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„Die Integration Des Islams Durch Aktive Partizipation Muslimischer Minderheiten in Australien Und Kanada.“

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„Die Integration Des Islams Durch Aktive Partizipation Muslimischer Minderheiten in Australien Und Kanada.“ „Die Integration des Islams durch aktive Partizipation muslimischer Minderheiten in Australien und Kanada.“ Von der Philosophischen Fakultät der Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover zur Erlangung des Grades einer/eines Doktorin / Doktors der Philosophie (Dr. phil.) genehmigte Dissertation von Nina Gehring M.A. geboren am 19.06.1984 in Minden Erscheinungs- bzw. Druckjahr 2020 Prof. Dr. Dr. Peter Antes Referentin/Referent Prof. Dr. Mathias Bös Korreferentin/Korreferent 20.05.2019 Tag der Promotion 2 Deutsche Zusammenfassung Die pluralistischen Gesellschaften des Westens, die ihre Wurzeln in christlichen Ideen und Werten haben, sehen sich verstärkt mit wachsenden nichtchristlichen religiösen Minderheiten konfrontiert, die nicht bereit sind einen Teil ihrer Identität, ihre Religion, aufzugeben und die für ihr Recht auf freie Religionsausübung eintreten. Dies erzeugt besonders dann in der Gesellschaft ein erhöhtes Konfliktpotential, wenn die Religionsausübung für alle sichtbar und vor allem anders ist – wie beispielsweise bei den Muslimen. Der daraus entstehende Druck eine, für beide Seiten als erfolgreich anzusehende, Integration zu erreichen lastet gleichermaßen auf der Regierung und der religiösen Minderheit. Die vorliegende Arbeit geht daher der Frage nach, inwieweit die aktive politische und soziale Partizipation muslimischer Minderheiten für die Integration des Islams förderlich sein kann. Dazu wurde herausgearbeitet, welche Faktoren einen Einfluss auf den Integrationsprozess haben und wie hoch der Stellenwert einzelner Faktoren einzuschätzen ist. Dabei liegt das Augenmerk nicht nur auf den aktuellen Bemühungen, die unter den vorhandenen Rahmenbedingungen unternommen werden, sondern auch auf der Entstehung dieser Rahmenbedingungen. Dazu wurde die Entwicklung zweier europäischer Siedlerkolonien, Australien und Kanada, von den Anfängen der Kolonialzeit bis zu den heute ausgeprägten Nationalstaaten analysiert. Das Interesse der Arbeit liegt darin zu ergründen, wie sich die religiöse Landschaft beider Länder entwickelt hat, wodurch diese Entwicklung beeinflusst wurde und welchen Stellenwert die verschiedenen Religionen heute in den selbsterklärten multikulturellen Staaten haben. Insbesondere die Entwicklung und Verortung der islamischen Minderheiten in den Gesellschaften und die Frage nach der Integration von Muslimen in diesen Ländern wird im denkbar breitesten politischen und sozialen Rahmen ergründet. Ziel war es herauszustellen, welche Faktoren eine aktive Partizipation muslimischer Minderheiten ermöglichen und inwieweit sich dies auf eine erfolgreiche Integration des Islams auswirken kann, bzw. wo es noch Barrieren gibt, worin diese begründet liegen und welche Schritte unternommen werden können um diese zu beseitigen. Denn auch wenn sich viele Muslime als Individuen bereits durchaus als einen Teil der jeweiligen Gesellschaft verstehen, so kann in keiner der beiden multikulturellen Gesellschaften von einer erfolgreichen Integration des Islams gesprochen werden. Schlagwörter: Muslime, Islam, Integration, Australien, Kanada 3 English Summary The pluralistic societies of the west are still firmly rooted in Christian ideals and norms. As a result they are continuing to feel the pressure brought on by the growing number of non-Christian religious minorities. The minorities are not willing to give up on an important part of their identity: their religion, and are willing to fight for their right to free expression of their religious beliefs and practices. In some cases, for example in the case of the Muslim minorities, this expression can be very public, and very visible while at the same time very different from the existing norms. This can lead to a heightened potential for conflict between the minority and society, especially because both parties are under pressure to find a level of integration that is satisfactory to both sides. This thesis asked the question to what degree the integration of Islam is furthered by an active political and social participation from the Muslim minorities. To achieve this, it was necessary to first identify the factors that have an impact on the integration process and to then determine how high the significance of each factor actually is. Special attention was not only paid to the current efforts that are being made within the existing societal framework, but also to how those conditions emerged. The example analysed in this thesis is that of two European settler colonies, Australia and Canada, and their development from the beginnings of the colonial era to today's developed nation states. The main focus was on understanding how the religious landscape of both countries has developed, what influenced this development and where the various religions find their place in the self- proclaimed multicultural states of today. In particular, the rise and localization of Islamic minorities in society and the question of the integration of Muslims in these countries have been explored in the widest possible political and social context. The aim was to identify the factors that enable an active participation of Muslim minorities and analyse to what extent this can have an effect on the successful integration of Islam; to highlight where and why barriers still exist, and what steps can be taken to eliminate them. Because even though many Muslim individuals already understand themselves as part of the respective society, neither of the two multicultural societies can speak of a successful integration of Islam. Keywords: Muslims, Islam, Integration, Australia, Canada 4 Inhalt 1. Einleitende Überlegungen ............................................................................................................... 6 2. Methodisches Vorgehen ............................................................................................................... 24 3. Historische Entwicklungen ............................................................................................................ 28 3.1 Australien .................................................................................................................................... 28 3.1.1 Der Zeitraum 1788–1850 ..................................................................................................... 28 3.1.2 Der Zeitraum 1851–1900 ..................................................................................................... 43 Exkurs: Die Rolle der Religion bei der Gründung der australischen Föderation ........................... 60 3.1.3 Der Zeitraum 1902–1950 ..................................................................................................... 63 3.1.4 Der Zeitraum 1951–2000 ..................................................................................................... 87 3.1.5 Zusammenfassung: Australien ........................................................................................... 121 3.2 Kanada ....................................................................................................................................... 125 3.2.1 Der Zeitraum 1604–1763 ................................................................................................... 125 3.2.2 Der Zeitraum 1764–1867 ................................................................................................... 142 Exkurs: Die Rolle der Religion bei der Gründung des kanadischen Dominions .......................... 162 3.2.3 Der Zeitraum 1868–1950 ................................................................................................... 166 3.2.4 Der Zeitraum 1951–2000 ................................................................................................... 189 Exkurs: Die Rolle der Religion in der Verfassung Kanadas .......................................................... 193 3.2.5 Zusammenfassung: Kanada ................................................................................................ 215 4. Heute ........................................................................................................................................... 220 4.1 Der Zeitraum 2001–2016 in Australien ..................................................................................... 220 4.2 Kanada 2001–2016 .................................................................................................................... 264 5. Vergleich und Auswertung .......................................................................................................... 297 6. Interviews .................................................................................................................................... 319 7. Abschließende Schlussfolgerungen ............................................................................................. 338 8. Literaturverzeichnis ......................................................................................................................... 341 5 1. Einleitende Überlegungen Religiosität ist in den multikulturellen Gesellschaften des Westens1 für viele Menschen noch immer ein zentrales Thema, sei es weil sie selbst religiös sind oder weil sie sich mit der Religion ihrer Mitmenschen in Berührung kommen und sich mit ihr in irgendeiner Form auseinandersetzen müssen. Das stetige Wachstum der nichtchristlichen religiösen Minderheiten und der Druck, diese in die Gesellschaft des Aufnahmelandes zu integrieren, sorgen dafür, dass der Integrationsfrage in Zukunft immer mehr Bedeutung beizumessen sein wird. Besonders in den pluralistischen Gesellschaften
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