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Evaluating the Water Quality Contribution of Estero De Paco to Pasig River and Manila Bay, Philippines

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Evaluating the Water Quality Contribution of Estero De Paco to Pasig River and Manila Bay, Philippines E3S Web of Conferences 148, 07010 (2 020) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20 2014807010 ETMC and RC EnvE 2019 Evaluating the Water Quality Contribution of Estero de Paco to Pasig River and Manila Bay, Philippines Eligia D. Clemente1* 1Environmental Engineering Program, University of the Philippines, Diliman 1101, Quezon City, Philippines Department of Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, University of the Philippines, Diliman 1101, QC Abstract. The clean-up of the river system feeding into Manila Bay is crucial in addressing the current Manila Bay water quality. Since Estero de Paco is a feeder into Pasig River which enters the Manila Bay, its clean-up is imperative to sustain Manila Bay water quality. This research gathered information on the water quality Estero during both the dry and the wet season. Initial survey of the stretch showed that there are bridges and residential areas as potential sampling points. Using the Streeter-Phelps model an assessment of the water quality during different meteorological conditions shows that almost no DO is available during the dry season, while some have a DO > 5 mg/l (standard) during the rainy season. Unfortunately, based on the other critical parameters, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) was high due to discharge of septic waste directly into the river during the heavy rains. Sludge near populated areas were characterized and found to contain high levels of Oil & Grease, Organic Matter. The Streeter-Phelps equation used to evaluate the oxygen deficit shows that at the Pasig River junction DO is negligible even during the wet season. It is recommended that regular monitoring and community engagement be actively pursued. 1 Introduction the direction of water from the Pasig River, either flows out to the Manila Bay during the low tide or flows inward The Philippines is an archipelago consisting of a network towards Laguna de Bay on high tides [2]. That study of islands, the biggest of which is Luzon in the northern officially classified the Pasig River as well as its part. The island is surrounded by the Philippine Sea in the tributaries as dead rivers which led to the establishment of east and the West. A network of rivers in the main island the Pasig River Rehabilitation Commission to lead the drains out to the Manila Bay which is the largest body of river clean-up and dredging. water in the main island which influences the quality of the water flowing out on the Western side. At the center of the Southeastern provinces, the heart-shaped Laguna de 1.2 The Estero de Paco Bay spanning the provinces in the Southern part of the Four major tributaries among nineteen identified water island meets up with the Pasig River before it flows out to bodies which contribute to more than 50% of the the Manila Bay. During the dry season (January to May), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) load of the Pasig Laguna Bay is relatively calm and contained, but during River have been identified. These are the San Juan River, the rainy season its waters drain out to the Pasig River and the Estero de San Miguel, the Estero de Binondo and the flows out to the Manila Bay. Estero de Paco. All the tributaries are located in Metro Manila and are home to several ISFs with no formal 1.1 The Pasig River septage containment systems available. The Paco district is a center of commercial activities The Pasig River is a 27-km stretch of water with and one of the largest public markets is located near the headwaters located at the mountains of Laguna [1] and banks of the Estero. The Paco Market has been the center runs across the heart of Metro Manila, through the busiest of commercial trading [3] as far back as the eighteenth cities before going out to the Manila Bay. It is an estuary century and has grown since. The largest parochial school which connects the two major bodies of water, Manila in South East Asia is directly across the Paco market, on Bay and Laguna Bay. Several tributaries contribute its the other side of the river. With a student population of waters to Pasig River and are home to Informal Settler 4000, its diel population increases to more than 5000 with Families (ISF) which contribute to the poor water quality the staff and parents during weekdays. Moreover, the condition of the Pasig River system. estuary runs through several industrial areas as it flows In the early 1990s, the United Nations Environmental out to meet with the Pasig River. Figure 1 shows the Program initiated a study of the environmental state of our location of the Estero de Paco and its proximity to the river systems. The study showed that tidal flows influence mouth of the Pasig River. Due to the severity of the * Corresponding author: [email protected] © The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). E3S Web of Conferences 148, 07010 (2 020) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20 2014807010 ETMC and RC EnvE 2019 conditions at the area, this was one of the first tributaries currently serves as epicenter for government trade and to get the attention of the Pasig River Rehabilitation industry [4]. Currently, the Manila Bay has been the focus Commission (PRRC). Loads of solid waste were hauled of attention of the National Government due to the loads and several remediation technologies were put in place. of solid waste being dumped onto the bayside Most of the ISFs were relocated and the shanties removed. immediately after heavy rains and typhoons. It was also This improved the situation of the waterway. For a while, established that pollution not only manifested as solid despite the heavy rains, no flooding was experienced in waste but also as pollutants such as heavy metals, the roads beside the Estero. There was also a pumping persistent organic pollutants, pesticides and organic station placed near the junction of Estero de Paco and loading from septic wastes and were contributed by Pasig River to control the water flow coming in during nearby estuaries from the metropolis [5,6]. A focus on the high tide. clean-up of the bay and its known tributaries which include the Malabon River, Pasig River, Las Pinas River and the Ylang-ylang-Imus River System was thus 1.3 The Manila Bay declared. The Pasig River is the largest of these rivers and The Manila Bay is the ocean portal and seaport hub of contribute the most BOD load to Manila Bay mainly due Metro Manila for incoming and outgoing local and to the contribution of its own tributaries. international cruises, freights and trade vessels and Fig. 1 Pasig River and Manila Bay. (Google maps). 2 Review of Literature highly influenced by nitrification. Eisakhani [9] used a Surface water quality is greatly influenced by natural and GIS-based WQM assisted in quantifying non-point anthropogenic events which may cause both positive and sources of pollution while Ling, et al [10] measured the negative effects. Streams and rivers are the most impact of shrimp farming effluents from the residential vulnerable types of surface waters since the location is areas located near the Selang Sibu River. most often in the middle of a populated habitat. WQMs made use of Dissolved Oxygen as the In Uganda, the Kampala River runs through the heart parameter to evaluate the water quality and these were of Kampala City where an urban settlement for informal then used for policy making to address the pollution loads settlers have poor or no solid waste or sewage facilities concerned. [7]. In China, several authors have been studying the Yangtze River and its conditions, and Yang [8] found that the Water Quality Model (WQM) of the Yangtze was 2 E3S Web of Conferences 148, 07010 (2 020) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20 2014807010 ETMC and RC EnvE 2019 2.1 Physico-chemical Characteristics the ecological health of any body of water. Oxygen is used by aquatic inhabitants such as fishes and shellfishes to The Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 was enacted to sustain their existence. Aquatic plants need oxygen to protect Philippine waters and preserve it for future survive. Further, anaerobic conditions cause the generations (RA 9275) [11]. The Department of proliferation of undesirable microbes which contribute to Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) was tasked the unpleasant odor found particularly in stagnant waters. to lead the implementation of the law and standard limits The Streeter Phelps Model [13] is a simplified model for certain physico-chemical parameters were determined which assumes that the stream is a plug-flow model and based on their importance in sustaining aquatic life in the that upstream water is greatly influenced by any river system. wastewater entering the stream, affecting the quality of The classification of river systems based on beneficial the water downstream. use was defined, with the clean-up of Pasig River targeted at attaining a classification of Class C, waters which can 2.2.1 The DO Sag curve be used for the propagation of aquatic species, as well as for recreational purposes. The Estero de Paco, although The DO measurements is used to calculate the oxygen classified as a dead river [3] because of the poor water deficit and can be calculated using the equation below. quality, also aimed for a Class C level. The parameters The DO saturation value can be obtained in literature [14]. used for determining the river classification includes color, pH, temperature, DO, BOD5, TSS, Oil & Grease, D = DOsat – Do (1) Nitrate-Nitrogen, Phosphate-Phosphorus, Phenols, Total Coliforms, Chloride and Copper.
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