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The Kerguelen Plateau: Marine Ecosystem + Fisheries
THE KERGUELEN PLATEAU: MARINE ECOSYSTEM + FISHERIES Proceedings of the Second Symposium Kerguelen plateau Marine Ecosystems & Fisheries • SYMPOSIUM 2017 heardisland.antarctica.gov.au/research/kerguelen-plateau-symposium Important readjustments in the biomass and distribution of groundfish species in the northern part of the Kerguelen Plateau and Skiff Bank Guy Duhamel1, Clara Péron1, Romain Sinègre1, Charlotte Chazeau1, Nicolas Gasco1, Mélyne Hautecœur1, Alexis Martin1, Isabelle Durand2 and Romain Causse1 1 Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Département Adaptations du vivant, UMR 7208 BOREA (MNHN, CNRS, IRD, Sorbonne Université, UCB, UA), CP 26, 43 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France 2 Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Département Origines et Evolution, UMR 7159 LOCEAN (Sorbonne Université, IRD, CNRS, MNHN), CP 26, 43 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract The recent changes in the conservation status (establishment and extension of a marine reserve) and the long history of fishing in the Kerguelen Islands exclusive economic zone (EEZ) (Indian sector of the Southern Ocean) justified undertaking a fish biomass evaluation. This study analysed four groundfish biomass surveys (POKER 1–4) conducted from 2006 to 2017 across depths ranging from 100 to 1 000 m. Forty demersal species were recorded in total and density distributions of twenty presented. However, only seven species account for the majority of the biomass (96%). Total biomass was 250 000 tonnes during the first three surveys (POKER 1–3), and 400 000 tonnes for POKER 4 due to a high catch of marbled notothen (Notothenia rossii) and mackerel icefish (Champsocephalus gunnari) (accounting for 44% and 17% of the 400 000 tonnes biomass respectively). -
Seasonal and Annual Changes in Antarctic Fur Seal (Arctocephalus Gazella) Diet in the Area of Admiralty Bay, King George Island, South Shetland Islands
vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 171–184, 2006 Seasonal and annual changes in Antarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus gazella) diet in the area of Admiralty Bay, King George Island, South Shetland Islands Piotr CIAPUTA1 and Jacek SICIŃSKI2 1 Zakład Biologii Antarktyki, Polska Akademia Nauk, Ustrzycka 10, 02−141 Warszawa, Poland <[email protected]> 2 Zakład Biologii Polarnej i Oceanobiologii, Uniwersytet Łódzki, Banacha 12/16, 90−237 Łódź, Poland <[email protected]> Abstract: This study describes the seasonal and annual changes in the diet of non−breeding male Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella) through the analysis of faeces collected on shore during four summer seasons (1993/94–1996/97) in the area of Admiralty Bay (King George Island, South Shetlands). Krill was the most frequent prey, found in 88.3% of the 473 samples. Fish was present in 84.7% of the samples, cephalopods and penguins in 12.5% each. Of the 3832 isolated otoliths, 3737 were identified as belonging to 17 fish species. The most numerous species were: Gymnoscopelus nicholsi, Electrona antarctica, Chionodraco rastro− spinosus, Pleuragramma antarcticum,andNotolepis coatsi. In January, almost exclusively, were taken pelagic Myctophidae constituting up to 90% of the total consumed fish biomass. However, in February and March, the number of bentho−pelagic Channichthyidae and Noto− theniidae as well as pelagic Paralepididae increased significantly, up to 45% of the biomass. In April the biomass of Myctophidae increased again. The frequency of squid and penguin oc− currence was similar and low, but considering the greater individual body mass of penguins, their role as a food item may be much greater. -
Fall Feeding Aggregations of Fin Whales Off Elephant Island (Antarctica)
SC/64/SH9 Fall feeding aggregations of fin whales off Elephant Island (Antarctica) BURKHARDT, ELKE* AND LANFREDI, CATERINA ** * Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine research, Am Alten Hafen 26, 256678 Bremerhaven, Germany ** Politecnico di Milano, University of Technology, DIIAR Environmental Engineering Division Pza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy Abstract From 13 March to 09 April 2012 Germany conducted a fisheries survey on board RV Polarstern in the Scotia Sea (Elephant Island - South Shetland Island - Joinville Island area) under the auspices of CCAMLR. During this expedition, ANT-XXVIII/4, an opportunistic marine mammal survey was carried out. Data were collected for 26 days along the externally preset cruise track, resulting in 295 hrs on effort. Within the study area 248 sightings were collected, including three different species of baleen whales, fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus), humpback whale ( Megaptera novaeangliae ), and Antarctic minke whale (Balaenoptera bonaerensis ) and one toothed whale species, killer whale ( Orcinus orca ). More than 62% of the sightings recorded were fin whales (155 sightings) which were mainly related to the Elephant Island area (116 sightings). Usual group sizes of the total fin whale sightings ranged from one to five individuals, also including young animals associated with adults during some encounters. Larger groups of more than 20 whales, and on two occasions more than 100 individuals, were observed as well. These large pods of fin whales were observed feeding in shallow waters (< 300 m) on the north-western shelf off Elephant Island, concordant with large aggregations of Antarctic krill ( Euphausia superba ). This observation suggests that Elephant Island constitutes an important feeding area for fin whales in early austral fall, with possible implications regarding the regulation of (krill) fisheries in this area. -
Marine Ecology Progress Series 502:281
Vol. 502: 281–294, 2014 MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Published April 15 doi: 10.3354/meps10709 Mar Ecol Prog Ser Foraging behaviour of southern elephant seals over the Kerguelen Plateau Malcolm O’Toole1,*, Mark A. Hindell1, Jean-Benoir Charrassin2, Christophe Guinet3 1Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7001, Australia 2Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris 75231, France 3Marine Predator Department, Centre Biologique de Chize, Villiers en Bois 79360, France ABSTRACT: A total of 79 (37 juvenile male, 42 adult female) southern elephant seals Mirounga leonina from the Kerguelen Islands were tracked between 2004 and 2009. Area-restricted search patterns and dive behaviour were established from location data gathered by CTD satellite- relayed data loggers. At-sea movements of the seals demonstrated that >40% of the juvenile ele- phant seal population tagged use the Kerguelen Plateau during the austral winter. Search activity increased where temperature at 200 m depth was lower, when closer to the shelf break, and, to a lesser extent, where sea-surface height anomalies were higher. However, while this model explained the observed data (F1,242 = 88.23, p < 0.0001), bootstrap analysis revealed poor predic- tive capacity (r2 = 0.264). There appears to be potential overlap between the seals and commercial fishing operations in the region. This study may therefore support ecosystem-based fisheries man- agement of the region, with the aim of maintaining ecological integrity of the shelf. KEY WORDS: Diving behaviour · 3-dimensional utilisation · Shelf break · Temperature · Sea-surface height · Fisheries management Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher INTRODUCTION cally indicated by reduced transit speed and in - creased turning frequency within a given area and is Quantifying animal movement provides informa- often indicative of foraging activity (e.g. -
Microsatellite Markers for the Notothenioid Fish Lepidonotothen
Papetti et al. BMC Res Notes (2016) 9:238 DOI 10.1186/s13104-016-2039-x BMC Research Notes SHORT REPORT Open Access Microsatellite markers for the notothenioid fish Lepidonotothen nudifrons and two congeneric species Chiara Papetti1*, Lars Harms1, Jutta Jürgens1, Tina Sandersfeld1,2, Nils Koschnick1, Heidrun Sigrid Windisch1,3, Rainer Knust1, Hans‑Otto Pörtner1 and Magnus Lucassen1 Abstract Background: Loss of genetic variability due to environmental changes, limitation of gene flow between pools of individuals or putative selective pressure at specific markers, were previously documented for Antarctic notothenioid fish species. However, so far no studies were performed for the Gaudy notothen Lepidonotothen nudifrons. Starting from a species-specific spleen transcriptome library, we aimed at isolating polymorphic microsatellites (Type I; i.e. derived from coding sequences) suitable to quantify the genetic variability in this species, and additionally to assess the population genetic structure and demography in nototheniids. Results: We selected 43,269 transcripts resulting from a MiSeq sequencer run, out of which we developed 19 primer pairs for sequences containing microsatellite repeats. Sixteen loci were successfully amplified in L. nudifrons. Eleven microsatellites were polymorphic and allele numbers per locus ranged from 2 to 17. In addition, we amplified loci identified from L. nudifrons in two other congeneric species (L. squamifrons and L. larseni). Thirteen loci were highly transferable to the two congeneric species. Differences in polymorphism among species were detected. Conclusions: Starting from a transcriptome of a non-model organism, we were able to identify promising polymor‑ phic nuclear markers that are easily transferable to other closely related species. These markers can be a key instru‑ ment to monitor the genetic structure of the three Lepidonotothen species if genotyped in larger population samples. -
Age Determination in the Icefish Pseudochaenichthys Georgianus (Channichthyidae) Based on Multiple Methods Using Otoliths
Vol. 30: 1–18, 2021 AQUATIC BIOLOGY Published January 14 https://doi.org/10.3354/ab00736 Aquat Biol OPEN ACCESS Age determination in the icefish Pseudochaenichthys georgianus (Channichthyidae) based on multiple methods using otoliths Ryszard Traczyk1, Victor Benno Meyer-Rochow2,3,*, Robert M. Hughes4,5 1University of Gdańsk, Department of Oceanography and Geography, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland 2Department of Ecology and Genetics, Oulu University, 90140 Oulu, Finland 3Agricultural Science and Technology Research Institute, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea 4Amnis Opes Institute, Corvallis, Oregon 97333, USA 5Department of Fisheries & Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA ABSTRACT: Aging Antarctic icefish is difficult because of their lack of scales and poorly calcified bones. Icefish ages must therefore be estimated from otoliths. We describe a method of reading daily micro-increments in connection with shape, size and mass analyses of the otoliths of the South Georgia icefish Pseudochaenichthys georgianus. Changes in otolith morphology and mass correlate with fish size and age group. The otolith micro-increment analysis is capable of estab- lishing the age of an icefish by relating the daily micro-increment count to the life history of the fish. Micro-increment measurements and analyses are relatively simple to do by light and scan- ning electron microscopy and by using micro-densitometer and digitizing equipment. Drastic changes in the life history of an individual are reflected by measurable changes in its otolith micro- increment data as seen in our analyses of age groups 0−VI. The initial drastic change in daily micro-increment shapes and periodicities occur in connection with the hatching period of the ice- fish. -
Fitting Together the Evolutionary Puzzle Pieces of the Immunoglobulin T Gene from Antarctic Fishes
Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 27 November 2020 doi:10.20944/preprints202011.0685.v1 Article Fitting together the evolutionary puzzle pieces of the Immunoglobulin T gene from Antarctic fishes Alessia Ametrano1,2 Marco Gerdol3, Maria Vitale1,4, Samuele Greco3, Umberto Oreste1, Maria Rosaria Coscia1,* 1 Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology - National Research Council of Italy, 80131 Naples, Italy; [email protected] (A.A.); [email protected] (U.O.); [email protected] (M.R.C.) 2 Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 81100 Caserta, Italy; [email protected] (A.A.) 3 Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy; [email protected] (M.G.); [email protected] (S.G.) 1,4 Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy (Present address); [email protected] (M.V.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +0039 081 6132556 (M.R.C.) Abstract: Cryonotothenioidea is the main group of fishes that thrive in the extremely cold Antarctic environment, thanks to the acquisition of peculiar morphological, physiological and molecular adaptations. We have previously disclosed that IgM, the main immunoglobulin isotype in teleosts, display typical cold-adapted features. Recently, we have analyzed the gene encoding the heavy chain constant region (CH) of the IgT isotype from the Antarctic teleost Trematomus bernacchii (family Nototheniidae), characterized by the near-complete deletion of the CH2 domain. Here, we aimed to track the loss of the CH2 domain along notothenioid phylogeny and to identify its ancestral origins. -
ILLEGAL FISHING Which Fish Species Are at Highest Risk from Illegal and Unreported Fishing?
ILLEGAL FISHING Which fish species are at highest risk from illegal and unreported fishing? October 2015 CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 INTRODUCTION 4 METHODOLOGY 5 OVERALL FINDINGS 9 NOTES ON ESTIMATES OF IUU FISHING 13 Tunas 13 Sharks 14 The Mediterranean 14 US Imports 15 CONCLUSION 16 CITATIONS 17 OCEAN BASIN PROFILES APPENDIX 1: IUU Estimates for Species Groups and Ocean Regions APPENDIX 2: Estimates of IUU Risk for FAO Assessed Stocks APPENDIX 3: FAO Ocean Area Boundary Descriptions APPENDIX 4: 2014 U.S. Edible Imports of Wild-Caught Products APPENDIX 5: Overexploited Stocks Categorized as High Risk – U.S. Imported Products Possibly Derived from Stocks EXECUTIVE SUMMARY New analysis by World Wildlife Fund (WWF) finds that over 85 percent of global fish stocks can be considered at significant risk of Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated (IUU) fishing. This evaluation is based on the most recent comprehensive estimates of IUU fishing and includes the worlds’ major commercial stocks or species groups, such as all those that are regularly assessed by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Based on WWF’s findings, the majority of the stocks, 54 percent, are categorized as at high risk of IUU, with an additional 32 perent judged to be at moderate risk. Of the 567 stocks that were assessed, the findings show that 485 stocks fall into these two categories. More than half of the world’s most overexploited stocks are at the highest risk of IUU fishing. Examining IUU risk by location, the WWF analysis shows that in more than one-third of the world’s ocean basins as designated by the FAO, all of these stocks were at high or moderate risk of IUU fishing. -
Food and Feeding Ecology of the Neritic-Slope Forager Black-Browed Albatross and Its Relationships with Commercial Fisheries in Kerguelen Waters
MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Vol. 207: 183–199, 2000 Published November 22 Mar Ecol Prog Ser Food and feeding ecology of the neritic-slope forager black-browed albatross and its relationships with commercial fisheries in Kerguelen waters Yves Cherel*, Henri Weimerskirch, Colette Trouvé Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UPR 1934 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 79360 Villiers-en-Bois, France ABSTRACT: Food and feeding ecology of black-browed albatrosses Diomedea melanophrys rearing chicks was studied during 2 austral summers (1994 and 1995) at the Kerguelen Islands. Dietary analy- sis and satellite tracking were used to estimate potential interactions with commercial fisheries in the area. Fish comprised 73% by fresh mass of albatross diet; other significant food items were penguins (14%) and cephalopods (10%). Twenty-one species of fish (232 individuals) were identified and included mainly nototheniid and channichthyid species. The most important were Dissostichus elegi- noides (18.3% by reconstituted mass), Channichthys rhinoceratus (16.9%), Lepidonotothen squam- ifrons (11.6%), and to a lesser extent, Bathyraja sp. (4.5%) and Notothenia cyanobrancha (4.5%). The cephalopod diet was dominated by 3 taxa, the ommastrephid squids Todarodes sp. (7.6%) and Mar- tialia hyadesi (3.6%), and the octopus Benthoctopus thielei (2.4%). Satellite tracking indicated that during trips lasting 2 to 3 d, albatrosses foraged mainly over the outer shelf and inner shelf-break of the Kerguelen Archipelago. Birds moved to northern, eastern and southern waters, but never to the western Kerguelen shelf where there was a commercial longline fishery for D. eleginoides. Interac- tions with trawlers targetting D. -
Mitochondrial Phylogeny of Trematomid Fishes (Nototheniidae, Perciformes) and the Evolution of Antarctic Fish
MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION Vol. 5, No. 2, April, pp. 383±390, 1996 ARTICLE NO. 0033 Mitochondrial Phylogeny of Trematomid Fishes (Nototheniidae, Perciformes) and the Evolution of Antarctic Fish PETER A. RITCHIE,²,*,1,2 LUCA BARGELLONI,*,³ AXEL MEYER,*,§ JOHN A. TAYLOR,² JOHN A. MACDONALD,² AND DAVID M. LAMBERT²,2 ²School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand; *Department of Ecology and Evolution and §Program in Genetics, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5245; and ³Dipartimento di Biologia, Universita di Padova, Via Trieste 75, 35121 Padua, Italy Received November 22, 1994; revised June 2, 1995 there is evidence that this may have occurred about The subfamily of ®shes Trematominae is endemic to 12±14 million years ago (MYA) (Eastman, 1993; the subzero waters of Antarctica and is part of the Bargelloni et al., 1994). larger notothenioid radiation. Partial mitochondrial There may have been a suite of factors which allowed sequences from the 12S and 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) the notothenioids, in particular, to evolve to such domi- genes and a phylogeny for 10 trematomid species are nance in the Southern Oceans. Several authors have presented. As has been previously suggested, two taxa, suggested that speciation within the group could have Trematomus scotti and T. newnesi, do not appear to be been the result of large-scale disruptions in the Antarc- part of the main trematomid radiation. The genus Pa- tic ecosystem during the Miocene (Clarke, 1983). The gothenia is nested within the genus Trematomus and isostatic pressure from the accumulation of ice during has evolved a unique cyropelagic existence, an associ- the early Miocene (25±15 MYA) left the continental ation with pack ice. -
The Hemoglobins of Sub-Antarctic Fishes of the Suborder Notothenioidei
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Polar Science 4 (2010) 295e308 http://ees.elsevier.com/polar/ The hemoglobins of sub-Antarctic fishes of the suborder Notothenioidei Daniela Coppola a, Daniela Giordano a, Alessandro Vergara b, Lelio Mazzarella b, Guido di Prisco a, Cinzia Verde a, Roberta Russo a,* a Institute of Protein Biochemistry, CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, I-80131 Naples, Italy b Department of Chemistry, University of Naples ‘Federico II’, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cinthia, I-80126 Naples, Italy Received 16 December 2009; revised 19 April 2010; accepted 19 April 2010 Available online 12 May 2010 Abstract Fishes of the perciform suborder Notothenioidei provide an excellent opportunity for studying the evolution and functional importance of evolutionary adaptations to temperature. To understand the unique biochemical features of high-Antarctic noto- thenioids, it is important to improve our knowledge of these highly cold-adapted stenotherms with new information on their sub- Antarctic relatives. This paper focuses on the oxygen-transport system of two non-Antarctic species, Eleginops maclovinus and Bovichtus diac- anthus. Unlike most Antarctic notothenioids, the blood of E. maclovinus and B. diacanthus displays high hemoglobin (Hb) multiplicity. E. maclovinus, the sister group of Antarctic notothenioids, has one cathodal (Hb C) and two anodal components (Hb 1, Hb 2). B. diacanthus, one of the most northern notothenioids, has three major Hbs. The multiple Hbs may have been maintained as a response to temperature differences and fluctuations of temperate waters, much larger than in the Antarctic. -
1 Ainley.Pdf
55 MARINE ORNITHOLOGY Vol. 30 No. 2 2002 FORUM THE ROSS SEA, ANTARCTICA, WHERE ALL ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES STILL REMAIN FOR STUDY, BUT MAYBE NOT FOR LONG D.G. AINLEY H.T. Harvey & Associates, 3150 Almaden Expressway, Suite 145, San Jose, California 95118, USA ([email protected]) Received 29 October 2002, accepted 31 December 2002 SUMMARY AINLEY, D.G. 2002. The Ross Sea: where all ecosystem processes still remain for study, but maybe not for long. Marine Ornithology 30: 55–62. The Ross Sea is a well-defined embayment of Antarctica about the size of southern Europe, bounded by Victoria Land to the west, King Edward VII Peninsula, Marie Byrd Land to the east, the Ross Ice Shelf to the south, and the Pacific Sector of the Southern Ocean to the north. Its waters are composed of two related biotic systems: the Ross Sea Shelf Ecosystem (RSShelfE) and the Ross Sea Slope Ecosystem (RSSlopeE). The Ross Sea is off limits to mineral extraction, but pressures on its biological resources are growing. The economic value of the resources should be weighed against the value of the system as a unique scientific resource. The Ross Sea represents an unparal- leled natural laboratory in which the results of different fishery management strategies could be modeled in the context of short-term and decadal variation in biological populations, with these models applied throughout the Southern Ocean and elsewhere. The RSShelfE is the last Large Marine Ecosystem on Earth (except the Weddell Sea and, perhaps, Hudson Bay in the north of Canada) that has escaped direct anthropogenic alteration; the RSSlopeE, similar to all of Earth’s other marine ecosystems, has lost its large baleen whales but otherwise is intact.