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Technical Paper No Technical Paper No. 382 Socioeconomic Patterns in Subsistence Salmon Fisheries: Historical and Contemporary Trends in Five Kuskokwim River Communities and Overview of the 2012 Season Edited by Hiroko Ikuta, Andrew R. Brenner, and Anna Godduhn October 2013 Alaska Department of Fish and Game Division of Subsistence Symbols and Abbreviations The following symbols and abbreviations, and others approved for the Système International d'Unités (SI), are used without definition in the reports by the Division of Subsistence. All others, including deviations from definitions listed below, are noted in the text at first mention, as well as in the titles or footnotes of tables, and in figure or figure captions. Weights and measures (metric) General Mathematics, statistics centimeter cm Alaska Administrative Code AAC all standard mathematical signs, symbols deciliter dL all commonly-accepted and abbreviations gram g abbreviations e.g., alternate hypothesis HA hectare ha Mr., Mrs., base of natural logarithm e kilogram kg AM, PM, etc. catch per unit effort CPUE kilometer km all commonly-accepted coefficient of variation CV liter L professional titles e.g., Dr., Ph.D., common test statistics (F, t, 2, etc.) meter m R.N., etc. confidence interval CI milliliter mL at @ correlation coefficient (multiple) R millimeter mm compass directions: correlation coefficient (simple) r east E covariance cov Weights and measures (English) north N degree (angular ) ° cubic feet per second ft3/s south S degrees of freedom df foot ft west W expected value E gallon gal copyright greater than > inch in corporate suffixes: greater than or equal to mile mi Company Co. harvest per unit effort HPUE nautical mile nmi Corporation Corp. less than < ounce oz Incorporated Inc. less than or equal to pound lb Limited Ltd. logarithm (natural) ln quart qt District of Columbia D.C. logarithm (base 10) log yard yd et alii (and others) et al. logarithm (specify base) log2, etc. et cetera (and so forth) etc. minute (angular) ' Time and temperature exempli gratia (for example) e.g. not significant NS day d Federal Information Code FIC null hypothesis HO degrees Celsius °C id est (that is) i.e. percent % degrees Fahrenheit °F latitude or longitude lat. or long. probability P degrees kelvin K monetary symbols (U.S.) $, ¢ probability of a type I error (rejection of the hour h months (tables and figures) first three null hypothesis when true) minute min letters (Jan,...,Dec) probability of a type II error (acceptance of second s registered trademark the null hypothesis when false) trademark second (angular) " Physics and chemistry United States (adjective) U.S. standard deviation SD all atomic symbols United States of America (noun) USA standard error SE alternating current AC U.S.C. United States Code variance ampere A U.S. state two-letter abbreviations population Var calorie cal (e.g., AK, WA) sample var direct current DC hertz Hz Measures (fisheries) horsepower hp fork length FL hydrogen ion activity (negative log of) pH mideye-to-fork MEF parts per million ppm mideye-to-tail-fork METF parts per thousand ppt, ‰ standard length SL volts V total length TL watts W TECHNICAL PAPER NO. 382 SOCIOECONOMIC PATTERNS IN SUBSISTENCE SALMON FISHERIES: HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY TRENDS IN FIVE KUSKOKWIM RIVER COMMUNITIES AND OVERVIEW OF THE 2012 SEASON. Edited by Hiroko Ikuta, Andrew R. Brenner, and Anna Godduhn Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Subsistence, Fairbanks Alaska Department of Fish and Game Division of Subsistence 1300 College Road, Fairbanks, AK 99701-1551 October 2013 The Division of Subsistence Technical Paper series was established in 1979 and represents the most complete collection of information about customary and traditional uses of fish and wildlife resources in Alaska. The papers cover all regions of the state. Some papers were written in response to specific fish and game management issues. Others provide detailed, basic information on the subsistence uses of particular communities which pertain to a large number of scientific and policy questions. Technical Paper series reports are available through the Alaska Resources Library and Information Services (ARLIS), the Alaska State Library and on the Internet: http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/sf/publications/. This publication has undergone editorial and professional review. Hiroko Ikuta, Andrew R. Brenner, and A. Godduhn, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Subsistence, 1300 College Road, Fairbanks, AK 99701-1551 This document should be cited as: Ikuta, H., A. R. Brenner, and A. Godduhn. 2013. Socioeconomic Patterns in Subsistence Salmon Fisheries: Historical and Contemporary Trends in Five Kuskokwim River Communities and Overview of the 2012 Season. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Subsistence Technical Paper No. 382, Fairbanks. The Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G) administers all programs and activities free from discrimination based on race, color, national origin, age, sex, religion, marital status, pregnancy, parenthood, or disability. The department administers all programs and activities in compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990, the Age Discrimination Act of 1975, and Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. If you believe you have been discriminated against in any program, activity, or facility please write: ADF&G ADA Coordinator, P.O. Box 115526, Juneau, AK, 99811-5526 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 4040 N. Fairfax Drive, MS 2042, Arlington, VA, 22203 Office of Equal Opportunity, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1849 C Street NW, MS 5230, Washington DC 20240 The department’s ADA Coordinator can be reached via phone at the following numbers: (VOICE) 907-465-6077, (Statewide Telecommunication Device for the Deaf) 1-800-478-3648, (Juneau TDD) 907-465-3646, or (FAX) 907-465-6078 For information on alternative formats and questions on this publication, please contact: ADF&G Division of Subsistence at http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=contacts.anchorage. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................................................... v LIST OF APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................................ vi ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................................... vii INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................................... 1 Background .................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Historical Subsistence Salmon Harvest ......................................................................................................................... 4 Regulatory Context of the Kuskokwim River Drainage ................................................................................................ 5 Recent Trend in Kuskokwim River Pacific Salmon Abundance ................................................................................... 6 Research Objectives ...................................................................................................................................................... 6 Relationships with Alaska Native Communities ........................................................................................................... 7 METHODS ................................................................................................................................................................... 9 Procedures ..................................................................................................................................................................... 9 Update for 2012 Chapter ............................................................................................................................................. 10 TUNTUTULIAK ....................................................................................................................................................... 11 Setting and context ...................................................................................................................................................... 11 Local research and respondent profile .................................................................................................................... 11 Historical background and natural environment ..................................................................................................... 11 Community fishing profile .......................................................................................................................................... 12 History of local fisheries ......................................................................................................................................... 12 Fishing practice ....................................................................................................................................................... 14 Gear .......................................................................................................................................................................
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