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Oxygen As a Driver of Early Arthropod Micro-Benthos Evolution

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Oxygen As a Driver of Early Arthropod Micro-Benthos Evolution Oxygen as a Driver of Early Arthropod Micro-Benthos Evolution Mark Williams1*, Jean Vannier2, Laure Corbari3, Jean-Charles Massabuau4 1 Department of Geology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom, 2 UMR 5276 CNRS, Laboratoire de Ge´ologie de Lyon: Terre, Plane`tes, Environnement, Universite´ Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France, 3 UMR 7138 CNRS, Syste´matique, Adaptation, Evolution, Muse´um National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France, 4 UMR 5805-EPOC CNRS, Universite´ Bordeaux 1, Arcachon, France Abstract Background: We examine the physiological and lifestyle adaptations which facilitated the emergence of ostracods as the numerically dominant Phanerozoic bivalve arthropod micro-benthos. Methodology/Principal Findings: The PO2 of modern normoxic seawater is 21 kPa (air-equilibrated water), a level that would cause cellular damage if found in the tissues of ostracods and much other marine fauna. The PO2 of most aquatic breathers at the cellular level is much lower, between 1 and 3 kPa. Ostracods avoid oxygen toxicity by migrating to waters which are hypoxic, or by developing metabolisms which generate high consumption of O2. Interrogation of the Cambrian record of bivalve arthropod micro-benthos suggests a strong control on ecosystem evolution exerted by changing seawater O2 levels. The PO2 of air-equilibrated Cambrian-seawater is predicted to have varied between 10 and 30 kPa. Three groups of marine shelf-dwelling bivalve arthropods adopted different responses to Cambrian seawater O2. Bradoriida evolved cardiovascular systems that favoured colonization of oxygenated marine waters. Their biodiversity declined during intervals associated with black shale deposition and marine shelf anoxia and their diversity may also have been curtailed by elevated late Cambrian (Furongian) oxygen-levels that increased the PO2 gradient between seawater and bradoriid tissues. Phosphatocopida responded to Cambrian anoxia differently, reaching their peak during widespread seabed dysoxia of the SPICE event. They lacked a cardiovascular system and appear to have been adapted to seawater hypoxia. As latest Cambrian marine shelf waters became well oxygenated, phosphatocopids went extinct. Changing seawater oxygen-levels and the demise of much of the seabed bradoriid micro-benthos favoured a third group of arthropod micro-benthos, the ostracods. These animals adopted lifestyles that made them tolerant of changes in seawater O2. Ostracods became the numerically dominant arthropod micro-benthos of the Phanerozoic. Conclusions/Significance: Our work has implications from an evolutionary context for understanding how oxygen-level in marine ecosystems drives behaviour. Citation: Williams M, Vannier J, Corbari L, Massabuau J-C (2011) Oxygen as a Driver of Early Arthropod Micro-Benthos Evolution. PLoS ONE 6(12): e28183. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0028183 Editor: Anna Stepanova, Paleontological Institute of Russian Academy of Science, United States of America Received July 20, 2011; Accepted November 2, 2011; Published December 2, 2011 Copyright: ß 2011 Williams et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Funding: This study was supported by Agence Nationale de la Recherche [ANR] grant ORECO-BLAN06-3-136294 ‘RALI’ The Rise of Animal Life [http://www. agence-nationale-recherche.fr/Intl]. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. * E-mail: [email protected] Introduction independent of ambient PO2 ([4]; Figure 1). In mammalian tissues, the most frequently measured PO2 is also between 1 and 3 kPa [6]. Molecular, geochemical and fossil evidence suggests that the Massabuau [4,7] proposed that this widespread cellular oxygena- first animals (eumetazoans) appeared during the late Precambrian tion status using low oxygen level was a ‘memory’ of conditions that [1] when atmospheric PO2 was between 8 and 15 kPa [2] com- prevailed in the early stages of animal evolution when ambient pared to the modern 21 kPa, and the oceans were therefore less oxygen levels were lower. The postulate is that maintaining cellular oxygenated than present. Recent geochemical studies indicate that oxygenation at a very low level independent of the changes in atmospheric oxygen-levels increased during the late Precambrian, ambient oxygenation that occurred throughout the Phanerozoic to reach high levels by the late Cambrian, perhaps as high as seems to have been a vital constraint to most aquatic animals, and is 30 kPa for several million years during the Furongian [3]. important in all animals for avoiding oxygen toxicity that would Whereas the earliest animals must have developed physiologies damage cell membranes and cellular machinery. Gaseous diffusion that allowed them to respire in benthic or pelagic environments through the integument was probably sufficient for the smallest where oxygen was less abundant, those that developed in the later organisms relying on O2-metabolism to transport oxygen to their Cambrian had to cope with similar or higher than present oxygen tissues, providing there was a sufficient gradient between the levels. Today, the PO2 in the blood and tissues of water-breathing external medium and the tissues (PO2 in sea water .PO2 in tissues). aquatic animals (e.g. crustaceans, fish and molluscs; see [4,5]), This simple respiratory mode that requires no specialized organs is remarkably low, ranging between 1 and 3 kPa and is largely may also have been used by larger sheet-like Ediacaran organisms PLoS ONE | www.plosone.org 1 December 2011 | Volume 6 | Issue 12 | e28183 Oxygen and Early Arthropod Micro-Benthos Evolution [8] that possessed potentially large oxygen exchange surfaces (e.g. have responded to changes in oxygen level at the beginning of the rangeomorphs). But this respiratory mode has strong limitations by Palaeozoic Era. The three groups belong to the evolutionary history imposing a relatively small distance between sea-water and tissues of crustaceans sensu lato (see [10–14]. More precisely in this paper we and a low or sluggish metabolism. investigate environmental feedbacks caused by the spread of anoxia The transportation of oxygen to the tissues via a circulating fluid onto the marine shelf, and the rise of oxygen levels in seawater (hemolymph) and a cardiovascular system (heart and vessels; coupled to changes in seabed substrate that may have selected Figure 1) and the increase of exchange surfaces via gills are two against bradoriid and phosphatocopid arthropods, but ultimately key-innovations that opened enormous opportunities to animal favoured the development of an ostracod micro-benthos. life: that of combining anatomical complexity, larger size and Results higher metabolic rates. The development of a sophisticated respiratory and circulatory system is particularly well exemplified The temporal distribution of the bivalve arthropod micro- by arthropods. This major phylum in present-day ecosystems was benthos in the Cambrian is shown through Figures 3 and 4. Here already well represented in the early Cambrian marine fauna, we use the morphology of the three main groups coupled with both in biodiversity and numerical abundance [9], and provides lithofacies distribution to suggest the mode of life and respiratory one of the best examples to study how respiratory strategies function of the animals. Though their record from the Cambrian evolved in the Early Palaeozoic and how marine animals is contentious, the most detailed discussion concentrates on the responded to the variations of oxygen level. Indeed, exceptionally ostracods, for which physiological evidence from modern fauna is preserved biota show that early arthropods already possessed available and also because this is the only group that survived 500 sophisticated respiratory and circulatory systems as exemplified by million years of marine evolution to become a major Phanerozoic the development of gills in many groups (see Waptia fieldensis, component of the micro-benthos. Figure 2) and also integument hemolymph networks. Here we focus on three groups of Early Palaeozoic small bivalved Ostracods arthropods with a well-documented fossil record: the phosphatoco- These are small (millimetre-length) aquatic crustaceans with a pids, the bradoriids and the ostracods and examine how they may dorsally articulated bivalve carapace. The most numerically Figure 1. Respiration in water-breathers from simple gaseous diffusion (1) to ventilatory and circulatory convection (5). PwO2, PeO2, PcellO2,Pw9O2, PaO2, PvO2 correspond to the partial pressure of oxygen in water, in the extracellular medium, at cell level, within external chamber (e.g. branchial chamber), in arterial hemolymph, and in venous hemolymph. Today, the PO2 in the blood and tissues of water-breathing animals (see [4] for a review), is remarkably low, ranging between 1 and 3 kPa and is largely independent of ambient PO2. PcellO2 results from the equilibrium between O2 supply and O2 consumption (90% by mitochondria). PwO2.Pw9O2.PaO2.PeO2.PcellO2. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0028183.g001 PLoS ONE | www.plosone.org 2 December 2011 | Volume 6 | Issue 12 | e28183 Oxygen and Early Arthropod Micro-Benthos Evolution Figure 2. External respiratory features of Cambrian arthropods. A, B, Waptia
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