-1.698581 Identitarians had set up a “housing project,” they tion on one of his guns read, “Here’s your Migration

12 13 GLOBAL PROJECT AGAINST HATE AND EXTREMISM GENERATION IDENTITY // INTERNATIONAL WHITE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT SPREADING ON TWITTER AND YOUTUBE

members of the far right during ’ for the victims of the Allied bombing in Dresden, far-right social media circles. The group funds failed “Free Speech Week” in Berkeley, California. an event consistently dominated by neo-Nazis. Redpilled.de, which aggregates short films on top- During his visit, Sellner met with Lauren Southern His publishing house Antaios put out the sur- ics such as violent crimes committed in Germany and his soon-to-be-wife Brittany Pettibone. They prise bestseller, “Finis Germania,” or “The End of by immigrants, a number of which are made by agreed that America and Europe faced the same Germany,” a collection of essays denounced as Ein Prozent’s own in-house media operation. racial crisis and that their movements only differed “right-radical, anti-Semitic and revisionist” by Der Ein Prozent also connects Identitarians and in terms of “tactics.”59 Pettibone reportedly said, Spiegel magazine.3 other far right nationalists across borders through “We’ve mastered the online and you’ve In 2019, Ein Prozent was banned from Facebook its projects. For example, during summer acad- mastered the in-real-life activism.”60 and for its links to the Identitarian move- emies held in Kubitschek’s hometown in Saxony, This US Identitarian venture was soon offered ment. They sued Facebook, but the case was visitors have included , an American support by a notable European partner in the form dismissed by a German court in June on the grounds activist in the anti-woman men’s rights move- of Hungarian , a key publisher of “alt- that “social networks may exclude associations clas- ment5 and Martin Sellner, leader of the Austrian right” and texts. Arktos in sified by [the networks] as ‘hate organizations.’”4 chapter of Generation Identity. September 2017 partnered with Facebook partly relied on the fact that Ein Prozent Besides Twitter and YouTube, the group’s main to “promote Identitarian literature with [US] had financially supported the Austrian chapter platforms are its website and Telegram channel, students.”61 of Generation Identity after Facebook listed the where it had 7,000 subscribers as of June 2020. IE/AIM leader Patrick Casey explicitly drew on group as a hate organization. The court found that Banking isn’t a problem for the group as it has GI as a model for his group. In a January 2018 post Facebook’s determination that Ein Prozent is “aimed been for many racist groups in the US that have on his MakerSupport funding page, Casey explained at attacking people based on their ethnic origin or been banned from PayPal. The organization can how his organization planned “to depatholo- religious belief is justified.” accept funds through PayPal, Giropay, SEPA direct gize ethnic/racial identity” something he believed Projects backed by Ein Prozent include a youth deposit, and Mollie’s SOFORT money transfer sys- Generation Identity “has proven […] can be done.”62 magazine, music projects including the song tem as well as through credit card donations. Casey viewed his movement as having created “Europa” by a German rapper, and social media its own culture and online to appeal to a channels. It’s a slick operation with effective younger generation. that has nurtured networks of young In June 2020, IE was in the headlines again for Richard Spencer, 42, heads the white nationalist National Poli- influencers already well established in Germany’s cy Institute and has long pushed Identitarian ideas in the U.S. posing as an anti-fascist group on a fake Twitter account and suggesting that protesters engage in violence. The account advised them to “move into residential areas… the white hoods… and we take what’s ours.”63 That account 3 https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-germany-bookfair-farright/unwelcome-guest-far-right-publisher-shunned-at-frankfurt-book-fair-idUKKB - 64 N1CG2FC that argues white people belong in Europe and was deleted. 4 https://www.zeit.de/digital/internet/2020-06/olg-dresden-ein-prozent-hassorganisation-sperre-facebook immigrants belong in their home countries) to 5 https://www.thecut.com/2017/04/jack-donovan-philosophical-fascists-of-the-gay-alt-right.html the English-speaking world.56 This importing of ISIS VERSUS IDENTITARIANISM ONLINE far-right ideology continued, with key contempo- The treatment of white supremacy on Twitter and rary European Identitarian thinkers like Martin YouTube stands in great contrast to how these plat- however, the Hungarian government decided to Swedish, Australian, etc. As time goes on, we will Semlitsch (aka Martin Lichtmesz) speaking at a forms have handled other forms of extremism that shut it down, jailing Spencer for five days before grasp this as well.”54 Scotsman Colin Lidell, who 2017 conference of American Renaissance (AmRen). motivate terrorism, most notably Islamic extrem- deporting him.52 In 2015, Spencer’s group held an co-edited the Alternative Right site some years ago, Fabrice Robert, one-time president of the Bloc ist activity. Beginning around 2015, Twitter began a essay contest based on the prompt “Why I’m an told Pedro Zúquete in 2015, “A transatlantic alliance Identitaire, spoke in 2013 at an AmRen conference.57 mass suspension of ISIS and similar accounts.65 In Identitarian.”53 would be natural and healthy.”55 (Robert has 8,000 followers on Twitter.) AmRen’s 2016, YouTube, Facebook, , and Twitter In a 2015 interview with academic José Pedro A December 2017 Buzzfeed profile of Alain de head, Jared Taylor, told Pedro Zuquete that he saw launched a shared industry database of “hashes,” Zúquete, Spencer said, “There are so many pow- Benoist, a leading far-right philosopher and inspira- himself as an Identitarian and advocates — often basically digital “fingerprints,” of extremist imag- erful forces bringing us [American and European tion to Identitarians, revealed that he had spoken at in speeches in Europe — for “a world brotherhood ery so as to be able to identify and curb the spread identitarians] together. The Internet is one; English the 2013 conference of Richard Spencer’s National of Europeans.”58 (Twitter deplatformed Taylor and of terrorist content online.66 This work would ulti- as lingua franca is another. Also, we share an histor- Policy Institute. It was de Benoist’s Manifesto for his organization in December 2017, and YouTube mately become the joint tech company effort, Global ical experience of the mass immigration of foreign a European Renaissance, translated into English deplatformed American Renaissance in June 2020.) Internet Forum to Counter Terrorism (GIFCT). In peoples and our coming minority status…we already in 1999, which more widely introduced notions In 2017, to capitalize on GI’s growing profile in the 2020, GIFCT became a non-profit institution. share a , whether we are American, such as (a key Identitarian idea US, Sellner visited the US to meet with like-minded By 2018, Twitter had removed more than 1 million WIKIMEDIA COMMONS

14 15 GLOBAL PROJECT AGAINST HATE AND EXTREMISM GENERATION IDENTITY // INTERNATIONAL WHITE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT SPREADING ON TWITTER AND YOUTUBE

Islamic extremist terrorist accounts.67 YouTube took exemplified by the fury that erupted when Twitter ENDNOTES similar deplatforming actions and, in 2017, began labeled a June 2020 Trump tweet on mail-in ballots redirecting users searching for ISIS-type material as “potentially misleading.”75 68 1 https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/department-homeland-secu - rope-200422093212700.html to Islamic clerics denouncing the group. In September 2019, it was announced that GIFCT rity-strategy-adds-white-supremacy-list-threats-n1057136 33 https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/greece-soldiers-of-the-cross- A study led by J. M. Berger and Jonathan Morgan, would become a standalone organization that will 2  https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/19_0920_plcy_ holding-the-line-against-refugees-34497 strategic-framework-countering-terrorism-targeted-violence.pdf “The ISIS Twitter Census,” found that the deplat- counter all forms of extremist content regardless of 34 https://theglobepost.com/2020/03/03/refugee-aid-groups-attacked- 69 3 https://www.state.gov/reports/country-reports-on-terrorism-2019/ greece/ forming of ISIS accounts was successful. “The data its ideological underpinnings. The question now is, 4 https://expo.se/fakta/wiki/nordisk-alternativhoger 35 https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/23294/greece-far-right-activ - we collected also suggests that the current rate of sus- with the US and other foreign government agencies 5 https://www.hopenothate.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/ ists-in-violent-clashes-to-defend-europe-against-migrants pensions has also limited the ISIS network’s ability to arguing that Identitarian propaganda is inspiring Identitarianism-Report.pdf; https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/ 36 https://www.france24.com/en/20200303-refugee-aid-groups-at - uploads/2019/07/The-Great-Replacement-The-Violent-Consequenc- tacked-as-tensions-rock-greek-island es-of-Mainstreamed-Extremism-by-ISD.pdf grow and spread, a consideration almost universally terrorist violence, and with the rise of worldwide 37 https://www.france24.com/en/20190829-france-far-right-activ - ignored by critics of suspension tactics. The conse- white supremacy as a terror-inducing ideology, will 6 https://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSKCN1U61G1 ists-generation-identity-prison-sentence-alps-anti-migrant-operation 7 https://www.france24.com/en/20190515-austria-far-right-figure-ad - 38 https://www.thelocal.com/20180421/right-wing-migration-demo- quences of neglecting to weed a garden are obvious, these social media platforms treat Identitarian and mits-e-mails-with-nz-attack-suspect blocks-france-italy-border-crossing 70 even though weeds will always return.” Graphic similar material as they have ISIS propaganda? Or 8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bHVm4I87Ikc 39 https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/lesterfeder/generation-identi - online images of beheadings and other violence also will white supremacist groups continue to get a pass 9  https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-43393035 ty-europe-christchurch-attack were greatly reduced, the study found.71 for inspiring terrorism online even though their pro- 10 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/26/anti-muslim-ex - 40 https://www.dw.com/en/how-dangerous-is-the-identitarian-move - tremist-martin-sellner-permanently-excluded-from-entering-uk ment/a-49580233 The mass of ISIS and similar accounts paganda does so in the same way ISIS propaganda 11 https://www.dw.com/en/austrian-far-right-extremist-denied-us-travel- 41 https://www.dw.com/en/far-right-identitarian-movement-group-at - permit-after-christchurch-link/a-48107733 tempts-to-storm-german-justice-ministry/a-38904709;https://www. did not encounter a political backlash or calls that does? Will this double standard remain? • independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/police-arrest-far-right-ac- the takedowns violated free speech principles. 12 https://www.adl.org/blog/two-years-ago-they-marched-in-charlottes - tivists-as-protesters-block-bridges-with-burning-tyres-to-stop-refu- ville-where-are-they-now#_edn13 gees-a6927351.html Indeed, the American government, most recently 13 https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/pkyap8/ukraines-secret-service- 42 https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/12/generation-hate-french-vio - members of the Trump administration, argued for busts-neo-nazi-cell-inspired-by-christchurch-shooter lence-racism-exposed-181208155503837.html 72 14  https://www.realcleardefense.com/2019/08/09/nctc_now_going_af- 43 https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/global-opinions/ deplatforming. On the other hand, many people, ter_domestic_terror_309384.html wp/2017/07/28/europes-far-right-pirates-of-the-mediterra- 73 predominantly conservatives, have argued that 15 https://www.cbsnews.com/news/racially-motivated-violent-extrem - nean-are-targeting-refugee-rescue-missions/ deplatforming violates free speech rights.74 This was ism-isis-national-threat-priority-fbi-director-christopher-wray/ 44 https://www.post-gazette.com/news/world/2017/07/30/Amer - 16 https://www.state.gov/united-states-designates-russian-imperi - ican-white-nationalists-fund-European-ship-to-catch-Mus- al-movement-and-leaders-as-global-terrorists/ lims-in-the-Mediterranean/stories/201707300147; https://twitter.com/ DrDavidDuke/status/879443823239286784 17 https://twitter.com/slpng_giants/status/1217620771465388033 45 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2XcFBoCtzlY; https://www. 18 https://www.france24.com/en/20121020-france-french-far-right- splcenter.org/splc-lists-wesearchr-white-nationalist-hate-group group-hold-sit-protest-against-new-mosque-islam-generation-identity 46 https://www.maritime-executive.com/editorials/crew-abandoned-af - 19 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XA5S5Qrg6CU ter-right-wing-activists-end-charter 20 José Pedro Zúquete, The Identitarians: The Movement against Glo- 47 https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/defend-eu - balism and (Notre Dame, : University of Notre rope-finding--refugee-boats-mediterranean-sea-c-star-mi- Dame Press, 2018), p. 210. grants-right-wing-ngo-rescue-a7891946.html 21  https://www.thelocal.at/20161130/identitarian-group-veils-maria-the- 48 https://www.breitbart.com/europe/2018/05/13/french-govern - resa-statue ment-releases-memo-stop-identitarians-patrolling-border-illegal-mi- 22 Cas Mudde, The Far Right Today, (Boston: Polity 2019), p. 95 grants/ HEIDI BEIRICH, PH.D. 23 https://www.dailysabah.com/islamophobia/2019/05/20/mosques-in - 49 https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2017/11/13/full-ship-behind-gen - CO-FOUNDER // CHIEF STRATEGY OFFICER creasing-targeted-in-islamophobic-attacks-in-the-nether- eration-identitys-high-seas-publicity-stunt Heidi Beirich is an international expert on American and European extremist movements, including the lands-book-says;https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/03/anti-mus- 50 https://www.hopenothate.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Iden - lim-hate-crimes-surge-germany-spain-180303142227333.html; https:// titarianism-Report.pdf white supremacist, anti-immigrant, antisemitic and antigovernment movements. She is the author of numer- www.dailysabah.com/europe/2020/01/28/anti-muslim-attacks-in- france-soar-54-in-2019 51 https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2020/06/ white-noise-documentary-alt-right/612898/ ous academic publications on extremism and was co-editor of Neo-Confederacy: A Critical Introduction 24 https://www.hopenothate.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Identi - (University of Texas Press). Prior to co-founding GPAHE, Beirich led the Southern Poverty Law Center’s tarianism-Report.pdf 52 https://www.wsj.com/articles/hungary-bans-conference-by-u-s- group-it-calls-racist-1412021984 Intelligence Project, the foremost organization tracking hate and extremism movements in the United 25 https://magazine.areweeurope.com/stories/uprooted/genera - tion-identitaire 53 https://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?arti - cle=1017&context=media_com_sum States. Beirich holds M.A. degrees in and economics and a Ph.D. in political science from 26 https://magazine.areweeurope.com/stories/uprooted/genera - Purdue University. tion-identitaire; https://www.europenowjournal.org/2018/02/22/gen- 54 José Pedro Zúquete, The Identitarians: The Movement against Glo- eration-identity-a-millennial--for-the-future/ balism and Islam in Europe (Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 2018), p. 299. 27 http://d-gen.de/2017/10/art-of-redpilling/ WENDY VIA 55 José Pedro Zúquete, The Identitarians: The Movement against Glo- 28 https://www.politico.eu/article/who-are-europe-far-right-identitari - balism and Islam in Europe (Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre CO-FOUNDER // CEO AND PRESIDENT ans-austria-generation-identity-martin-sellner/ Dame Press, 2018), p. 299. Wendy Via has an extensive background in strategic communications, public information campaigns, leg- 29 https://magazine.areweeurope.com/stories/uprooted/genera - 56 https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/lesterfeder/the-man-who- tion-identitaire gave-white--a-new-life islative outreach, storytelling, impact philanthropy, and research. She is an expert in influencing national 30 https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/the-new-zealand- 57 Patrick Hermansson, David Lawrence & Joe Mulhall, The International narratives and actions around civil and human rights issues, including the exposition of racism and extrem- shooting-and-the-great-man-theory-of-misery Alt-Right: Fascism for the 21st Century? (N.J.: Routledge Press, 2020), 31 https://www.hopenothate.org.uk/the-identitarian-ideas-that-took- p. 66. ism in institutional systems. Prior to co-founding GPAHE, Via held an executive-level leadership position lives-in-christchurch-poway-and-el-paso/ 58 José Pedro Zúquete, The Identitarians: The Movement against Glo- at the Southern Poverty Law Center and worked with organizations advancing women’s rights. She holds a 32 https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/how-the-greek-island-of-les - balism and Islam in Europe (Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre bos-became-a-hub-of-right-wing-activism-36275; https://www. Dame Press, 2018), p. 292. B.A. in the Humanities from Auburn University, Montgomery. aljazeera.com/indepth/features/greek-island-lesbos-stage-eu- 59 https://www.hopenothate.org.uk/identitarianism-in-north-america/

16 17 GLOBAL PROJECT AGAINST HATE AND EXTREMISM

60 https://www.hopenothate.org.uk/identitarianism-in-north-america/ 69 https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/isis_twit - 61 Patrick Hermansson, David Lawrence & Joe Mulhall, The International ter_census_berger_morgan.pdf Alt-Right: Fascism for the 21st Century? (N.J.: Routledge Press, 2020), 70 https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/isis_twit - p. 69. ter_census_berger_morgan.pdf, p. 56 62 http://www.occidentaldissent.com/2018/01/23/response-to-pat - 71 https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/isis_twit - rick-casey/ ter_census_berger_morgan.pdf, p. 56 63 https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/security/twitter-takes-down-wash - 72 https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/trump-administration-isis-al-qae - ington-protest--bot-behavior-n1221456 da 64 https://www.dw.com/en/twitter-suspends-fake-antifa-ac - 73 https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2019/05/white-house-trump- count-run-by-white-supremacists/a-53656003 christchurch-call-hate-speech-social-media/ 65 https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/06/technology/twitter-ac - 74 https://www.vox.com/technology/2019/5/6/18528250/face - count-suspensions-terrorism.html book-speech-conservatives-trump-platform-publisher 66 https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/social-medias-stepped- 75 https://www.cnet.com/news/twitter-faces-conservative-backlash-for- up-crackdown-on-terrorists-still-falls-short/ fact-checking-trumps-tweets-for-the-first-time/ 67 https://fortune.com/2018/04/05/twitter-terrorist-account-suspen - sions/ 68 https://techcrunch.com/2017/07/20/google-jigsaw-redirect-meth - od-launch-youtube-isis/?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly- 93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAABFklIi_kE9FjO- EFNNiu8WOa48B85mt80rOrDIYeSvs6C20jK2C62crSQuosPrIlV- JoBo58GuzBYRuL7mDRioQj5uS8i-E2Tx_rpwKy8bMihvJZySWixY- Tqucg2pOmbHWo1aCAauSatoSoyQKevaFRZsZ93LIqTM924tR7Fiongj

18 19 GLOBALEXTREMISM.ORG @GLOBALEXTREMISM [email protected]