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Duff Green and the United States' Telegraph, 1826-1837 W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1981 Duff Green and the United States' telegraph, 1826-1837 Kenneth Laurence Smith College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Smith, Kenneth Laurence, "Duff Green and the United States' telegraph, 1826-1837" (1981). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539623723. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-s4xa-9r59 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This was produced from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure you of complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark it is an indication that the film inspector noticed either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, or duplicate copy. 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In all cases we have filmed the best available copy. University MicrOfilms International 300 N. ZEEB RD .. ANN ARBOR. Ml 48106 8205600 SMITH, KENNETH LAURENCE DUFF GREEN AND THE "UNITED STATES' TELEGRAPH" 1826- 1837 The College of William and Mary in Virginia PH.D. 1981 University Microfilms International 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106 Copyright 1982 by Smith, Kenneth Laurence All Rights Reserved DUFF GREEN AND THE UNITED STATES' TELEGRAPH 1826 - 1837 A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Department of History The College of William and Hary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Kenneth L. Smith 1981 APPROVAL SHEET This dissertation is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy ~c:/£Author Approved, April 1981 ', H. Cam Walker Department of Government College of William and Mary ii. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iv ABSTRACT •.. v INTRODUCTION ••• 2 CHAPTER I. FROM KENTUCKY TO MISSOURI TO WASHINGTON: THE EARLY CAREER OF DUFF GREEN . • . 13 CHAPTER II. DUFF GREEN AND THE TELEGRAPH: THE MANAGEMENT OF A NATIONAL PRESS IN JACKSONIAN AMERICA • • • 36 CHAPTER III. THE BIRTH OF THE TELEGRAPH AND THE CAMPAIGN OF 1828. • . ..• 80 CHAPTER IV. ADMINISTRATION EDITOR, 1829-1831 114 CHAPTER V. THE CALHOUN-VAN'BUREN RIVALRY AND GREEN'S MOVEMENT INTO OPPOSITION, 1829-1831. 142 CHAPTER VI. ANTI-JACKSON EDITOR, 1831-1833 . • • 178 CHAPTER VII • DEFENDER OF SOUTHERN RIGHTS, 1834-1837 • 219 CHAPTER VIII. CONCLUSION 253 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 275 iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The writer wishes to express his gratitude to Professor Ludwell H. Johnson, under whose direction this study was conducted, for his patient guidance and valuable criticism. The author also thanks Professor M. Boyd Coyner, Professor Edward P. Crapol, Professor John McGlannon, and Professor Helen C. Walker for their reading and criticism of the manuscript. Finally, the writer is indebted to his parents for their assistance throughout. iv. ABSTRACT Born in Woodford County, Kentucky, on August 15, 1791, Duff Green taught school, fought in the War of 1812, and married Lucretia Maria Edwards before moving to the Missouri territory in 1816. He soon became a prominent citizen of Missouri, eventually served in both houses of the state legislature, and in 1824 became the editor of the St. Louis Enquirer, an influential newspaper in the state. In 1826, Green moved to Washington to become the editor and publisher of the United States' Telegraph, the recently established Jackson press in the city. The Telegr&ph played a significant role in General Jackson's election in 1828, but Green's influence in the new administration was minor. In 1831, Green and his political favorite, John C. Calhoun, were read out of the Jackson party. Thereafter, the editor devoted himself to the defense of the South Carolinian and his elevation to the Presidency. As for Calhoun, he welcomed the aid of Green's press but kept his distance from his friend's numer0us political and finan­ cial schemes. Meanwhile, the Telegraph defended nullification, ad­ vocated state rights, slavery, and Southern unification, and viciously attacked the abolitionists and Martin Van Buren. Because of his financial ineptitude, Green was constantly on the brink of insolvency. Ultimately, after his loss of the Congres­ sional printing in 1835, he undertook a number of speculative enter­ prises to maintain his press. When these enterprises failed in early 1837, the Telegraph was forced to cease publication. Green's perpetuation of the demagogic style of journalism and his propagation of state rights and proslavery principles unintention­ ally helped to prepare the mind of the South for secession in 1860. v. POLITICS AND JOURNALISM IN JACKSONIAN AMERICA INTRODUCTION In October, 1826, when Duff Green assumed control of the United States' Telegraph, Washington was a slowly growing town of no more than 15,000 souls. The city and the surrounding countryside were dotted with a number of handsome private buildings, and a few of the public build- ings were aesthetically pleasing. Nevertheless, the capital of the young republic was generally an oversized frontier town \lith an "unkempt" appearance. Vacant lots dominated the city of grand vistas, the streets were little more than "rutted paths," and various parts of the town, 1 including the Mall, were uninhabitable swampland. Many of Washington's citizens were also crude and slovenly. Instead of the nation's elite promenading the city's streets, "straggling vagabond beggars" were attracted to Washington by the hope that a merciful government would take care of them. In addition, "small-time confidence men," needy pam- phlet writers, "persons afflicted in mind or body," and perhaps, worst of all, 11 a class of S\vaggering sycophants forcling] themselves into the presence of distinguished and well-bred people" were conspicuous among 2 the city's inhabitants. Finally, there were more than 4,000 blacks in Washington, over half of them a growing free black population whose assimilation into the community worried many of the capital's leading 3 citizens. Of the city's elite, the President and Vice President, the Cabi- net, Senators, Congressmen, and Justices of the Supreme Court--in short, the governors--were typically the subject of conversation and gossip at 2. 3. the place of government. Unfortunately, the nation's rulers, though at the center of attention, were usually lonely, often disillusioned at their impotence, and frequently homesick. Consequently, when not on official business, these men sat in their dreary boardinghouses, gambled incessantly, chewed tobacco, and waited anxieusly for the end of the Con- gressional session and their return home. Moreover, since Congress was in session only after the fall harvest and before the spring planting, and the Federal Government practically shut down for Washington's hot mosquito-plagued summers, most of the governors were able to spend over half of their time away from the Capital. Yet there were members of the Washington establishment who enjoyed the community. Almost half of the government employees were residents of Virginia and Maryland, and their presence, along with a preponderance of private householders born in Dixie, gave the District's society an "enduring Southern atmosphere." Though that background led to the occasional application of the "Code Duello," the results of which sometimes horrified Southerners as well as Northerners, it also provided Washington with a potentially graceful social life far beyond that of a group of ladies frivolously gossiping 4 over their tea. In 1826, Washington was a commercial desert. There was little trade, and the efforts to attract
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