INDONESIA DEFENSE IN ACHIEVING NATIONAL INTEREST

Budyanto Putro Sudarsono1, Jonni Mahroza2, Surryanto D.W.3

Indonesia Defense University ([email protected])

Abstract -- In achieving and securing national interests, diplomacy always plays significant role. In its implementation, the state uses all of its nationally available resources including military, economy, politics, intelligence and any other resources available. The use of military as an instrument in diplomacy is inevitable. The general consensus is that negotiation forms a core component of diplomacy. Winning in negotiation, therefore, can be likened to winning in diplomacy. In order to gain leverage during negotiations, gaining a better bargaining position is an important requirement and this strongly relies on a nation’s power of which one of the key components is the military. In this regard, the military power cannot be separated from state diplomacy. This research is designed to understand the role of Indonesia's defense diplomacy in achieving national interests. The objectives of this research are: First, to analyze the role of Indonesian defense diplomacy in achieving national interests and how to optimize it, and secondly, to analyze the factors that influence this role. This research employs qualitative method. All data is obtained through observation, interviews and literature studies. Data analysis is carried out simultaneously with data collection when the researcher is in the field. The research location is at Jakarta City. We can draw two conclusions from the result of the research: 1) The role of defense diplomacy in achieving national interests has not been optimal and its achievements are still limited to defense issues only; 2) Factors influencing the role of defense diplomacy include the capacity and capability of Indonesian Armed Forces (TNI), cooperation between agencies, and formulation of diplomacy strategy. Keywords: Defense diplomacy, diplomacy strategy

Introduction the country into tension and sometimes to n , each conflict. The state uses diplomatic means to country has its own national secure or achieve its national interests. I interests. Oftentimes, national Diplomacy tends to be associated as interests of a country intersect and even soft power while the use of military power clash with the interests of other is considered as hard power. In the advance countries. This situation can possibly lead learners dictionary of current English, it is

1 The author is an alumni of Department of Land Defense Strategy Study Cohort 5 of 2018, Indonesia Defense University. 2 Counselor 1 serves as Secretary of Department of Defense Diplomacy, Faculty of Defense Strategy, Indonesia Defense University. 3 Counselor 2 serves as Permanent Lecturer of Faculty of Defense Strategy, Indonesia Defense University.

Indonesia Defense Diplomacy in Achieving National Interest | Sudarsono, Mahroza, Surryanto | 69 stated that ”Diplomacy is a skill in making a violence or hostility. Many countries have cleverness in dealing with people exemplified how the military has become arrangement so that they remain friendly one of the diplomatic packages whose use and willing to help." While Sir Ernest Satow, is not only limited to defense and security defined it as "The application of tact and affairs. An example that can be taken from intelligence to the conduct of foreign the use of the military in diplomatic affairs, relations between government and without involving elements of violence and independent states." It can be inferred that not directly related to security issues, is diplomacy is a skill in determining how to shown by China when the country win our interests without having causing attempted to win the tender for the hostility. In regard to defense, defense manufacture of airports and roads in diplomacy can be a meaningful way to win Tanzania. China uses its military as a national interest through the use of diplomatic tool by providing military military/defense as a tool or resource assistance to the Tanzanian military and without using it to incite hostility. Defense contributing to the construction of diplomacy can also be understood as series thousands of homes for Tanzanian of activities which are generally carried out soldiers. This method successfully won the by representatives of defense department heart of the Tanzanian government and in or other government agencies in order to the end the tender was won by China. win national interest in the field of security The involvement of Indonesian Armed and defense, where the priority is the use of Forces (TNI) in state diplomacy is carried out negotiation and other diplomatic with various roles. In safeguarding world instruments. peace, TNI has become one of the Today, military use in the affairs of permanent participants in the UN state diplomacy is no longer purely peacekeeping mission. In the ASEAN region, regarded as the use of violence, as many TNI also plays an active role in establishing countries have transformed their military communication with the military of friendly role into one of the tools of diplomacy to countries through meeting forums such as achieve goals by not involving elements of the ASEAN Defense Ministerial Meeting,

70 | Journal of Defense & State Defense | December 2018, Volume 8 Number 3 which is a forum that aims to establish relations have not been synergistic shared perception among the armed forces especially with the Ministry of Foreign of ASEAN countries and their partners on Affairs; Second, the capacity and capability regional security. This has increased mutual possessed by the TNI is still limited to its trust and identified new fields of involvement in the country's total cooperation. Indonesia has also been the diplomacy. There are some requirements initiator of Jakarta International Defense that TNI must possess in order to make it Dialogue (JIDD) meeting, which is an the country's first choice in conducting international communication forum that diplomacy, for example the TNI must have addresses the issue of world security. This is adequate bargaining power, at least in in line with one of the aspects of defense Asia. In addition, relationship with other diplomacy, namely confidence building country’s military will obviously affect how measures. other countries view the TNI. Therefore, TNI From the description of the role of must be more observant in determining the TNI, the involvement of TNI in state priority for fostering military cooperation diplomacy is still limited to diplomacy that is with friendly countries. Ideally, before directly related to national interest in the making a decision to increase military field of defense and security. The cooperation with other countries, TNI must involvement of TNI in the diplomatic first understand the prioritized national process of other fields, especially economy interest that can be fought for through and politics, is still not significant. diplomacy. One of the means to do this is by The less maximized involvement of coordinating with the Ministry of Foreign the military in the country's total diplomacy Affairs regarding which country should be certainly has causes and targeted for diplomacy. backgrounds. There are a number of From the few explanations above, it possibilities that explain why the TNI has not can be hypothesized that TNI is quite been maximized in diplomatic efforts actively involved in state outside of defense and security affairs, diplomacy. However, the role of TNI in among others: First, inter-institutional

Indonesia Defense Diplomacy in Achieving National Interest | Sudarsono, Mahroza, Surryanto | 71 diplomacy is not yet optimal and can still be 1999 concerning Foreign Relations, foreign improved. relations are carried out based on Pancasila, the 1945 Constitution, Foreign Policy, Problem Formulation national legislation and international law Based on the above explanation, it can be and customs. While foreign policy, as assumed that the military can play an stipulated in article 3 and 4, adheres to the important role in diplomacy to support state principle of free and active which is diplomacy. Military involvement in state enshrined for national interests and carried diplomacy can facilitate the state in out through diplomacy which is creative, achieving its national interests. Hence this active and anticipatory, not only routine and research shall answer the following reactive, firm in principle, as well as rational problem formulation: "How does and flexible in its approach. "Free and Indonesia use defense diplomacy to achieve active" principle refers to foreign policy national interest?" Referring to the problem which, in essence is not neutral politics, but formulation, the research questions can be free to determine its position and policies in arranged as follows: the face of international problems and do 1) What is the role of TNI in defense not commit themselves exclusively to one diplomacy? world power and actively contribute both in 2) How to optimize the role of defense the form of thought and active participation diplomacy in achieving national interests? in resolving conflicts, disputes and other 3) How is the relationship between TNI and world issues, for the sake of realizing a Ministry of Foreign Affairs, as the leading world order based on freedom, perpetual sectors of state diplomacy? peace and social justice. The first Vice President of the Republic Literature Review of Indonesia, Mohammad Hatta, was in the The Concept of Free and Active Foreign presence of the Central Indonesian National Policy Working Committee (BP-KNIP) on 2 As stipulated in article 2 and 5 of the September 1948 in Yogyakarta when he Republic of Indonesia Law Number 37 of delivered the following speech:

72 | Journal of Defense & State Defense | December 2018, Volume 8 Number 3 "But should we the people of importantly, increase trust.5 Defense Indonesia who fight for the diplomacy is used as a tool to achieve the independence of our nation and state, only have to choose between pro- goal of a country’s foreign policy. Russia or pro-America? Are there no Gregory Winger in The Theory of other stances that we must take in pursuing our ideals? The government Defense Diplomacy explained that defense is of the opinion that the position we diplomacy is a nonviolent use of military, must take is that we do not become objects in international political e.g. exchange of officers, visits of warships, battles, but we must be the subjects joint military exercises, in order to achieve who have the right to determine our own position, have the right to fight the international interests of a country. Still for our own goals, namely the in the writings of Winger, Andre Cottey and complete independence of Indonesia.4" Anthony Foster stated that defense

diplomacy is the use of military in the time Mohammad Hatta’s concept has since of peace as a tool for security and foreign become the basis for the state in relations policies. This is reinforced by determining its foreign policies, which are Martin Edmons who defines defense further outlined in the Republic of Indonesia diplomacy as the use of military for Law Number 37 of 1999 concerning Foreign operations other than war by utilizing Relations. training experience and discipline to achieve

national interests both inside and outside Defense Diplomacy Theory the country.6 Defense diplomacy is all means and The success of the implementation of strategies through various aspects of defense diplomacy is highly dependent on cooperation such as economics, culture, diplomatic efforts carried out at global, politics, defense and diplomacy so that regional and bilateral levels. Of these, countries can have friendships, can further bilateral diplomacy plays a very important cooperate with each other, and, most role. The success of a country's defense

4 M. Hatta, Mendayung Antara Dua Karang, 6 Gregory Winger, The Velvet Gauntlet: A Theory of (Jakarta: Bulan Bintang, 1988). Defense Diplomacy, (Vienna: IWM Junior Visiting 5 Rodon Pedrason, Asean Defence Diplomacy: The Fellows’ Conferences, 2014). Road To Southeast Asian Defence Community, (Heidelberg: University Heidelberg, 2015) p. 15.

Indonesia Defense Diplomacy in Achieving National Interest | Sudarsono, Mahroza, Surryanto | 73 diplomacy strategy is a result of similarity of views and mutual respect collaboration between components of among them.8" diplomacy, defense and Concept of Strategy development. Partially, there are three main According to Tjiptono, the word ‘strategy’ is characteristics of defense diplomacy7: derived from Greek which means a science 1) Defense diplomacy for Confidence or art to become a general. Strategy can Building Measures also be interpreted as a plan to divide 2) Defense Diplomacy for defense military power, to and to use it and place it capabilities in a certain place in order to achieve certain 3) Defense Diplomacy for Defense industry goals.9 While according to Rangkuti (2013:183), strategy is a comprehensive Synergy Theory master plan, which explains how a company Covey, in a developmental journal, defines will achieve all of the objectives that have synergy as "a combination of elements or been set based on the pre-determined parts that can produce better and greater mission.10 Whereas according to Joni in output than the sum of its parts. Anitah (2008:124), strategy is knowledge Furthermore, the combination of several and ability in utilizing all resources that one elements will also produce a superior possess and/or mobilizing those resources product. Therefore, synergy in to achieve a pre-determined goal.11 In line development means integration of various with that idea, McNichols in J. Salusu (2006) elements that can produce better and stated that strategy is an art and skill in greater output. Covey added that synergy using the resources of an organization to will easily occur if existing components are achieve its goals through effective able to think about synergy, and if there is a

7 I. Syawfi, Aktivitas Diplomasi Pertahanan Indonesia 9 Fandy Tjiptono, Strategi Pemasaran Ed.3, Dalam Pemenuhan Tujuan-Tujuan Pertahanan (Yogyakarta: Andi Offset, 1997). Indonesia (2003-2008), (Jakarta: Universitas 10 Freddy Rangkuti, SWOT Balance Scorecard, Indonesia, 2009), p. 14. (Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2013), p. 183. 8 Stephen Covey, “The 7 Habith of Highly Effective 11 Sri Anitah W., “Strategi Pembelajaran People”, Jurnal Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Matematika”, (Jakarta: Universitas Terbuka, 2005-2010. 2008), p. 124.

74 | Journal of Defense & State Defense | December 2018, Volume 8 Number 3 relationship with the environment in the physical, political and cultural identities most favorable conditions.12 from the disruptions of other Based on the above explanation, it can countries. According to Morgenthau, state be concluded that strategy is a plan that leaders formulate specific policies towards contains ways or paths to achieve a pre- other countries that are cooperative or determined goal in accordance with one’s conflictual in nature.13 Meanwhile, Paul vision and by utilizing resources that they Seabury defines national interests through possess. two perspectives: (1) descriptive perspective, i.e. a goal that must be Concept of National Interest achieved continuously by a nation through National interest is a concept that is often government leadership; and (2) normative discussed in studies and issues of perspective, i.e. a collection of ideals from a international relations. Every country will nation where the nation tries to achieve it by always have a national interest which often dealing with other countries.14 Daniel S. becomes the basis for them in developing Paap stated national interest involves their international relations strategy. A several aspects, such as economy, ideology, country's foreign policy is strongly military strength, security, morality and influenced by the country's national legality.15 interests. State is the most dominant actor Based on the above explanation, it can in achieving these national interests. be concluded that national interest is a wish Experts have various opinions in that become targets that must be achieved interpreting and defining national by the state, where the wish itself is interests. According to Hans J. Morgenthau, consisted of multiple dimensions, including national interest is the minimum capability economy, social, defense and security. of the state in protecting and maintaining

12 Salusu J., Pengambilan Keputusan Strategik Untuk 14 Luthfiana Chandra A.M dan Mahrita. Defining Organisasi Publik dan Organisasi Non Profit, National Interest, (2012). (Jakarta: Grasindo, 2006) p. 101. 15 D. S. Papp, Contemporary International Relation": 13 H.J. Morgenthau, In Defense of the National A Framework for Understanding, Second Interest: A Critical Examination of American Editions”, (New York: MacMillan Publishing Foreign Policy, (New York: University Press of Company, 1988), p. 29. America, 1951).

Indonesia Defense Diplomacy in Achieving National Interest | Sudarsono, Mahroza, Surryanto | 75 Concept of Foreign Policy goals, and actions.17 Meanwhile, Mark R. Foreign policy is a policy taken by the Amstutz defines foreign policy as “the government of a country or other political explicit and implicit action of governmental community in relations with the state and officials designed to promote national non-state actors at international interests beyond a country's territorial level. According to Walter Carlsnaes, boundaries.18” This definition emphasizes foreign policy is actions directed at targets, the actions of government officials to conditions and actors (both government design and promote their national interests, and non-government) that are outside of beyond the territorial boundaries of a their territorial area that they want to country. Thus, in general, it can be argued influence. These actions are expressed in that foreign policy is a concept used by state the form of goals, commitments and/or or non-state actors as a guide in dealing with directions that are stated explicitly, which other parties in the external environment are carried out by government representatives acting on behalf of Research methods sovereign states or This study employs qualitative method communities.16 Whereas according to K.J. which is defined as a research method that Holsti, foreign policy is an action or idea aims to understand a phenomenon designed by policymakers to solve problems experienced by subject, which includes or promote a change in the environment, behaviors, perceptions, motivations, namely other country’s policy, position or actions, etc. in a holistic manner. The action. The idea of foreign policy can be findings will then be expressed in the form divided into four components from the of words and language, naturally and by more general to the more specific, namely utilizing various scientific methods.19 foreign policy orientation, national roles,

16 Walter Carlsnaes, “The Agency-Structure 18 Mark R. Amstutz, International Ethics: Concepts, Problem In Foreign Policy Ananlysis”, Theories, and Cases in Global Politics 4th Ed., International Study Quarterly. Vol.36, No.3, 2016, (Boulder: Rowman and Littlefield, 2013). pp. 245-270. 19 Lexy J. Moleong, Metode Penelitian Kualitatif 17 K. J. Holsti, “National Role Conceptions in the (edisi revisi), (Bandung: PT Remaja Rosda Karya, Study of Foreign Policy”, International Studies 2012), p. 6). Quarterly, Vol. 14, No.3, 1970, pp. 233-309.

76 | Journal of Defense & State Defense | December 2018, Volume 8 Number 3 The research subjects were Attaché duties; and (2) the less optimized informants who were involved in their use of defense diplomacy outside of the respective fields of duty, including: a) affairs of security and defense, which can be officials within the Sintel TNI Headquarters, seen in the case of deployment of UN specifically Asintel TNI Commander and peacekeepers. Paban 2 Hublu; b) officials within the Directorate of B BAIS TNI; c) officials within Indonesian Peacekeeping Forces the Directorate of International Security and The deployment of TNI troops in peace Disarmament (KIPS), Ministry of Foreign mission is one of the concrete forms of Affairs. implementation of defense diplomacy The object of this research is the role carried out by the TNI. One of the objectives of TNI in defense diplomacy, the capacity of defense diplomacy is to prevent conflicts and capability of TNI in diplomacy, and the and influence the policies of the target working relations between TNI and the countries, or at least create a positive Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the affairs of perception towards the military (TNI) or the diplomacy. state. There are two forms of participation that can be made by a country in a UN peace Research Findings operation, i.e.: (1) country members of The Role of TNI in Defense Diplomacy United Nations can participate by donating This analysis on the role in defense funds to support the peace operation; and diplomacy will only focus on defense (2) country members can send diplomacy through the deployment of peacekeeping forces directly to conflict peacekeeping forces and the placement of area. Defense Attachés. These two focuses are in The involvement of the TNI in peace accordance with the research problem, in mission has begun since 1957, where TNI which the highlight: (1) the absence of a dispatched a total of 559 peacekeepers to comprehensive defense diplomacy strategy serve under the United Nation Emergency involving all stakeholders, which is clearly Force (UNEF) in order to help ease the illustrated in the implementation of Defense conflict between Egypt and Britain. The first

Indonesia Defense Diplomacy in Achieving National Interest | Sudarsono, Mahroza, Surryanto | 77 mission of TNI peacekeeping forces was realizing their task. One of the duty areas deemed successful by the United Nations where TNI troops are regularly stationed is and since then the TNI has continued to win in Lebanon. The opportunity to interact the trust of the United Nations to help with local communities in South Lebanon is foster peace in various parts of the well utilized by the TNI. The interaction world. Their second mission was with UNOC carried out by TNI with the people of South in Congo in 1960 where they sent 1,074 Lebanon resulted in a very good acceptance troops, followed by several missions where to the TNI forces in the region. TNI’s Garuda Contingent was deployed with successes in gaining acceptance and UNEF in Egypt (1973-1979), UNIMOG in Iraq managing their interaction with the locals (1988-1990), UNTAC in Cambodia (1992- became quite an interesting story, both 1992). UNIKOM in Kuwait (1993), among the UNIFIL contingents and the UNPROFOR in Bosnia (1995), UNPREDEP in people of Indonesia. This is because Macedonia (1996), UNTAES in East Slovenia contingents from other states have been (1997), UNAMSIL in Sierra Leone (2002), facing difficulties in gaining acceptance MONUC in Congo (2004). Finally, from 2006 from the people of South Lebanon. to today Indonesia has sent Garuda Apart from a variety of successes, the Contingent to UNIFIL (United Nations implementation of Garuda Contingent’s Interim Force in Lebanon) in Lebanon, Kizi peacekeeping duties, which is also a form of and Congo, UNAMID (United Nations defense diplomacy aiming to achieve Mission in Darfur) in Darfur, Sudan and Mali national interests, have not been fully in 2015. utilized. Military diplomacy carried out by So far, the implementation of TNI the TNI peacekeeping force is only limited to peace duties under the UN is considered the issue of defense and security, even quite successful, especially in though there are many opportunities to communicating and fostering citizens in utilize the mission to achieve national conflict areas. The application of territorial interests in other fields, especially guidance (Binter) method in carrying out economy. Several countries contributing to peace duties yielded very positive results in the UN peacekeeping force have

78 | Journal of Defense & State Defense | December 2018, Volume 8 Number 3 exemplified that in carrying out their duties, a miscommunication between the Defense their troops can also participate in Attaché and the as the chief marketing their domestic products in the representative. There are also several cases country of duty. Thus, there is a necessity where the mission carried out by the for the TNI to be more active in achieving defense attaché is not synchronized with the country’s national interest through their the mission of the chief representative, military diplomacy. hence each person appears as if working on their own. There are several factors that Defense Attaché of the Republic of might cause this to happen, including: Indonesia a) There is no shared understanding that Diplomatic representative is a state the Ambassador is the head of the institution located beyond national territory representative who serves as the head of that is tasked with fostering relations in the mission and controls the implementation political, economic, social, cultural and of diplomatic duties in the accredited defense sectors with other countries. These country. There is still an assumption that duties and authorities are carried out by Ambassador is merely a representative of , namely , the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, even business attorneys and attachés. Attaché is though Ambassador is a representative divided into two, namely Defense Attaché of the state to carry out the tasks of state and Technical Attaché. Defense Attaché is diplomacy. held by a military officer who is assigned to b) The preparation of mission papers by the the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and placed in Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the TNI the embassy of a country, with a position as has not been implemented in a a . Their job is to provide advice in coordinated manner. Mission paper is a the field of military, defense and security to guideline for the implementation of the fully authorized Ambassador. diplomacy in a country which contains In carrying out their duties, the priority goals and strategies to be used in defense attaché has fully utilized their achieving diplomatic goals. The potential. More often than not, there will be preparation of mission papers for chief

Indonesia Defense Diplomacy in Achieving National Interest | Sudarsono, Mahroza, Surryanto | 79 representatives is still carried out by Currently the capacity of the TNI still prospective Ambassadors and has not needs to be optimized. The bargaining been carried out by the Ministry of power of a military relies heavily on the Foreign Affairs. As such, the mission strength of that military, which is mostly paper cannot be comprehensive. Even determined by its battle gears. worse, most defense attachés, if not all, In terms of capabilities for carrying out do not have mission paper as a guideline the task of diplomacy, it is openly for carrying out their diplomatic duties. acknowledged that the TNI also does not have sufficient capability, both in terms of The Capacity and Capability of TNI in personnel and in terms of strategy. In terms Implementing Defense Diplomacy of personnel, it is acknowledged that TNI In the implementation of defense personnel is still lacking in the required diplomacy, the capacity and capability knowledge and capabilities for possessed by the military is one of the main diplomacy. Language barrier and lack of determinants for the successful insight are often cited as the biggest implementation of diplomacy. Military with obstacles in carrying out diplomatic tasks. good capacity and capability tends to Currently the TNI has a lot of succeed in carrying out its diplomatic cooperation with the military of friendly mission. It is commonly known that countries, both through joint exercise, diplomacy is generally aimed at changing or education and operations. Due to this influencing the policies of a country, either cooperation, many TNI soldiers were sent through hard or soft power which often overseas to carry out those programs. involves bargaining process. In that context, In terms of strategy, the TNI still has to strong bargaining power becomes a form a more comprehensive guarantee of successful operation. The strategy. Diplomatic activities carried out by bargaining position of a diplomatic the TNI, both by TNI Headquarters and instrument, e.g. military, relies heavily on Headquarters of each force (Army, Navy & the capacity and capability it has. Air Force), were continuously implemented and even became a permanent program,

80 | Journal of Defense & State Defense | December 2018, Volume 8 Number 3 but it has not been formulated as a institutions, especially the Ministry of comprehensive diplomatic strategy of Foreign Affairs as the leading sector of state TNI. The diplomatic effort carried out by diplomacy, is unavoidable given that one of each force is still done individually without a the functions of the Ministry of Foreign clear strategy, hence the result is Affairs is implementing policies in the field lacking. This situation was what prompted of foreign relations and foreign policy. the TNI Commander, Marshal Hadi So far, communication between TNI Tjahjanto, to include his program in and Ministry of Foreign Affairs has been strengthening military diplomacy as one of running smoothly and well. The indicator the priority targets. can be seen from the level of involvement of Diplomatic efforts carried out by the the TNI in making important decisions Army, Navy and Air Force and even TNI related to foreign policy. Some aspects that Headquarter are appear to be mere ritual can be used as examples are regional without attempting to reach certain target diplomacy, international security diplomacy, or enacting a strategy. Each Force conducts , humanitarian diplomacy not based on a particular diplomacy, technical cooperation, etc. On strategy to achieve a predetermined regional diplomacy, the Ministry of Foreign target. The TNI Headquarters Intelligence Affairs closely coordinated with the TNI, Staff, which is the leading sector of TNI especially in the face of disputes on diplomacy, also acknowledged that they demarcation line (land), as well as have not been able to formulate a military delimitation line (sea) with neighboring diplomacy strategy that can be used as a countries. reference for the diplomatic efforts of the However, coordination between TNI Army, Navy and Air Force. and Ministry of Foreign Affairs in terms of preparing a diplomatic strategy has not Relations between TNI and Ministry of gone well. Even though the communication Foreign Affairs in the Matters of Diplomacy between personnel was intense, at the In carrying out diplomacy, communication policy level this was not going well. Based and coordination with various relevant on the data obtained from various sources

Indonesia Defense Diplomacy in Achieving National Interest | Sudarsono, Mahroza, Surryanto | 81 at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, it appears In carrying out the task of maintaining that the involvement of TNI in diplomacy world peace, TNI, as one of the spearheads alongside the Ministry of Foreign Affairs is of the Indonesian military forces under the still very limited. control of the United Nations, has achieved much success and continues to gain the Discussion of Research Findings trust of the United Nations to carry out In achieving and securing the interests of peace missions. In the context of the state, diplomacy has always been the diplomacy, the success of TNI forces in the first and most dominant choice. In its UN mission does not only serve as the implementation, the state can use the success of military diplomacy but also public resources that it possesses, which includes diplomacy. The application of territorial military, economy, politics, intelligence and guidance methods in carrying out so on. The use of military as one of the peacekeeping duties by the TNI forces instruments in diplomacy has become allows them to routinely communicate and inevitable. interact with the locals. is one of the diplomatic strategies employed The Role of TNI in Defense Diplomacy by many countries with the aim of UN Peacekeeping Force – The deployment influencing the perceptions and opinions of of peacekeeping forces under United other countries through psychological Nations peacekeeping mission is a approaches to reach their political agenda manifestation of the Indonesian and goals. According to Jarol B. Mainheim’s government’s strong commitment to world definition, public diplomacy is an effort peace which provides meaning for the carried out by a country to influence public implementation of foreign relations based opinion and leaders in other countries with on the free and active principle and the aim of facilitating the achievement of improves Indonesia’s image in the the objectives of its foreign policy.20 international community.

20 Jarol B. Mainheim, Strategic Public Diplomacy : The Evolution of Influence, (London: Oxford University Press, 1990), p. 4.

82 | Journal of Defense & State Defense | December 2018, Volume 8 Number 3 Territorial guidance is an effective diplomacy by strengthening public method to conduct psychological approach diplomacy strategies in order to achieve to the locals in the area of duty. The their economic goals. One example of a application territorial guidance by TNI country that has done so is South Korean forces includes several things, e.g. providing peacekeepers when they were deployed in assistance to the community around the Lebanon. The success of public diplomacy area of duty, assistance to schools, carried out by South Korean peacekeeping assistance to orphanage foundations, forces has succeeded in influencing the medical assistance to people around the perception of Lebanese people, especially area of duty, as well as visits and religious with regard to the production of vehicles events involving community leaders. It is no made in South Korea. Unfortunately, the surprise then that the TNI manage to be well TNI has not done the same thing. accepted by the local people in every area The use of the TNI peacekeepers in that they served. The ability of the TNI to carrying out defense diplomacy for the interact with the community and sensitivity purpose of economic interests is not yet to the environment is the basic capital for possible due to the lack of understanding TNI soldiers in developing defense that diplomatic activities carried out by any diplomacy, especially with regard to public institution can be an entry point to achieve diplomacy. any form of national interest. The The ability of the TNI in carrying out deployment of TNI peacekeeping forces is psychological approaches to communities still only considered as defense affairs and in their area of duty can certainly provide has no connection with other national good opportunities to achieve national interests. The existence of that kind of interests, given that public opinion in a assumption is what causes the lack of country will greatly influence the country's comprehensive synchronization in the political policies. Several countries have formulation of diplomatic strategy between used their peacekeeping forces to conduct state institutions.

Indonesia Defense Diplomacy in Achieving National Interest | Sudarsono, Mahroza, Surryanto | 83 Defense Attaché of the Republic of in the sub-chapter of Research Findings, the Indonesia main reason for the lack of synchronization One of the dimensions of defense between the mission of Defense Attaché diplomacy is the exchange or placement of and the LBBP ambassador is the lack of Defense Attaché as a spokesperson for coordination between the two in the national defense policies. The role of a formulation of mission paper. Defense Attaché is essential in carrying out It is important for the LBBP defense diplomacy. In addition to carrying Ambassador, as the head of office of out its main duties, the Defense Attaché has diplomatic representative of the Republic of played a role in realizing defense interests Indonesia abroad, and diplomatic actor and is able to enhance bilateral relations components, including Defense Attaché through improving the quality of relations under their leadership, to have a shared and cooperation in the field of defense. In vision in carrying out the diplomatic task of carrying out diplomatic duties, defense their office. The existence of a shared vision attachés are part of the Indonesian will facilitate the synergy between under the Indonesian diplomatic actors of various institutions Embassy (KBRI) headed by the Ambassador which will lead to the achieving of national Extraordinary and (LBBP). interest. As part of Indonesia's diplomatic mission, it is appropriate for the Defense Capacity and Capability of TNI in Attaché to carry out its mission in line with Implementing Defense Diplomacy the diplomatic mission formulated by the Based on the research findings which found LBBP Ambassador as the head of that the military capacity and capability of mission. The absence of synchronization our TNI is still far from expectation, it can be between the missions carried out by the inferred that our military’s bargaining LBBP Ambassador and Defense Attaché will power in diplomacy is not yet at an ideal certainly have a negative impact on efforts level. In order to achieve the ideal to achieve national interests carried out by conditions, our military heavily relies on the diplomatic offices in a country. As explained military budget allocation provided by the

84 | Journal of Defense & State Defense | December 2018, Volume 8 Number 3 state, which is inseparable from the national bargaining chip for the America to dictate a budget. Financial capability possessed by country’s policy. As long as the recipient the armed forces can become a leverage in country is willing to change its policy to be the bargaining process of military in line with America’s interests, they will diplomacy. This will in turn be an effective continue to receive the military aid. method to influence the policy of a The American example in state. This is clearly illustrated in the pattern strengthening their military’s bargaining of military diplomacy adopted by the power through military aid is obviously American military. The American military cannot be replicated by Indonesia in adopts a military diplomacy method that is carrying out defense diplomacy, given that referred to as military aid. Every year, our country’s financial capacity to support America spends more than billions of dollars state defense itself is still lacking. However, to provide military assistance to dozens of military aid is not the only way to strengthen countries in the world, under the defense diplomacy. Military aid itself does assumption that this assistance can not need to always be about funding or strengthen America’s influence on the battle gears donation, but can be provided recipient country. In terms of handling in the form of military assistance such as terrorism, America has provided military joint exercise and operation. assistance to many countries, including: Azerbaijan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, Relations between TNI and Ministry of Ethiopia, Nigeria, Oman, Yemen, Georgia, Foreign Affairs in the Matters of Diplomacy Uzbekistan, and Columbia. The results of With regard to the relations between TNI the military assistance were very clear in the and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, case of Georgia who, as a way to express especially in the matters of diplomacy, the their gratitude, was willing to send 2,000 of research found that in general the relation its military personnel to help the American has been going smoothly. Regular military who was fighting in Iraq. This in turn communication is established between the becomes a weapon for America to influence two institutions in discussing diplomatic a country's policies. Military aid is used as a issues. However, the communication that

Indonesia Defense Diplomacy in Achieving National Interest | Sudarsono, Mahroza, Surryanto | 85 has been established is limited to Conclusion operational matters, while at the policy level Based on the findings and analysis on the is almost nonexistent – especially with research questions that have been outlined regard to the preparation of diplomatic in the previous chapter, we can make the strategies. following conclusions: In general, in the process of decision a. The role of TNI in defense diplomacy is making and policy formulation in the generally seen from the two roles they Ministry of Foreign Affairs is based on two played, i.e.: dimensions, namely reactive and regular. In • As part of the UN peacekeeping force, the case of regular formulation, the Ministry the TNI has played an active role in of Foreign Affairs will determine its activities supporting diplomacy, especially public and policies based on the annual Ministerial diplomacy by forming a positive image Work Plan. This plan is usually formulated a of the TNI and Indonesia in the eyes of year before the budget period starts. the people in their area of The main reason which causes the duty. However, the success of the TNI in ineffective cooperation between TNI and such diplomacy has not been utilized to Ministry of Foreign Affairs in formulating support the achieving of other national diplomatic strategy is the lack of white interests, especially in the field of paper on diplomatic policies which can be economy. The diplomacy carried out by referred to at the national level. Without it, the TNI in its involvement as part of the they can only cooperate on daily UN peacekeeping force was limited to coordination. White paper on diplomatic efforts to achieve national interests in policies is essential to be possessed by the defense sector. Ministry of Foreign Affairs because it will be • TNI plays a role in formulating defense the main reference for the formulation of diplomacy strategy by sending a diplomatic strategy by government Defense Attaché to serve under agencies in charge of diplomatic affairs. Indonesian Embassy. However, their role in this part has not been optimal due to miscommunications and lack of

86 | Journal of Defense & State Defense | December 2018, Volume 8 Number 3 synchronization between the priority of not at strategic level, specifically in , namely the formulating joint diplomatic strategy. Ambassador, and the priority of Ministry of Foreign Affairs has not yet Defense Attaché. This is caused by the involved the TNI in formulating lack of coordination and diplomatic strategy even though TNI can synchronization among institutions in significantly contribute to some issues. formulating the mission paper of the office of diplomatic representatives of Recommendation the Republic of Indonesia. Based on the conclusions above, the b. The capacity and capability of TNI in authors recommend the following things to supporting defense diplomacy is still far be followed up: from ideal. The weaponries and battle a. There needs to be an SOP for the gears of TNI has not been able to create formulation of diplomatic strategy within an optimal deterrence effect to increase the vicinity of TNI, in order to coordinate Indonesia’s bargaining power at on the matters of defense diplomacy. international level. In addition, the While at the national level, there needs to budget to support defense diplomacy is be a Joint Agreement Letter (SKB) still limited – hence the flexibility in between institutions to coordinate in carrying out diplomacy is also limited. formulating diplomatic strategy in order The capacity of TNI personnel as to fill in the gap left by the lack of diplomatic actor is also limited, which regulations derived from Law No. 37 of reduces the effectiveness of TNI in 1999 concerning Foreign Relations. With carrying out diplomacy. the existence of SOP and SKB, the c. Relations between the Ministry of formulation of diplomatic strategy at Foreign Affairs and the TNI in terms of national level and within the TNI can be diplomacy are generally well implemented in a well and directed established. The coordination and manner. communication between them has been b. A white paper on defense diplomacy running well at the operational level, but needs to be prepared to be referred to in

Indonesia Defense Diplomacy in Achieving National Interest | Sudarsono, Mahroza, Surryanto | 87 formulating defense diplomacy – for the Luthfiana Chandra A.M dan Mahrita. Defining National Interest. 2012 sake of improving the defense diplomacy Mainheim, Jarol B., 1990, Strategic Public carried out by TNI Diplomacy : The Evolution of c. At present there is no unit within Influence, Oxford University Press TNI that is specifically tasked in the Mark R. Amstutz. 2013. “International Ethics: Concepts, Theories, and cases affairs of defense diplomacy. In in Global Politics”. 4th Ed. Boulder: order to facilitate the formulation Rowman and Littlefield of defense diplomacy strategy, Moleong, Lexy J, ( 2012 ) Metode Penelitian Kualitatif ( edisi revisi ) PT Remaja there needs to be a special unity Rosda Karya, Bandung that specifically deals with the Papp, D. S. . "Contemporary International affairs of defense diplomacy. Relation": A Framework for Understanding, Second Editions. New York: MacMillan Publishing Company. References 1988 Anitah W, Sri. 2008. Strategi Pembelajaran Pedrason, R. (2015), Asean defence Matematika. Jakarta: Universitas Diplomacy: The Road To Southeast Terbuka Asian Defence Community, Heidelberg: university Heidelberg Carlsnaes, Walter. 1992. The Agency- structure Problem in Foreign Policy Rangkuti, Freddy, SWOT Balance Ananlysis, International study Scorecard, 2013 quarterly. vol.39 Syawfi, I. (2009). Aktivitas Diplomasi Covey, Stephen, The 7 Habith of Highly Pertahanan Indonesia Dalam Effective People, 1989, Jurnal Pemenuhan Tujuan-Tujuan pembangunan Jangka Menengah Pertahanan Indonesia (2003-2008). 2005-2010 Sulawesi Utara Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia Hatta, M. (1988). Mendayung Antara Dua Tjiptono, Fandy, Strategi pemasaran, Edisi 3 Karang. Bulan Bintang Winger, Gregory, 2014. The Velvet Gauntlet: H.J. Morgenthau, Defense of the National A Theory of Defense Diplomacy Interest. 1951 J. Salusu. 2006. Pengambilan Keputusan Strategik Untuk Organisasi Publik dan Organisasi Non Profit. Grasindo. Jakarta K.J. Holsti. 1970. “National Role Conceptions in the study of Foreign policy”.Vol. 14

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