International Journal of Chemical Studies 2020; 8(2): 1513-1517

P-ISSN: 2349–8528 E-ISSN: 2321–4902 www.chemijournal.com Relationship and extent of contribution of profile IJCS 2020; 8(2): 1513-1517 © 2020 IJCS characteristics of turmeric growers towards their Received: 16-01-2020 Accepted: 18-02-2020 knowledge about improved cultivation practices in Belagavi, Mutteppa Chigadolli Ph. D Scholar, Department of Agricultural Extension, UAS, GKVK, Bengaluru, Karnataka, Mutteppa Chigadolli, Dr. B. Krishnamurthy and Dr. YN Shivalingaiah India DOI: https://doi.org/10.22271/chemi.2020.v8.i2w.8975 Dr. B. Krishnamurthy Professor, Department of Abstract Agricultural Extension, UAS, The study was conducted in of Karnataka. A total of 120 respondents were selected GKVK, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India randomly which includes 60 respondents from and taluks where production, productivity and area under turmeric was found maximum. The data collected from the respondents using structured Dr. YN Shivalingaiah interview schedule and was analyzed and tabulated using statistical tools like correlation and multiple Professor, Department of regression analysis. The findings of the study revealed that, the variables landholding, annual income, Agricultural Extension, UAS, risk orientation, farming experience, economic motivation and scientific orientation have significant GKVK, Bengaluru, Karnataka, relationship with the knowledge of turmeric growers at 5 percent level. The independent variables India education, extension contact, extension participation, market orientation, achievement motivation and innovativeness have significant relationship with knowledge level of turmeric growers at 1 percent level. Whereas the other profile characteristic variables viz. age, deferred gratification, and social participation were found non-significant. It also revealed that extent of contribution of profile characteristics towards the knowledge about improved cultivation practices by turmeric growers indicated that all the selected independent variables put together contributed about 79.99 (with R value 0.7999) percent variation in the

turmeric growers’ knowledge about improved turmeric cultivation practices which was explained by

fifteen independent variables. It was also noticed that out of fifteen independent variables only one variable is positive and significant at 5 percent level, six variables are found positive and significant at 1 percent level and eight variables are positive but non-significant contribution at either 5 or 1 percent.

Keywords: Turmeric growers, relationship, extent of contribution, knowledge, improved cultivation practices

Introduction

India is known as ‘Land of Spices’. India is the largest producer, consumer and exporter of spices in the world followed by China. India utilizes 90 percent of its production for domestic consumption. About 109 spices are notified all over world where India as single country grows 63 species among them. Share of spices in total agricultural export of India is about six percent. India’s share of world spice trade is about 45 to 50 percent by volume and 25 to 30

percent by value. In India turmeric is growing in as many as 25 states and among them Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Gujarat are the leading producers of turmeric. India had nearly 1.94 lakh hectares under cultivation of turmeric with a total production of 10.52 lakh tons during the year 2016-17. Telangana topped both in area and production with 50,000 hectares and 2,55,000 tons production during the year 2016-17 followed by Tamil Nadu in

area with 29,306 hectares and Andhra Pradesh in production with 134,122 tons. (Anonymous 2017) [2]. In Karnataka, turmeric was cultivated in an area of 14,994 hectares with a production of 76,490 tons during the year 2016-17. Belagavi district is second largest turmeric producing Corresponding Author: Mutteppa Chigadolli district with an area of 3,498 hectares and production of 33,861 tons of turmeric only after Ph. D Scholar, Department of Chamarajanagar district with an area of 8,230 hectares and production of 36,031 metric tons Agricultural Extension, UAS, turmeric. Mysuru (3,130 ha & 22,065 metric tons) Bagalkot (2,585 ha & 12,912 metric tons) GKVK, Bengaluru, Karnataka, districts stood in third and fourth rank both in area and production of turmeric in the state India during the year 2015-16. (Anonymous 2016) [1]. ~ 1513 ~ International Journal of Chemical Studies http://www.chemijournal.com

Innovations were adopted early and more rapidly by those Table 1: Overall Extent of Adoption of improved cultivation farmers who possess the attributes, listed by Rogers and practices by turmeric growers (N = 120)

Shoemaker (1971). Remaining farmers would follow them Turmeric growers Sl. No. Extent of adoption slowly based on their resource matrix and various other Number Percent parameters resulting in considerable time gap. Studying the 1 Low 24 20.00 relationship and extent of contribution of profile 2 Medium 57 47.50 characteristics of turmeric growers would certainly help to 3 High 39 32.50 plan, develop and execute the suitable extension strategies to Total 120 100.00 reach the slow adopters. Thus, reducing the time gap and Mean=52.51; Standard deviation=6.46 increasing the rate of adoption of improved practices. Thus, the study has been carried out with the specific objective to The relationship between knowledge of turmeric growers study the relationship and extent of contribution of profile of with the independent variables turmeric growers towards the adoption of improved Table 1 reveals that the variables landholding, annual income, cultivation practices in turmeric. risk orientation, farming experience, economic motivation and scientific orientation have significant relationship with the Methodology knowledge of turmeric growers at 5 percent level. The The existing study was conducted using the “Ex-post facto” independent variables education, extension contact, extension research design which was found suitable and appropriate for participation, market orientation, achievement motivation and this study as the phenomenon/event has already been occurred innovativeness have significant relationship with knowledge or happened. This research study was carried out in the level of turmeric growers at 1 percent level. Whereas the Belagavi district of Karnataka as it stands in the second other profile characteristic variables viz. age, deferred position in both area under turmeric and production of gratification, and social participation were found non- turmeric and first in productivity of turmeric. Among ten significant. taluks in Belagavi district Raibag and Gokak are the two leading taluks in both area and production of turmeric. Hence Age with Knowledge these two taluks are purposively selected for the study. From There was a non-significant relationship between age and each taluk three villages were selected based on maximum knowledge of turmeric growers regarding improved area under turmeric cultivation which were identified by cultivation practices as indicated in Table 1. This generalize consulting with the Raitha Sampark Kendras (RSKs). From that farmers of different age group have similar capacity to each village, 20 turmeric growing farmers were selected gain knowledge level regarding improved cultivation randomly for the study. Data collection was made through practices in turmeric. The knowledge level of younger and personal interview method using pre-tested interview middle-aged farmers was higher than old aged farmers. The schedule. Thus, the final sample comprises of 120 reason may be that, the old-aged farmer’s interest in respondents spread over in three different villages from each understanding and learning ability will be decreased hence the taluk. Mean, standard deviation, correlation and multiple result showed the non-significant relation and the above regression analysis were used for tabulation and analysis of findings were in conformity with findings of Chavan (2015) data. [3] and Naveen (2016) [12].

Results and Discussion Education with knowledge Overall adoption level of turmeric growers with respect to Table 1, showed positive (0.256) and significant relationship improved cultivation practices at 1 percent level of significance for education with the The Table 4.5 indicates the distribution of turmeric cultivators knowledge level of farmers about improved cultivation with respect to their overall adoption of improved turmeric practices in turmeric. Education helps in improving the cultivation practices shows that 47.50 percent of turmeric knowledge level of turmeric growers. Higher the education farmers were in medium level adoption, 32.50 percent of then better will be the discussions and interactions with turmeric farmers had high extent of adoption and it is also resource rich persons which helps to interpret in better way noticed that only 20.00 percent had low level adoption of and understand the worth of practices. It is well-known fact improved turmeric cultivation practices. that an educated individual will be in a better position to Nearly half of the turmeric farmers had medium extent of gather more information, better understanding capability and adoption of improved cultivation practices because of non- interpret even the complicated information related to availability of inputs timely whenever required like quality improved and new practices. Obviously, the acquisition and seed material, bio-fertilizers, non-availability of farm yard retention of recent practices knowledge is more among the manure etc. With respect to the integrated nutrient educated farmers and they became more receptive towards the management, pest and disease management and weed innovative things, compared to the illiterate farmers. The management more than half of turmeric growers were in findings were in conformity with research findings of Sakeer partial adoption category i.e., they were applying more than (2010) [13] and Chethan (2011) [4]. recommended quantities except farmyard manure and bio- fertilizers. When they were asked why they use more than Landholding with Knowledge recommended quantity, the reply is that if recommended There was a significant relationship between the knowledge quantities were applied then the expected yield will not come. and landholding of turmeric farmers at 5 percent level of Some of turmeric growers did not use the recommended significance. The probable reason for this kind of result may inputs provided by the private agencies due to high cost of be that farmers with big holdings will have more inputs. The findings of this study are in compliance with opportunities and potentialities to try and adopt the recent and research findings of Ganeshprasad (2006) [5] and Shalini improved practices in turmeric cultivation with the aim to get (2017) [14]. higher yield and to improve economic condition. As a result, ~ 1514 ~ International Journal of Chemical Studies http://www.chemijournal.com it is quite possible that farmers with bigger land holdings have percent level of significance because turmeric is high value keen interest to know about new farm practices and be more crop which motivated farmers to grow turmeric instead of receptive to such ideas, skills and other management factors, sugarcane in order fulfill their needs inspite of involvement of which intern on their adoption of post-harvest technologies in compound practices and high risk of pest and diseases in turmeric. This is substantiated by findings of Chavai et. al. turmeric which clearly shows the farmers motivation to get (2015) [3]. more and more yield. This is in compliance with the findings of Kumari et. al. (2017) [9]. Annual income with knowledge Further, Table 1, shown positively significant relation of Market orientation with knowledge knowledge level with annual income of turmeric growers and Market orientation is found positively significant at 1 percent their knowledge level about improved practices in turmeric level of significance with knowledge level of turmeric farmers cultivation with the value of 0.3120 at 5 percent level of about improved turmeric cultivation practices. This is because significance. Mainly may be due to the reason that the high farmers recognized the importance of grading, processing, family annual income provides enormous opportunities for colouring and transporting the produce to far Sangli market to repeated exposure of turmeric growers to new technology and get higher prices to their produce which clearly shows that motivates them to gain more and more knowledge about latest market orientation has significant relation in knowing the technologies. Hence, those farmers who had higher family improved practices in turmeric crop. The finding is in income had exhibited higher knowledge level. The results of accordance with results of Shivani (2015) [15] and Naveen the present study are in conformation with the findings of (2016) [12] who found significant relation of market orientation [4] [3] Chethan (2011) and Chavai et. al. (2015) where annual with farmers knowledge level. income was positively related to knowledge level of respondents. Farming experience with knowledge

Extension contact with knowledge Farming experience of turmeric growers had positively Table 1 revealed that extension contact had significant significant relation with the knowledge of turmeric farmers relation with knowledge level of turmeric farmers about because the more experienced people compare the results of improved cultivation practices. The likely reason might be their traditional practices with the modern and innovative that, turmeric growers consulted horticulture officers, practices which are cost effective, time saving and reduces assistant horticulture officers and scientists from the dependency on labours. In return it motivated the experienced Rani Chennamma College of Horticulture (KRCCOH), farmer’s eagerness to know more and more improved practices than young farmers. The results are in for the improved and recent information regarding [7] the improved turmeric cultivation practices. The findings correspondence with the finding of Gungadi (2011) and [12] were in line with the findings reported by Chetan (2011) [4] Naveen (2016) who revealed significant relation with where extension contact affected the knowledge level of knowledge level. respondents. Social participation with knowledge Extension participation with knowledge Social participation of turmeric farmers is non-significant It is obvious that turmeric farmers with higher level of with knowledge level of turmeric growers because they had extension participation are more favorably pre-disposed to very poor participation in social organisations like acquire more information, to know about the improved panchayats, cooperatives, self-help groups, farmers cultivation practices in turmeric by exposure of farmers organisations, youth forums etc., which might be reason for through field days, discussions with progressive farmers, the non-significant relationship with knowledge level of Krishi mela, field trips etc. During the course of interaction turmeric growers. This result is in contrast to the results of and discussion with extension personnel, the turmeric Shivani (2015) [15] and Naveen (2016) [12]. growing farmers exposed themselves to many latest and improved turmeric cultivation practices. Thus, positive and Table 2: Relationship between independent variables and knowledge of turmeric growers (N=120) significant relationship between extension participation and knowledge of turmeric growers had observed in this study at 1 Sl. No. Characteristics Correlation Coefficient (r) percent level of significance. The findings are in relation with 1 Age 0.0410 NS [4] findings of Chetan (2011) who observed the significant 2 Education 0.3111** relation with knowledge of vermi-compost making farmers. 3 Land holding 0.2210*

Risk orientation with knowledge 4 Annual income 0.1990* The positive and significant relationship between risk 5 Extension contact 0.743** orientation and knowledge level of turmeric growers about 6 Extension participation 0.5500** improved cultivation practices is observed at 1 percent level 7 Risk orientation 0.3136** of significance. Turmeric is high value crop which requires to 8 Achievement motivation 0.2999** know about the improved innovations which can be practiced 9 Market orientation 0.3350** and adopted in order to tackle the various problems facing in 10 Farming experience 0.2002* NS traditional practices. The findings are substantiated by the 11 Social participation 0.0967 findings of Shivani (2015) [15] and Naveen (2016) [12] who 12 Economic motivation 0.2261* found the significant relationship of risk orientation with 13 Innovativeness 0.3390** knowledge level of farmers. 14 Deferred gratification 0.1520 NS 15 Scientific orientation 0.2462* Achievement motivation with knowledge *= Significant@5% level **=Significant @1% level NS=Non- Achievement motivation was found to had found positively significant significant relationship with knowledge level of farmers at 1 ~ 1515 ~ International Journal of Chemical Studies http://www.chemijournal.com

Economic motivation with knowledge is in contrast to the findings of Khalanche & Gaikwad (2008) Table 1 revealed the positive and significant relationship [8] where she found positively significant relation with tomato between economic motivation and knowledge of turmeric growers’ knowledge. growers about improved turmeric cultivation practices at 5 percent level of significance. The reason might be that Extent of contribution of independent variables to the motivation to achieve more and reap higher profit will knowledge of farmers about improved cultivation naturally force the turmeric growers to know more about practices in turmeric profitable practices to maximize profit. The results are in Table 3 indicates the extent of contribution of profile agreement with the findings of Melkeri & Syed (2018) [11] and characteristics towards the knowledge about improved Gopi et.al. (2017) [6] who observed that economic motivation cultivation practices by turmeric growers computed through changed the knowledge level of respondents. multiple regression analysis. The table 3 indicates that, R value 0.7999 indicated that all the selected independent Innovativeness with knowledge variables put together contributed about 79.99 percent Table 1 showed positive and significant relationship with the variation in the turmeric growers’ knowledge about improved knowledge level of farmers about improved practices in cultivation practices which were explained by fifteen turmeric cultivation at 1 percent significance level. The independent variables. After analyzing the 15 variables, it was reason might be the farmers are interested in trying new ideas found that six variables namely education, extension contact, to get better yield, also to reduce the cost of cultivation and extension participation, market orientation, economic time saving. The result is in accordance with findings of orientation and innovativeness were found positively Shivani (2015) [15] found significant relationship with significant at 1 percent level, whereas only one variable knowledge level of respondents. achievement motivation was found significant at 5 percent level and remaining seven variables age, education, Deferred gratification with knowledge landholding, risk orientation, social participation, scientific Deferred gratification was found non-significant relationship orientation and deferred gratification were found non- with knowledge level of turmeric growers regarding improved significant but positive which means they were contributing in cultivation practices. This might be due to the reason that gaining the knowledge about improved cultivation practices farmers are not willing to postpone in adopting recent and but not at the 1 or 5 percent significance level. improved practices hence this kind of results is obtained. This

Table 3: Extent of contribution of independent variables to the knowledge of farmers about improved cultivation practices in turmeric (n = 120)

Sl No. Characteristics Regression Coefficient SE of regression coefficient ‘t’ Value 1 Age 0.0914 0.0652 1.40 NS 2 Education 0.5716 0.2121 2.69** 3 Land holding -0.0282 0.1261 0.12 NS 4 Annual income 0.4350 0.4169 1.04 NS 5 Extension contact 1.6183 0.1309 12.37** 6 Extension participation 0.0928 0.0261 3.50** 7 Risk orientation 0.2554 0.2624 0.97 NS 8 Achievement motivation -0.5785 0.2441 2.37* 9 Market orientation 0.7912 0.1490 5.31** 10 Farming experience -0.0212 0.0637 0.33 NS 11 Social participation 0.0574 0.0406 1.41 NS 12 Economic motivation 0.1554 0.5960 2.60** 13 Innovativeness 0.0779 0.0383 2.03** 14 Deferred gratification 0.0584 0.2088 0.28 NS 15 Scientific orientation 0.0271 0.1504 0.28 NS * Significant @ 5% level **Significant @ 1% level NS-Non-significant SE-standard error R2=0.7999

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