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HISTORIOGRAPHY (From the Academic Year 2016-17)

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HISTORIOGRAPHY (From the Academic Year 2016-17) MANONMANIAM SUNDARANAR UNIVERSITY DIRECTORATE OF DISTANCE & CONTINUING EDUCATION TIRUNELVELI 627012, TAMIL NADU M.A. HISTORY - I YEAR DKH12 - HISTORIOGRAPHY (From the academic year 2016-17) Most Student friendly University - Strive to Study and Learn to Excel For more information visit: http://www.msuniv.ac.in M.A. HISTORY - I YEAR DKH12 : HISTORIOGRAPHY SYLLABUS Unit – I Concepts of History : Meaning of History – Definition – Scope – Arts or Science – Varieties of History and allied subjects – Uses of History – Lessons of History – Abuses of History. Causation and Change : Nature of Causation – Role of Individuals – Does History Repeat Itself? – Concept of Progress. Unit – II History of Historical Writing : Ancient Greece : Herodotus, Thucydides, Xenophon, Polybius – Characters of Greek Historiography. Ancient Rome : Livy, Tacitus, Character of Rome Historiography Christian Church : Eusebius, St. Augustine – Contributions made by the church. Modern Europe : Renaissance – Reformation – Cartesianism, Anticartesianism – Enlightenment – Romantic Idealism – Utilatarianism – Positivism and Scientific Socialism. Unit – III Western Historians : Machiavelli, Montesquieu, Vico, Gibbon, Kant, Hegel, J.S. Mill, Comte, Marx, Ranke, Spengler, Croce, Beard, Trevelyan, Toynbee. Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli. 1 Eastern Tradition : Chinese Historical Writing – Arab Historical Writing – Indian Historical Writing – Kalhana, Alberuni, Barani, Abdul Fazi, JadunathSarkar, NilakantaSastri. Unit – IV Theory of History : Philosophy of History : Theological interpretation – Secular interpretation – Stages, Agent and Laws. Historical Determinism : Free – Will – Historicism – Relativism – Dialectical – Materialism. Research Methodology : Selection of Topic for Research – Sources for Historical Writing. Unit – V Sources of the History of India of Ancient, Medieval and Modern Periods. Objectivity in Historical Writing – Historical Methods : Heuristics, Criticism, Synthesis and Exposition – Documentation. Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli. 2 Definition : History cannot be easily defined. There is no agreed definition among historians. They expressed conflicting views regarding the nature, significance and value of history. But each definition explains some of the features and natures of history, but not the whole because history has been approached from many different points of view it has received more varied definitions than even the novel. It is true, the interpretations of the available materials by Herodotus, Thucydides, Livy, Kalhana, Gibbon, Spengler, Toynbee and Will Durant have taken the shape of different „Histories‟. The Greeks were the earliest to give a rational meaning of the word „history‟. In fact the term history itself is derived from the Greek word „istoria‟ which means enquiry, research, exploration, information or learning. The German equivalent of the word history is „geschichte‟, which means an intelligent and intelligible narration of past events. The Arabic word „tarikh‟ stands for chronology. The Sanskrit word itihasa refers to legend. “History is the study of man‟s struggle through the ages against nature and the elements, against the wild beasts and the jungle and last and most difficult of all, against some of his own kind who have tried to keep him down and to exploit them for their own benefit”. “History is a significant record of events of the past; it is a meaningful story of mankind depicting the details of what happened to man and why it happened”. “History mirrors to us the past as through it were present”. History is just knowledge of the past as it really happened. Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli. 3 Herodotus titled his work a “History of the Persian War” Geschichts, The German word stands for event, and the Arabic term „tarikh‟ refers to dates. The Sanskrit term itihasa and „Charitra‟ mean long tale or legend and the biography of greatmen or a survey of events respectively. The Greeks of the fifth century B.C. played an important role in shaping the future course of history. They developed reasoned approach to the past. They critically pursued the originality, veracity and authenticity of materials and left behind them a continuous story or tale of their successes and failures. They developed in them the ability to analyse the causes, narrate the course and examine the consequences. This search for truth or inquiry for acquiring new facts made them leave behind a cogent, coherent and continuous account of them. Both Herodotus and Thucydides applied this method of investigation to arrive at conclusions. This historical mindedness and the spirit of further inquiry of the scope of history have resulted in various definitions down the years. St. Augustine discovered spiritual meaning in history. It declared the political philosophy that God ruled human affairs and it put God in history. Aristotle (384 – 322 B.C) another Greek thinker of classical antiquity suggests that “history is an account of the unchanging past”. E.H. Carr, the admired author of What is History? Defines history as “a continuous process of interaction between the historian and his facts, an unending dialogue between the present and the past”. Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli. 4 G.J. Renier, the dauntless Dutch historian, after surveying several definitions of history ventures his own. According to him history is “the story of the experiences of men living in civilized societies”. According to A.L. Rowse, “History is essentially the record of the life of men in their geographical and their physical environment”. According to Thomas Carlyle, “History is the essence of innumerable biographies” a record of human accomplishments, particularly of Great men, Warriors, rulers, artists or prophets. G.W.F. Hegel, the German Idealist philosopher, envisaged history as a progressive realization of the World Spirit, a non material phenomenon, which he also termed as Absolute or Universal Idea. Karl Marx, the great socialist thinker, visualizes history as “the activity of men in pursuit of their ends”. According to Lord Acton, “History is the unfolding story of human freedom”. Robin. G. Collingwood, a philosopher turned historian of England, has given a metaphysical twist to the idea of history by his famous dictum: “All history is the history of thought”. If we distill these varied view points, we get at a working definition particularly useful from the point of view of a practicing historian. The working definition takes three forms: i) History – as - events (res-gestae) Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli. 5 ii) History – as – records and iii) History – as – reflective thought (historia rerum gestarum) Characteristics of History : Though doctors disagree on the definition of history, there is a large measure of agreement about the cardinal characteristics of history. Firstly, history is chronological. The time element is the backbone of history. The significant events of the past have been arranged in their time sequence and the intervals between them are fixed. Time is the hyphen that connects events, provides continuity to changes and furnishes sequence to them. Secondly, history is concerned with socially significant events and answers questions about human deeds which had affected the destiny of the people. Thirdly, history is humanistic. It is a narrative of human history. History is the record of human deeds and misdeeds, successes and failures. It endeavors to find the cause of historical events in the personality of human agents, not a divine agency. Human will freely chooses its own ends and it is limited by its own force. The power of the intellect apprehends the ends and works out means to their achievement. In other words, whatever happens in history happens as a direct result of human will. The fourth characteristic of history is that it proceeds by the interpretation of evidence based on documents. Past events become meaningful and attain contemporary relevance only through interpretation. Fifthly, history is special form of thought. It provides answers to questions about the nature, object, method and value of the study of the past. Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli. 6 Sixthly, history is a science. It is a science because it is a kind of inquiry seeking to find out facts. It Endeavour‟s to find out what is not known and to find things out. Lastly, history is autonomous. It is an independent branch of study. It stands on its own credentials. It has developed its own concepts theories and methodology to collate and evaluate data and arrive at meaningful conclusions. Is History Science or Art? We have noted elsewhere that the term „history is derived from the Greek word „istoria‟ which means enquiry, research or exploration. Thucydides the ancient Greek historian is still recognized and honoured as the Father of Scientific History, since realized the hope of his predecessor Herodotus to achieve a scientific knowledge of past human actions. The dominant influence on Thucydides was the influence of Hippocratic medicine, which is evident in the former‟s description of the plague and his enquiry into the laws according to which the historic events happen. However, humanism, not scientific
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