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Tasmantid Guyots, the Age of the Tasman Basin, and Motion Between the Australia Plate and the Mantle

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Tasmantid Guyots, the Age of the Tasman Basin, and Motion Between the Australia Plate and the Mantle PETER R. VOGT U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office, Chesapeake Beach, Maryland 20732 JOHN R. CONOLLY Geology Department, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208 Tasmantid Guyots, the Age of the Tasman Basin, and Motion between the Australia Plate and the Mantle ABSTRACT sea-floor spreading some time after the Paleo- zoic. The data are too sketchy to be certain The age of the Tasman Sea basement can be about the Dampier Ridge, however, and it may roughly estimated from the 50 m.y. time con- be a line of seamounts similar to the others in stant associated with subsidence of sea floor the Tasman Basin. generated by the mid-oceanic ridge. Present All available magnetic profiles across the Tas- basement depths suggest Cretaceous age, as man Basin (Taylor and Brennan, 1969; Van does sediment thickness. It is further argued der Linden, 1969) have failed to reveal linea- that the Tasmantid Guyots, whose tops deepen tion patterns that might conclusively reflect systematically northward, were formed during spreading and geomagnetic reversals. Nor has Tertiary times by northward movement of the deep-drilling been attempted. Therefore, more Australia plate over a fixed magma source in the indirect evidence must be assembled, and this mantle. As Antarctica was also approximately is one object of our paper. Our other aim is to fixed with respect to the mantle, sea-floor 156 160 spreading between the two continents implies 24° S that the guyots increase in age at a rate of 5.6 yr/cm from south to north. Their northward deepening then yields an average subsidence rate of 18 m per m.y. for the Tasman basement on which the seamounts were extruded. This rate again yields a Cretaceous age for the base- ment. Great circles constructed normal to the Tas- mantid Seamount chain, and other probable volcanic lineaments reflecting movement of the Australia plate over mantle magma sources, pass near Ethiopia, not far from the Antarctica- Australia spreading pole. This result supports the hypothesis that the mantle sources are ap- proximately fixed with respect to Antarctica. INTRODUCTION Between New Zealand and Australia lies the Tasman Sea, whose western part is the 2,500 fm-deep Tasman Basin (Fig. 1). Both crustal structure (Officer, 1955; Van der Linden, 1967; Conolly, 1969a) and water depths sug- gest that the Tasman Basin is ordinary oceanic crust formed by sea-floor spreading. Van der Linden (1969) tentatively identified 40 the aseismic Dampier Ridge, situated approxi- 148 156 160 mately midway between the two chains of sea- Figure 1. Volcanic activity in the Tasman Sea area: mounts in the Tasman Sea, as a fossil spreading Seamounts (Conolly, 1969a) and outcrop of east Aus- axis exhibiting a symmetric magnetic signature. tralian Cenozoic volcanic rock provinces (Wallman and others, 1969). Dashed line suggests younging trend and This ridge supposedly developed when Aus- direction presumed due to movement of Australia plate tralia and New Zealand became separated by over mantle. Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 82, p. 2577-2584, 5 figs., September 1971 2577 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/82/9/2577/3417903/i0016-7606-82-9-2577.pdf by guest on 27 September 2021 2578 VOGT AND CONOLLY—GUYOTS AND AGE, TASMAN BASIN, AUSTRALIA explore the possibility that the north-south- The Tasmantid Guyots provide an independ- striking island chains and ridges of the Australia ent estimate for the age of the Tasman base- plate (of which the Tasman Sea is a part) reflect ment. Let us accept that long seamount chains the movement of that plate over stationary are caused by differential movement between magma sources in the mantle, according to the the lithosphere plate and the mantle below it hypotheses of Wilson (1965) and Morgan (Wilson, 1965; Morgan, 1971). The north- (1971). south trend of both seamount chains in the Tas- Two north-south seamount chains transect man Sea then implies a north to south or south the Tasman Sea (Fig. 1). In the east, the Lord to north movement of the Australia plate with Howe I chain is capped by coral reefs, but the respect to the underlying mantle. western chain, the Tasmantid Seamounts, in- In particular, because the Tasmantid Guyots cludes 9 guyots whose summits deepen rather deepen northward (Fig. 1), they must increase uniformly from north to south (Fig. 2). The age in age in that directien. That is, the deeper the of the seamounts is unknown; Miocene to Plio- guyot summit, the longer it has been subjected cene foraminiferal ooze dredged from some of to the subsidence of the basement on which it them suggests a minimum age of mid-Tertiary sits. We reject the notion that each guyot in- (Conolly, 1969a). dividually sinks into the plate, partly because Although neither the basin floor nor the sea- the larger ones would sink much faster than the mounts have been accurately dated, both may small ones, and such a correlation is not ob- be used to make independent order of magni- served. In either case, however, a northward tude age estimates that are consistent with sev- increase in guyot age is implied, and this in turn eral other clues. In the following discussion we means, using the Wilson-Morgan theory, that neglect the effect of eustatic sea-level changes the Australia plate is moving northward with and assume that inactive volcanic islands are respect to the underlying mantle (Fig. 4). eroded rather rapidly to the shape of a guyot. Such deduced northward movement is en- tirely consistent with the paleomagnetic and AGE AND SUBSIDENCE OF THE sea-floor spreading data accumulated by many TASMAN BASEMENT workers. McElhinney (1970) summarized this information, and concluded that Australia (and Oceanic basement is typically 2.5 km below hence the adjacent oceanic parts of the Aus- sea level when it is generated by spreading, and thereafter subsides exponentially with a half- Fm PRESENT SEA LEVEL M time of about 50 m.y. (Vogt and Ostenso, 0 0 1967; Sleep, 1970). The Tasman basement is presently 5 to 6 km below sea level (Van der 100 Linden, 1969) implying a total subsidence of 100 2.5 to 3.5 km. Any guyots of the same age as 200 the basement on which they stand must have shared this subsidence, their summits now be- 300 ing 2.5 to 3-5 km below sea level. By contrast O_ 200 400 the Tasmantid Guyots have subsided only 0.1 o to 0.5 km (Fig. 2). As Miocene is a minimum o 500 age of the guyots and seamounts, it follows that 300 the Tasman basement is substantially older than 600 this. This is consistent with the present depth (5 to 6 km) of the basement under the Tasman 700 basin, as deduced by the following reasoning: if 400 we take a depth of 7 km as the ultimate depth of oceanic basement, that is, when thermal equilibrium has been reached, then the expo- nential subsidence rule takes the form D = Km 0 200 600 1000 1400 7 —4.5e-t/5°, where D is basement depth in kilometers and t is age in millions of years. To Figure 2. Depths to tops of Tasmantid Guyots (Conolly, 1969a) projected on 156° E. meridian. North is sink from 2.5 to 5 or 6 km would have taken at left. Vertical length of bar indicates range of measured the Tasman basement approximately 40 to 70 depths. Straight line is a least-square fit calculated by m.y. (Fig. 3). Malcolm Galloway. Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/82/9/2577/3417903/i0016-7606-82-9-2577.pdf by guest on 27 September 2021 AGE AND SUBSIDENCE OF THE TASMAN BASIN 2579 ------------ -- ---------------- - - --- --- -------------------------------------- - ------------ -- ---- -- --------------- -- ------------------- - -- - - --------- - Figure 3. Schematic interpretation of guyot subsi- ary magma source in the mantle. Post-50 m.y. B.P. sea dence due to subsidence of Tasman sea floor. Guyots floor has been dated by LePichon and Heirtzler (1968) increase in age and summit depth northward as a result and Weissel and Hayes (1971). of northward movement of Australia plate over a station- tralia plate) moved northward away from a rela- ence of about 30 m.y. between the youngest tively fixed Antarctica during the Cenozoic. (Gascoyne Guyot) and the oldest (Recorder According to magnetic anomalies between Guyot). By extrapolating the straight line fit Australia and Antarctica, these continents sepa- (Fig. 1) to sea level, we predict that if there is rated about 50 m.y. B.P., the average spreading active volcanism along the chain, it occurs some half-rate since then having been about 2.8 300 km south of Gascoyne Guyot above the cm/yr (Weissel and Hayes, 1971). Thus, if An- supposed mantle source. Naturally, this source tarctica has not moved much with respect to the position is uncertain because present sea level mantle (McElhinney and Wellman, 1969; in not necessarily equal to its average value McElhinney, 1970), the Australian plate has over millions of years. Nevertheless, Gascoyne moved north at about 5.6 cm/yr over the Tas- Guyot cannot be extremely old, perhaps sev- man tid magma source. eral million years, and so we tentatively con- As the seamount chain is 1,400 km long, the clude from several lines of evidence that the mantle source hypothesis suggests an age differ- Tasmantid Seamount chain is mid- to upper Ter- tiary in age. MILLION YEARS B.P If we accept the concept of a Tasmantid 50 75 100 125 15O 175 20O magma source over which the Australia plate is riding at about 5.6 cm/yr, the rate of north- 57 ward deepening of the guyot tops (Fig.
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