COMMENTARY

§§1–5 Histiaeus arrives at . The Artaphrenes suspects him of dis- loyalty to Darius; he flees to , where the Chians suspect him of disloyalty to the Ionians. They arrest him, but he persuades them and then the Ionians that he is loyal to their cause. However he fails in a bid to return to ; he persuades the Lesbians to give him ships and men, and departs for .

The division between our books 5 and 6 almost certainly goes back to ending one papyrus roll with our 5.126 (Aristagoras’ death), and starting another one here (see p. 74). Although struc- turally §§1–5 continue his narrative of the Ionian revolt, they tell us nothing about it, because Histiaeus does nothing relevant. They derive from the folkloristic Histiaeus biography, which portrays him as an Odysseus-type hero who does nothing for the Ionians: see pp. 63–73, which should be read in conjunction with the commentary below. For the background to the revolt see pp. 37–52; Herodotus’ account of it in book 5 is summarised at pp. 52–4 and discussed at pp. 54–62.

1.1 ÉAristagÒrhw m°n nun ...ÑIstia›ow d° ...Histiaeus’ death con- cludes book 5 (5.124–6); irrespective of a new papyrus roll starting here, m°n nun also marks a transition in the narrative. The d° has the force of “meanwhile”, as at §§6, 94.1, and probably §26.1; so (e.g.) 4.205–5.1.1 for Megabazos in , and 5.116 for the three generals recovering parts of Asia Minor (pp. 54, 62). The problems of dating Histiaeus’ arrival in Sardis, probably in the second half of 498, and relating it to Aristagoras’ departure, are discussed in Appx 1 paras 5–7. Aristagoras probably left Miletus fairly soon after Histiaeus arrived in Sardis. memetim°now The form also occurs when Histiaeus gets Darius to release him, 5.108.1 (p. 67), and at 7.229; reduplication of metã is not found elsewhere; but it exists for katã and prÒ. Aristotle has four instances of pefroim¤asmai and one of peprooimism°non. It is next found in the Septuagint (kekatÆrantai or -am°now 4 times and pepronomeum°now once). The MSS variants reflect uncertainty over spelling the perfect passive participle of mey¤hmi (“release”) in its Ionic spelling with -t- for -y. 80 commentary e‡reto ...ı Ïparxow On the view taken here, this was no mere cour- tesy call; Histiaeus wanted to secure Artaphrenes’ help in getting back to Miletus, settling the revolt on the best terms possible: pp. 67–9. The text reads as if he saw him immediately on arrival in Sardis, but it is likely that he first spoke to Persian officials (ibid). “Satrap” in Herodotus is always Ïparxow, though it also covers a range of subordinate Persian commanders: Balcer (1988) 2–3; cf on OfibãreÛ, §33.3. Satrapy, satraph˝h, occurs at 1.192 and 3.89, but the earliest occurrence of satrãpaw is in Xenophon (in Persian, *x“ayrapà, Schmitt (1967) 131). For the satrap’s powers see on toÊtvn, §30.1. Artaphrenes was a brother of Darius: 5.25.1; Appx 5. Although so spelt in Herodotus, and in Aeschylus for the co-conspirator of Darius whom Herodotus spells Intaphrenes, the Persian, *Artafarna, “having justice as glory” (Schmitt 129) suggests that later writers who spelt it ÉArtaf°rnhw even when quoting Herodotus were more accu- rate (e.g. Suda sv épekorÊfou, from 5.73.2; sv Ípery°nti, from 5.32.1; so for his son (§§94.2, 119.1): DS 10.25.4; Plut Vit Aer 829a; Suda sv Dçtiw; Paus 1.32.6; and for other Persians, Thuc 4.50, DS 14.79.5.

1.2 tØn étreke¤hn In the biography, Artaphrenes has to know the “truth”, that Histiaeus had advised revolt and deceived Darius. Both the shaven head story, and the conversation with Darius as repre- sented, are factually doubtful, and would only circulate amongst later, as the biography developed: pp. 64–5, 65–7. But Artaphrenes could doubt Histiaeus’ bona fides for other reasons: as a Greek whom he did not trust, and a close relation of Aristagoras who had recently let him down over and was now promot- ing the revolt; possibly because Darius had doubts about Histiaeus and had forewarned Artaphrenes. On any view we may accept that Artaphrenes made clear that he would not help Histiaeus, and that his mistrust of him was apparent to the latter. tÚ ÍpÒdhma ¶rracaw ...The saying passed at least into literary col- lections of proverbs: Diogen 8.49, Aes Prov 17; in Apostol 16.81 Artaphrenes becomes king of the Persians and Histiaeus a Samian. Herodotus was fond of such expressions: e.g. in book 6, the razor’s edge of §11.2, rubbing out like a pine tree at §37.2, §piskuy¤zv in §84.3, and oÈ front‹w ÑIppokle¤d˙, §129.4 (generally, Lang (1984) 58–67). But he did not record énapariãzv in relation to §§132–5: see Appx 18 paras 1–2.