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75 PART IV ASSESSMENT OF TRANSBOUNDARY RIVERS, LAKES AND GROUNDWATERS 76 | PART IV 77 77 CHAPTER 1: DRAINAGE BASINS OF THE WHITE SEA, BARENTS SEA AND KARA SEA 99 CHAPTER 2: DRAINAGE BASINS OF THE SEA OF OKHOTSK AND SEA OF JAPAN 107 CHAPTER 3: DRAINAGE BASIN OF THE ARAL SEA AND OTHER TRANSBOUNDARY WATERS IN CENTRAL ASIA 131 CHAPTER 4: DRAINAGE BASIN OF THE CASPIAN SEA 165 CHAPTER 5: DRAINAGE BASIN OF THE BLACK SEA 253 CHAPTER 6: DRAINAGE BASIN OF THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA 299 CHAPTER 7: DRAINAGE BASINS OF THE NORTH SEA AND EASTERN ATLANTIC 347 CHAPTER 8: DRAINAGE BASIN OF THE BALTIC SEA 77 CHAPTER 1 DRAINAGE BASINS OF THE WHITE SEA, BARENTS SEA AND KARA SEA This chapter deals with the assessment of transboundary rivers, lakes and groundwaters, as well as selected Ramsar Sites and other wetlands of transboundary importance, which are located in the basins of the White Sea, the Barents Sea and the Kara Sea. Assessed transboundary waters in the drainage basins of the White Sea, the Barents Sea and the Kara Sea Transboundary groundwaters Ramsar Sites/wetlands of Basin/sub-basin(s) Recipient Riparian countries Lakes in the basin within the basin transboundary importance Oulanka White Sea FI, RU Tuloma Kola Fjord > FI, RU Barents Sea Jakobselv Barents Sea NO, RU Grense Jakobselv (NO, RU) Paatsjoki/Pasvik Barents Sea FI, NO, RU Lake Inari Pasvikeskeren (NO, RU) Pasvik Nature Reserve (FI, NO, RU) Näätämö/Neiden Barents Sea FI, NO, RU Neiden (NO, FI) Teno/Tana Barents Sea FI, NO Anarjokka, Karasjok, Levajok-Valjok, Tana Nord (NO, FI) Yenisey Kara Sea MN, RU - Selenga Lake Baikal > MN, RU Angara > Yenisey > Kara Sea Ob Kara Sea CN, KZ, MN, RU - Irtysh/Ertis Ob CN, KZ, MN, RU Preirtysh (KZ, RU), Zaisk (CN, KZ) - - Tobol Irtysh KZ, RU North-Kazakhstan aquifer (KZ, RU) - - Ishim/Esil Irtysh KZ, RU Tobol-Ishim Forest-steppe ( KZ, RU) Long-term mean annual flow (km³) of rivers discharging to the White Sea, the Barents Sea and the Kara Sea River, Station, River, Station, Time series Time series Yenisey, Igarka, 583.305 Tobol, Lipovka, 1936-2003 1893-1984 26.811 Ob, Salekhard, Tuloma, Verkhenetuloms- 6.108 1930-2003 400.429 kiy Ges, 1934-2004 Irtysh, Hanti-Mansisk, Paatsjoki, Lake Inari outlet, 1974-1999 88.367 1949-2010 4.896 Selenga, Kabansk, 29.451 Ishim, Orekhovo, 2.565 1970-1997 1963-1999 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 Source: GRDC, Koblenz. km3 km3 78 | PART IV OULANKA RIVER BASIN1 TULOMA RIVER BASIN2 The basin of the 135-km long river Oulanka (67 km in the The basin of the river Tuloma is shared by Finland and the Russian Russian Federation) is shared by Finland and the Russian Fed- Federation. The Tuloma has two transboundary tributaries, the eration. The assessment covers the Oulanka River upstream of Lutto3 and Notta/Girvas, which flow to Lake Notozero (or Upper Lake Paanajärvi. Tuloma Reservoir) in the Russian Federation. The sub-basins of the Petcha and of Lower Tuloma are entirely in Russian territory. The Oulanka River originates in the municipality of Salla in The Tuloma flows from Lake Notozero to the Barents Sea through Finland. The Kuusinki River, a transboundary tributary origi- the Kola Fjord. nating in Finland, joins it not far from Lake Paanajärvi on the Basin of the Tuloma River Russian side. Country Area in the country (km2) Country’s share (%) Basin of the Oulanka River Finland 3 285 16 Country Area in the country (km2) Country’s share (%) Russian Federation 17 855 84 Finland 4 915 88 Total 21 140 Russian Federation 651 12 Sources: Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Scheme of complex use and protection of water resources, river Totala 5 566 basin Tuloma; OAO Scientific Research Institute of Hydraulics B.E. Vedeneeva, 2001. a The basin area is 5,566 km2 to Lake Paanajärvi. The Oulanka is part of the Koutajoki water system, with a total basin area of 18,800 km2 draining to the White Sea. Hydrology and hydrogeology Source: Finnish Environment Institute. In the Finnish part of the Tuloma basin, surface water resources are estimated to amount to 668.6 × 106 m3/year and groundwater Hydrology and hydrogeology resources to 5.99 × 106 m3/year, overall representing 2.698 × 106 3 In the Finnish part of the basin, surface water resources are m /capita/year. 6 3 estimated at 744 × 10 m /year (average for the years 1991 to There are two reservoirs in the Russian part of the Tuloma basin, 6 3 2005) and groundwater resources at 20.3 × 10 m /year, adding the Upper and Lower Tuloma reservoirs,4 which are used for hy- 6 3 3 up to a total of 764 × 10 m /year (or 132,000 m /capita/year). dropower generation and also to reduce impact from severe floods that occur frequently. The flow of the Oulanka is not regulated. Spring flooding is common. There are only small, insignificant aquifers (of type 3) in unin- habited wilderness areas in Finland’s eastern and northwest border Pressures, status and responses areas shared with the Russian Federation. Links to surface waters There is no significant human pressure in the Oulanka basin. are weak in general. The basin area is mainly covered by forests. Pressures, status and responses According to data from 2000 to 2007, the ecological state at the The basin area is mainly covered by forest, ranging from mixed Oulankajoki station (Finland) was evaluated as high. Chemical forest to tundra vegetation. Protected areas make up 8.2% of the water quality is also good. Water quantity and quality in the surface area of the Finnish part of the basin. In the territory of Oulanka are not monitored in the Russian Federation. the Russian Federation, protected areas include Lapland State Bio- sphere Reserve (278 ha) and four natural reserves of federal and Trends regional importance (total area 195 ha). The area hosts many rare The status of the river at the border section is expected to re- plant species. main high. In the Finnish part, the human influence and transboundary im- According to the Finnish Meteorological Institute, an average pact is negligible. annual temperature increase of 2.1-2.4 °C and an average pre- In the Russian part, flooding affects road traffic between the border cipitation increase by 7% are predicted for 2020-2049 compared and the Kola Peninsula almost every year. In the Russian Federa- to 1971-2000. The number of snow-covered days is predicted tion, energy generation as a pressure factor is assessed as widespread to decrease by 30% in 2071-2100, as compared to 1961-1990. but moderate. Five forestry districts, three agricultural enterprises The possibility of heavy rain floods even in summer time will and the Nerpa shipyard operate in the Russian part of the basin. increase, especially in small river systems. Groundwater level Animal husbandry, fur farms and greenhouses in Tuloma village, may increase in winter and decline in summer. as well as reindeer herding are activities with only local impact. In- Total water withdrawal and withdrawals by sector in the Tuloma Basin Total withdrawal Country Year ×106 m3/year Agricultural % Domestic % Industry % Energy % Other % Finland N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Russian Federation 2009 21.7a 0.4 79.5 20.1 b - a Withdrawal for consumptive uses only.The biggest water user is the water supply company Murmanskvodokanal, which takes 78.4% of the withdrawal. b Water withdrawal/diversion for electricity generation (non-comsumptive) is 15,137 × 106 m3/year at Upper Tuloma hydropower station, and 11,668 ×106 m3/year at Lower Tuloma hydropower station. 1 Based on information provided by Finland and the Russian Federation, and the First Assessment. 2 Based on information provided by Finland and the Russian Federation, and the First Assessment. 3 The river is also referred to as Lotta. The Tuloma belongs to the Teno-Näätämö-Paatsjoki River Basin District. 4 The Upper Tuloma Reservoir was built 1963–1965, with an installed capacity of 50 MW and a total volume of 11.52 × 109 m3 (effective volume 3.86 × 109 m3). The Lower Tuloma Reservoir was built in 1936 with an installed capacity of 228 MW and a total volume of 390 × 106 m3 (effective volume 37.2 × 106 m3). CHAPTER 1 DRAINAGE BASINS OF THE WHITE SEA, BARENTS SEA AND KARA SEA | 79 DISCHARGES, POPUlatioN AND laND coVER IN THE en OUlaNKA RIVER BASIN rd o fj a BARENTS Hammerfest n 1000 a Qav T SEA Qmax 404 100 Qmin (logarithmic scale) A Y ) -1 o W Vadsø s 70 3 R V 26 3 ar 24 O o angerfjorden n i 2 10 ge (m Te k N o j ö m v s l ä 3 t t ä e U ä N s Dischar 4 b i a i i 1 ) ) hk k k o o o jo k j j s a s i t r J ra aa ulanka ulanka om the a mouth a P (O (O ’s K n I Murmansk ki er jo riv en Lake ma 1 Oulankajok m Inari lo em 5 tta Tu o RU 4.3km fr L ojoki L Ival Verkhnetulomskoye D Reservoir 7 6 Jaurujoki Country information/other LandScanTM ta 6 5.8 N o N 5 25o A RUSSIAN Ramsar Site 4 Pasvik L F EDERA TIO N K 3 a n N da Lake la k opulation (in thousands) 2 s P Kovdozero hs I k O iy Zal u iv l 1 1 a 0.3 F nk a 0 Lake d Pyaozero nlan Fi Kilometres ederation The boundaries and names shown and the designations 050 100 150 used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.
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    water Article Observed Trends of Climate and River Discharge in Mongolia’s Selenga Sub-Basin of the Lake Baikal Basin Batsuren Dorjsuren 1,2 , Denghua Yan 1,3,4,*, Hao Wang 1,3,4, Sonomdagva Chonokhuu 2 , Altanbold Enkhbold 5, Xu Yiran 6, Abel Girma 1,7 , Mohammed Gedefaw 1,7 and Asaminew Abiyu 1 1 College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China; [email protected] (B.D.); [email protected] (H.W.); [email protected] (A.G.); [email protected] (M.G.); [email protected] (A.A.) 2 Department of Environment and Forest Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 210646, Mongolia; [email protected] 3 State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research (IWHR), Beijing 100038, China 4 Water Resources Department, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research (IWHR), Beijing 100038, China 5 Department of Geography, School of Art & Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 210646, Mongolia; [email protected] 6 School of Resources and Earth Science, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China; [email protected] 7 Department of Natural Resource Management, University of Gondar, Gondar 196, Ethiopia * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-10-68781976 Received: 11 September 2018; Accepted: 9 October 2018; Published: 12 October 2018 Abstract: Mongolia’s Selenga sub-basin of the Lake Baikal basin is spatially extensive, with pronounced environmental gradients driven primarily by precipitation and air temperature on broad scales. Therefore, it is an ideal region to examine the dynamics of the climate and the hydrological system.
  • Baikal Project 2012-2014 Results and Events Booklet.Pdf

    Baikal Project 2012-2014 Results and Events Booklet.Pdf

    Photo by Elena Chumak GEF: “The GEF unites 182 countries in partnership with international institutions, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and the private sector to address global environmental issues while supporting national sustainable development initiatives. Today the GEF is the largest public funder of projects to improve the global environment. An independently operating financial organization, the GEF provides grants for projects related to biodiversity, climate change, international waters, land degradation, the ozone layer, and persistent organic pollutants. Since 1991, GEF has achieved a strong track record with developing countries and countries with economies in transition, providing $9.2 billion in grants and leveraging $40 billion in co-financing for over 2,700 projects in over 168 countries. www.thegef.org” UNDP: “UNDP partners with people at all levels of society to help build nations that can withstand crisis, and drive and sustain the kind of growth that improves the quality of life for everyone. On the ground in 177 countries and territories, we offer global perspective and local insight to help empower lives and build resilient nations. www.undp.org” UNOPS: is an operational arm of the United Nations, helping a range of partners implement $1 billion worth of aid and development projects every year. UNOPS mission is to expand the capacity of the UN system and its partners to implement peacebuilding, humanitarian and development operations that matter for people in need. Photo by Elena Chumak Contents Project Achievements