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Geological Aspect of the Lodes of Cornwall.' ECONOMIC GEOLOGY WITH WHICH IS INCORPORATED THE AMERICAN GEOLOGIST VOL. III JULY-AUGUST, x9o8 No. 5 GEOLOGICAL ASPECT OF THE LODES OF CORNWALL.' DONALDA. MACALISTER(Assoc. R. S. M.). INTRODUCTION. Although the west of England mining regionof Cornwalland Devonshirehas not recentlybeen in a flourishingcondition, its past fame entitles it to a claim on the attention of those inter- ested alike in the genesisof tin and copper ores and in the antiquityof mining. During the last few years a sectionof the field staff of the GeologicalSurvey of Great Britain has beenengaged in remap- ping the Cornishpeninsula and as this work is nearly completed the most recentgeological information concerningthe region is available. There is quitean extensiveliterature dealing with the west of Englandgeology and mineralogy,and as this has been acknowledgedin the Memoirsof the GeologicalSurvey it will be unnecessaryto refer to it here? HISTORICAL. The earliest records of the connection of Cornwall with the ' Communicatedby permissionof the Director of the GeologicalSurvey of England and Wales. aThe GeologicalSurvey Memoirs dealingwith Cornish Mining are as follows: (x) "Geology of the Lands End District"; (2) "Geology of Camborneand Redruth"; (3) "Geology of Newquay"; (4) "Geology of Plymouth and Liskeard." Other memoirs are in course of preparation. 363 364 DON,4LD ,4. M,4C,4LISTER tin trade are the extracts from the lost writings of Pythias by the Greek historians Strabo and Diodorus Siculus. Although it is believedthat a century before the voyage of Pythias, the Carthaginian Himilco had visited Cornwall with a view to stimulating the tin trade betweenthat country and the continent,there was in the time of Pythias an overland trade betweenCornwall and Marseilles--possiblyalso a sea-bornetrade between Cornwall and Cadiz. When Pythias was in Cornwall he was informed by the in- habitants that the tin, after being cast into ingots, was con- veyed to the island of Ictis, which was accessibleto foot passen- gers, at low tide. From here it was taken to the mouth of the river Loire and thenceto Marseilles. As to the identity of the islandof Ictis there has beenconsiderable discussion in the past, but recentlyMr. ClementReid has shownhow the Isle of Wight might have been the Ictis referred to by Pythias/ as at that time it is possiblethat there was a natural causewaybetween the isle and the mainlandwhich has sincebeen worn away by the scourof the sea. This view is combatedby Mr. T. Rice Holmes who, on historicalgrounds, inclines to the other suppositionthat the old Ictis and St. Michael's Mount are the same. •' In either case the antiquity of the tin mining in Cornwall cannot be doubtedand with fluctuating activity the production of tin has beencontinuous to the presenttime. The tin mines in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries were under the controlof the Kings of England who grantedprivi- legesfor working them, but for the last 3oo yearsthe production of both tin and copperores has beenof nationalimportance. TOTAL YIELD OF TIN AND COPPER FROA{ CORNWALL. An exactest{mate of the total metalliferousyield o,f the county of Cornwall is practically{mpossible to obta{nowing to the ab- senceor uncertaintyof the olderrecords. In a brochureby the presentwriter publishedin i9o 7 by the GeologicalSurvey, an estimateof the total known productionof the m{neralsof Corn- '" Tl, e Island of Ictis," ,4rchceologia,Vol. 59, 19o5. • "Ancient Britain and the Invasions of Ca•sar," I9o7. GEOLOGICALASPECT OF LODES OF CORNWALL 365 wall was made within the limits of a possibleerror of Io per cent., as follows: Total Produce of Metallic Tin from Cornwall. Between •2o• and •749 A. D ........ 7H,99o tons Between •75o and •9o5 A. D ........ 755,90otons (from black tin containing 65.o2 per cent. of tin). (O'f283,ooo tons of tinyielded between I2oI andI6oo A.D. 75,oootons were obtainedfrom alluvial'deposits, and of 573,8oo tons producedbetween I6oI and I8oo A.D., 473,ooo tons were obtainedfrom alluvial deposits.) Total Produceof Metallic CopperFrom Cornwall. Between •5o• and •725 A. D ........ 20,000 tons. Between •726 and x9o5 A. D ........ 883,35o tons (from ore containing 7.89 per cent. of metallic copper). For the amountsof ores yielded from the minesof Cornwall individually the reader is referred to the Memoirs already mentioned. For over I5o years Cornwall has had formidablerivals in the tin-fieldsof the East Indies (Bangka and Billiton islands) and while still holding a high place in the world's productionof tin ore its output is exceededby Bolivia, Australia, Siam and Malay --the last country producingabout ten times the quantity raised in Cornwall. ßIn additionto oresof tin and copperCornwall has yieldedcon- siderableamounts of argentiferous-galena,zinc ore and iron py- rites, arsenic, wolfram and of iron ores, ochre and umberø Smaller amountsof bismuth,antimony, nickel ore and uranium have beenyielded as by-productsor in a small way. GEOLOGY. GENERAL GEOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF CORNWALL. With the exceptiono,f a few undeterm{nedpoints the geology of Cornwallhas beenrecently worked out by the Geological Survey. The small key map (Fig. 28) showsthe general arrangementof the Palaeozoicsedimentary rocks of which the 366 DONALD •I. M•IC•ILISTER GEOLOGICALASPECT OF LODES OF CORNWALL 367 regionis composedtogether with the igneousmasses which were intrudedat differentperiods during the disturbanceswhich have upheaved,folded and cleavedthem. The sedimentaryrocks of thewestern part of the region,south of an east and west line situated north of Truro, are of Lower Palaeozoicage as determinedby trilobitesin the regionsouth of St. Austell,and consistof argillaceousslates of purplishand green color with fine sandstones.The rocksare thoroughly cleaved,folded and overthrust,and contain interbeddedquartz lenticles,and in thosebeds which consistof alternatelyhard sandyand soft shalybands there is crush-brecciaor pseudo- conglomeraticstructure due to the fracturingof the harderbands which under pressurebecame crushed into lenticularfragments separatedby softer argillaceousmaterial. The Lower Palaeo- zoicsh•.ve been separated into five subdivisionsnot indicatedon the map. These rockshave a strike of E. 3øo N. and are sup- posedto have as a wholean anticlinalarrangement. • The sedimentaryrocks of central and' east Cornwall are mainly of Devonian age and consistof shales,sandy beds, grits and calcareousbands with an east-and-weststrike. The series is much folded and cleaved, the Lower Devonian rocks occurringon the south,and the Middle and Upper on the north. In Watergate Bay, north of Newquay, the sandy and argil- laceousLower Old Red seriesis seento occupythe axis of an anticline,the overlyingLower Devonianbeds occurring on both the north and south side of that feature. A similar anticlinal structureis discoverablein the Upper Devonianseries in the dis- trict on the west of Kit Hill in East Cornwall. The Carboniferousrocks of the region compriseboth the Upper and Lower Divisions. The Lower Carboniferousshales and radiolariancherts, as well as the Upper Devonianshales, are overlain unconformablyby the Upper Carboniferousplant- bearinggrits andshales. XThe discoveryof Devonianconglomerates near the Helford river just• north of the Lizard serpentineappears to confirm this suppositionsince, according to Mr. J. B. Hill, they are correlatable with the Devonian shales and sandstones north of Truro. 368 DONALD A. MACALISTER The igneousrocks of the region comprisethe greenstones, lavas and schalsteins,granites, quartz porphyriesand mica traps. Under the term greenstoneare includeda seriesof pre-granitic basic intrusions comprising diabases,proterobases, porphyrite and epidiorite, most of which have been shearedand more or less altered, particularly near the granite. The lavas are typically representedby spilite---fine-ffrainedrocks belonging, accordingto Dr. J. S. Flett, to the Essexitegroup and charac- terized by exceptionalamounts of albite feldspar. The schal- steins occur in patchesin both the Upper Devonian and Car- boniferous rocks of East Cornwall. The igneousrocks of Post-Carboniferousage do not as a rule show any foliation or shearingsince they were intruded,only at the close of, and as a relief to the great Post-Carboniferous movementsto which the folding and cleavageof the Palaeozoic sedimentsare due. The most important of these are the five granite intrusionsshown in the figure, togetherwith their fine- grained hypabyssaltypes, the elvans or quartz-porphyrydykes and the comparativelyrare mica traps or minettes. STRATIGRAPHICAL TABLE. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS. Upper ? Culm grits and shales Middle CARBONIFEROUS Lower Culm shales and radiolarian cherts. Upper, Middle and Lower Devoniangrits, calcareous slates and shales DEVONIAN Lower Old Red shalesand fine sandybeds (Dartmouth Beds) GorvanHaven beds UPPERSILURIAN ( Wenlock) Veryanslates, sandy beds and quartzitesand thin limestonesand ORDOVICIAN cherts Portscathoslatesandsandstones - Falmouth slates CAMBRIAN ? Mylor slate•and Dodman(?) Phyllites ................................. [1 ............. II - - - r I Iii I II ..... I GEOLOGICALASPECT OF LODES OF CORNWALL 369 IGNEOUS ROCKS. Granite Quartzporphyry (EIvan) LATE OR POST-CARBONIFEROUS Mica trap Tuffs and lavas CONTEMPORANEOUS CARBONIFEROUS Greenstones UPPER AND MIDDLE Pillow Lavas and Schalsteins. Greenstones DEVONIAN Pillow Lavas Greenstone(hypabyssal) OLDER PALAEOZOIC Gabbro Serpentineof the Lizard, with granuliteintrusions It is with thesegranite masses that the mineralwealth of the west o.f
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