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The Case of the Katchi Abadis (Impermanent Settlements) of Lahore
How Planning Creates the Unplannable: The Case of the Katchi Abadis (Impermanent Settlements) of Lahore Mina Rafael Arif A Major Paper submitted to the Faculty of Environmental Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Environmental Studies York University Toronto, Ontario, Canada, November 30, 2015 ___________________________ Mina Rafael Arif, MES Candidate ____________________________ Dr. Stefan Kipfer, Major Paper Supervisor Abstract This research delves into the role of planning in the Global South with respect to informal settlements. Using a case study of the informal settlements in Lahore, Pakistan, it evaluates the current planning process as a subset of the state- bureaucratic-developer nexus that dominates political structures of postcolonial cities. In an era where socio-spatial politics are increasingly determined by the edicts of neoliberalism and urbanism is defined by the circuits of capital accumulation, planning institutions too form a part of the political power matrix. This research evaluates whether planning as an institution is complicit in the formation and perpetuation of informal settlements in the cities of the Global South. To that end this research highlights the informality of the state apparatus itself which subverts planning paradigms in practices of deregulation, exceptionalism and patronage to profit from the neoliberal financialization of land. It discusses how the multi-planar socio-spatial synergies of the city are reduced to binaries of informal-formal, order-disorder, legal-illegal, to reengineer the urban and rural landscape according to the edicts of global capital. This culminates in violent dispossession, segregation and peripheralization of the poor, complemented by a politics of patronage and common sense used by the state-apparatus to legitimize coercion and violence in the hegemonic administration of space. -
Central-Karachi
Central-Karachi 475 476 477 478 479 480 Travelling Stationary Inclass Co- Library Allowance (School Sub Total Furniture S.No District Teshil Union Council School ID School Name Level Gender Material and Curricular Sport Total Budget Laboratory (School Specific (80% Other) 20% supplies Activities Specific Budget) 1 Central Karachi New Karachi Town 1-Kalyana 408130186 GBELS - Elementary Elementary Boys 20,253 4,051 16,202 4,051 4,051 16,202 64,808 16,202 81,010 2 Central Karachi New Karachi Town 4-Ghodhra 408130163 GBLSS - 11-G NEW KARACHI Middle Boys 24,147 4,829 19,318 4,829 4,829 19,318 77,271 19,318 96,589 3 Central Karachi New Karachi Town 4-Ghodhra 408130167 GBLSS - MEHDI Middle Boys 11,758 2,352 9,406 2,352 2,352 9,406 37,625 9,406 47,031 4 Central Karachi New Karachi Town 4-Ghodhra 408130176 GBELS - MATHODIST Elementary Boys 20,492 4,098 12,295 8,197 4,098 16,394 65,576 16,394 81,970 5 Central Karachi New Karachi Town 6-Hakim Ahsan 408130205 GBELS - PIXY DALE 2 Registred as a Seconda Elementary Girls 61,338 12,268 49,070 12,268 12,268 49,070 196,281 49,070 245,351 6 Central Karachi New Karachi Town 9-Khameeso Goth 408130174 GBLSS - KHAMISO GOTH Middle Mixed 6,962 1,392 5,569 1,392 1,392 5,569 22,278 5,569 27,847 7 Central Karachi New Karachi Town 10-Mustafa Colony 408130160 GBLSS - FARZANA Middle Boys 11,678 2,336 9,342 2,336 2,336 9,342 37,369 9,342 46,711 8 Central Karachi New Karachi Town 10-Mustafa Colony 408130166 GBLSS - 5/J Middle Boys 28,064 5,613 16,838 11,226 5,613 22,451 89,804 22,451 112,256 9 Central Karachi New Karachi -
Shuttle Route
SHUTTLE SERVICES PROPOSED OF DETAIL FOR SHUTTLE’S ROUTES – 2019-20 ROUTE TIMINGS DETAIL OF ROUTES 1 7:40 a.m City Campus – Jama Cloth – Radio Pakistan – 7Day Hospital – Numaish – Gurumandir – Jamshed Road (No.3) – New Town – Askari Park – Mumtaz Manzil – NEDUET (Main Campus). 2 7:40 a.m Paposh – Nazimabad (No.7) – Board Office – Hydri – 2K Bus Stop – Sakhi Hassan – Shadman (No.2)– Namak Bank – Sohrab Goth – Gulshan Chowrangi – NEDUET (Main Campus). 4 7:20 a.m ONLY MORNING: Korangi (No.5) – Korangi (No.4) – Korangi (No.31/2) – Korangi (No.21/2) – Korangi (No.2) – Korangi (No.1, Near Chakra Goth) – Nasir Jump – Korangi Crossing – Qayyumabad Chowrangi – Akhtar Colony – Kala Pull – FTC Building – Nursery – Baloch Colony – Karsaz – NEDUET (Main Campus). ONLY EVENING: NED Main Campus – Nipa – Millennium Mall– Stadium – Karsaz – Mehmoodabad No.6 – Iqra University – Qayyumabad – Korangi Crossing – Nasir Jump – Korangi No.21/2 – Korangi No.5. 5 7:45 a.m 4K Chowrangi – 2 Minute Chowrangi – 5C-4 (Bara Market) – Saleem Centre – U.P Mor – Nagan Chowrangi – Gulshan Chowrangi – NEDUET (Main Campus). 6 7:15 a.m Shama Shopping Centre – Shah Faisal Police Station – Bagh-e-Korangi – Singer Chowrangi – Khaddi Stop – Korangi No.5 – Korangi No.6 – Landhi No.6 – Landhi No.5 – Landhi No.4 – Landhi No.3 – Landhi No.1 – Landhi No.89 – Dawood Chowrangi – Murghi Khana – Malir No.15 – Malir Hault – Star Gate – Natha Khan – Drig Road – Nipa – NED Main Campus. 7 7:35 a.m Islam Chowk – Orangi (No.5) – Metro Cinema – Abdullah College – Ship Owner College – Qalandarya Chowk – Sakhi Hassan – Shadman No.1 – Buffer Zone – Fazal Mill – Nipa – NEDUET (Main Campus). -
List of Settlements Evicted 1997
List of displaced settlements 1997 – 2005 Urban Resource Centre A-2/2, 2nd Floor, Westland Trade Centre, Commercial Area, Shaheed-e-Millat Road, Karachi Co-operative Housing Society Union, Block 7 & 8 Karachi Pakistan Tel: +92 21 - 4559317 Fax: 4387692 Web site : www.urckarachi.org E-mail: [email protected] XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX I Appendix – : List 1 Details of the some recent Evictions cases Settlement /area Date No. Reasons Houses bulldozed Noor Muhammad Village Karsaz 29/05/97 400 KWSB wanted to build its office building Junejo Town Manzoor Colony 05/10/97 150 KDA land Garam Chashma Goth Manghopir 22/11/97 150 Land grabbers were involved. Umer Farooq Town Kalapul 23/02/98 100 Bridge extension Manzoor Colony 21/05/98 20 Liaquat Colony Lyari 17/10/98 190 KMC declared a 100 years old settlement as an amenity plot. Glass Tower Clifton 26/11/98 10 Parking for Glass Tower Ghareebabad, Sabzi Mandi and Quaid 28/12/98 250 Access road for law & order e Azam Colony agencies Buffer Zone 10/02/99 35 Land dispute Kausar Niazi colony North Nazimabad 17/02/99 30 Land dispute Zakri Baloch Goth Gulistan-e-Jauhar 15/03/99 250 Builders wanted the land for high rise construction Al Hilal Society Sabzi Mandi 15/03/99 62 Builders involved Sikanderabad Clony KPT 23/08/99 40 KPT reclaimed its land Gudera Camp New Karachi 17/11/99 350 Operation against encroachments Sher Pao Colony M.A. Society 29/11/99 60 Amenity plot Gilani railway station 20/01/00 160 Railway land Grumandir 02/08/00 37 shops Road extension by the KMC Chakara Goth Nasir Colony -
Un-Claim Dividend and Shares for Upload in Company Web Site
UN-CLAIM DIVIDEND AND SHARES FOR UPLOAD IN COMPANY WEB SITE. Company FOLIO Name Address Amount Shares Abbott 41 BILQIS BANO C-306, M.L.COMPLEX MIRZA KHALEEJ1,507.00 BEG ROAD,0 PARSI COLONY KARACHI Abbott 43 MR. ABDUL RAZAK RUFI VIEW, JM-497,FLAT NO-103175.75 JIGGAR MOORADABADI0 ROAD NEAR ALLAMA IQBAL LIBRARY KARACHI-74800 Abbott 47 MR. AKHTER JAMIL 203 INSAF CHAMBERS NEAR PICTURE600.50 HOUSE0 M.A.JINNAH ROAD KARACHI Abbott 62 MR. HAROON RAHEMAN CORPORATION 26 COCHINWALA27.50 0 MARKET KARACHI Abbott 68 MR. SALMAN SALEEM A-450, BLOCK - 3 GULSHAN-E-IQBAL6,503.00 KARACHI.0 Abbott 72 HAJI TAYUB ABDUL LATIF DHEDHI BROTHERS 20/21 GORDHANDAS714.50 MARKET0 KARACHI Abbott 95 MR. AKHTER HUSAIN C-182, BLOCK-C NORTH NAZIMABAD616.00 KARACHI0 Abbott 96 ZAINAB DAWOOD 267/268, BANTWA NAGAR LIAQUATABAD1,397.67 KARACHI-190 267/268, BANTWA NAGAR LIAQUATABAD KARACHI-19 Abbott 97 MOHD. SADIQ FIRST FLOOR 2, MADINA MANZIL6,155.83 RAMTLA ROAD0 ARAMBAG KARACHI Abbott 104 MR. RIAZUDDIN 7/173 DELHI MUSLIM HOUSING4,262.00 SOCIETY SHAHEED-E-MILLAT0 OFF SIRAJUDULLAH ROAD KARACHI. Abbott 126 MR. AZIZUL HASAN KHAN FLAT NO. A-31 ALLIANCE PARADISE14,040.44 APARTMENT0 PHASE-I, II-C/1 NAGAN CHORANGI, NORTH KARACHI KARACHI. Abbott 131 MR. ABDUL RAZAK HASSAN KISMAT TRADERS THATTAI COMPOUND4,716.50 KARACHI-74000.0 Abbott 135 SAYVARA KHATOON MUSTAFA TERRECE 1ST FLOOR BEHIND778.27 TOOSO0 SNACK BAR BAHADURABAD KARACHI. Abbott 141 WASI IMAM C/O HANIF ABDULLAH MOTIWALA95.00 MUSTUFA0 TERRECE IST FLOOR BEHIND UBL BAHUDARABAD BRANCH BAHEDURABAD KARACHI Abbott 142 ABDUL QUDDOS C/O M HANIF ABDULLAH MOTIWALA252.22 MUSTUFA0 TERRECE 1ST FLOOR BEHIND UBL BAHEDURABAD BRANCH BAHDURABAD KARACHI. -
List of Branches Authorized for Overnight Clearing (Annexure - II) Branch Sr
List of Branches Authorized for Overnight Clearing (Annexure - II) Branch Sr. # Branch Name City Name Branch Address Code Show Room No. 1, Business & Finance Centre, Plot No. 7/3, Sheet No. S.R. 1, Serai 1 0001 Karachi Main Branch Karachi Quarters, I.I. Chundrigar Road, Karachi 2 0002 Jodia Bazar Karachi Karachi Jodia Bazar, Waqar Centre, Rambharti Street, Karachi 3 0003 Zaibunnisa Street Karachi Karachi Zaibunnisa Street, Near Singer Show Room, Karachi 4 0004 Saddar Karachi Karachi Near English Boot House, Main Zaib un Nisa Street, Saddar, Karachi 5 0005 S.I.T.E. Karachi Karachi Shop No. 48-50, SITE Area, Karachi 6 0006 Timber Market Karachi Karachi Timber Market, Siddique Wahab Road, Old Haji Camp, Karachi 7 0007 New Challi Karachi Karachi Rehmani Chamber, New Challi, Altaf Hussain Road, Karachi 8 0008 Plaza Quarters Karachi Karachi 1-Rehman Court, Greigh Street, Plaza Quarters, Karachi 9 0009 New Naham Road Karachi Karachi B.R. 641, New Naham Road, Karachi 10 0010 Pakistan Chowk Karachi Karachi Pakistan Chowk, Dr. Ziauddin Ahmed Road, Karachi 11 0011 Mithadar Karachi Karachi Sarafa Bazar, Mithadar, Karachi Shop No. G-3, Ground Floor, Plot No. RB-3/1-CIII-A-18, Shiveram Bhatia Building, 12 0013 Burns Road Karachi Karachi Opposite Fresco Chowk, Rambagh Quarters, Karachi 13 0014 Tariq Road Karachi Karachi 124-P, Block-2, P.E.C.H.S. Tariq Road, Karachi 14 0015 North Napier Road Karachi Karachi 34-C, Kassam Chamber's, North Napier Road, Karachi 15 0016 Eid Gah Karachi Karachi Eid Gah, Opp. Khaliq Dina Hall, M.A. -
Informal Land Controls, a Case of Karachi-Pakistan
Informal Land Controls, A Case of Karachi-Pakistan. This Thesis is Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Saeed Ud Din Ahmed School of Geography and Planning, Cardiff University June 2016 DECLARATION This work has not been submitted in substance for any other degree or award at this or any other university or place of learning, nor is being submitted concurrently in candidature for any degree or other award. Signed ………………………………………………………………………………… (candidate) Date ………………………… i | P a g e STATEMENT 1 This thesis is being submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of …………………………(insert MCh, MD, MPhil, PhD etc, as appropriate) Signed ………………………………………………………………………..………… (candidate) Date ………………………… STATEMENT 2 This thesis is the result of my own independent work/investigation, except where otherwise stated. Other sources are acknowledged by explicit references. The views expressed are my own. Signed …………………………………………………………….…………………… (candidate) Date ………………………… STATEMENT 3 I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter- library loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations. Signed ……………………………………………………………………………… (candidate) Date ………………………… STATEMENT 4: PREVIOUSLY APPROVED BAR ON ACCESS I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter- library loans after expiry of a bar on access previously approved by the Academic Standards & Quality Committee. Signed …………………………………………………….……………………… (candidate) Date ………………………… ii | P a g e iii | P a g e Acknowledgement The fruition of this thesis, theoretically a solitary contribution, is indebted to many individuals and institutions for their kind contributions, guidance and support. NED University of Engineering and Technology, my alma mater and employer, for financing this study. -
JUBILEE LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY LIMITED List of Physical Shareholders As of 03-03-0214 S
JUBILEE LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY LIMITED List of Physical Shareholders as of 03-03-0214 S. No. Folio No. Security Holder Name Address 1 11 MR. MOHAMMAD ABDULLAH B-31, K.D.A./1, KARACHI. 2 14 DR. FAZAL M. ABREJO C-41, I.T. OFFICER S COLONY, GARDEN, KARACHI. 3 23 MR. EJAZ AHED D-222/2, K.D.A. SCHEME NO.1-A EXTENSION, KARACHI-75350. 4 25 MR. M. MAHBOOB AHMAD 132, UPPER MALL SCHEME, LAHORE. 5 27 MR. RAFI-UDDEEN AHMAD H.3-A, ST-32, F-8/1, ISLAMABAD. 6 28 SYED NASEEM AHMAD HOUSE NO.3-A, FIRST WEST STREET, DEFENCE HOUSING AUTHORITY, PHASE-1, KARACHI. 7 29 MR. BEHRAM K. AHMED 49/1/II, KHYABAN-I-GHAZI, PHASE-5, D.H.S., KARACHI. 8 35 MR. ISAR AHMAD 11, BATHVIEW APARTMENTS, G-25, BLOCK-9, KHAYABAN-E-JAMI CLIFTON, KARACHI. 9 36 MR. ISMAIL H. AHMED 71/II, 10TH STREET, PHASE-VI, KHAYABAN-E-BADAR, D.H.A., KARACHI 10 39 MR. MASOOD AHMED 164/A, F-10/1, STREET # 36, ISLAMABAD. 11 41 MR. MOHD SIDDIQ AHMED C/O AMERICAN PRESIDENT LINES, EBRAHIM BUILDING, WEST WHARF, KARACHI. 12 42 MRS. AISHA AHMED SUITE 406-408,4TH FLOOR, AL-FALAH BUILDING, SHAHRAH-E-QUAID-E-AZAM, LAHORE. 13 43 MR. MUMTAZ AHMED 74/1-A, LALAZAR, M.T. KHAN ROAD, KARACHI. 14 48 MR. SULTAN AHMED D-42, BLOCK-IV, KEHKASHAN CLIFTON, KARACHI-75600. 15 71 SYED AKBAR ALIKHAN F-2, BLOCK-4, CLIFTON, KARACHI. 16 72 MR. ZAFAR ALTAF HOUSE NO.182, ST.97, SECTOR I-8/4, ISLAMABAD. -
ORANGI PILOT PROJECT Institutions and Programs
822 PKOR02 ORANGI PILOT PROJECT Institutions and Programs 90ttmh QUARTERLY REPORT APR, MAY, JUN'2002 A borrowers group in Baroon Sanghar- discussing the impact of micro credit with OPP-OCT members. PLOT NO. ST-4, SECTOR 5/A QASBA COLONY MANGHOPIR ROAD, KARACHI-75800 PHONE NOS. 6658021-6652297 1MX. 6665696, E-mail. [email protected] and [email protected] OPP-RTI receives the World Habitat Award 2000 The year 2000 World Habitat Award has been awarded to the Low Cost Sanitation and Housing Programme of the Orangi Pilot Project- Research & Training Institute Karachi. The World Habitat Awards were initiated in 1985 as part of the Building and Social Housing Foundation's contribution to the United Nations International Year of Shelter for the Homeless in 1987. The principle objective of the international year was for every nation to draw up strategies, policies and programmes that would enable practical and attainable improvements to be made in the shelter and neighbourhoods of all poor and disadvantaged people. The World Habitat Awards were initiated in order to identify innovative and successful human settlements projects throughout the world which could be replicated elsewhere. This year the international judges for the award selected Orangi Pilot Project - Research and Training Institute as the winner of the World Habitat Award 2000 for its successful community financed, community managed infrastructure and housing upgrading programme which has helped over two million people improve their sanitation, health and housing conditions in Orangi, in 49 other settlements in Karachi and in 5 other Pakistani cities. The OPP-RTI programmes have moved on from neighbouhood to the city level and from being community initiatives to becoming community government partnerships. -
The People of Karachi Demographic Characteristics
MONOGRAPHS IN THE ECONOMICS OF DEVELOPMENT No. 13 The People of Karachi Demographic Characteristics SULTAN S. HASHMI January 1965 PAKISTAN INSTITUTE OF DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS Old Sind Assembly Building Bunder Road, Karachi (Pakistan) Price Rs. 5.00 PAKISTAN INSTITUTE OF DEVELOPME :ONOMICS Old Sind Assembly Building Bunder Road, Karachi-1 (Pakistan) The Institute carries out basic research studies on the economic problems of development in Pakistan and other Asian countries. It also provides training in economic analysis and research methodology for the professional members of its staff and for members of other organization concerned with development problems. Executive Board Mr. Said Hasan, H.Q.A. (Chairman) Mr. S. A. F. M. A. Sobhan Mr. G. S. Kehar, S.Q.A. (Member) (Member) Mr. M. L. Qureshi, S.Q.A. Mr. M. Raschid (Member) (Member) Mr. A. Rashid Ibrahim Mr. S. M. Sulaiman (Member-Treasurer) (Member) Professor A. F. A. Hussain Dr. Mahbubul Haq (Member) (Member) Mian Nazir Ahmad, T.Q.A. (Secretary) Director: Professor Nurul Islam Senior Research Adviser: Dr. Bruce Glassburner Research Advisers: Dr. W. Eric Gustafson; Dr. Ronald Soligo; Dr. Stephen R. Lewis, Jr.; Dr. Warren C. Robinson; Mr. William Seltzer. Senior Fellows: Dr. S. A. Abbas; Dr. M. Baqai; Dr. Mahbubul Haq; Professor T. Haq; Professor A. F. A. Hussain; Dr. R. H. Khandkar; Dr. Taufique Khan; Professor M. Rashid. Advisory Board Professor Max F. Millikan, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Professor Gunnar Myrdal, University of Stockholm. Professor E. A. G. Robinson, Cambridge University. MONOGRAPHS IN THE ECONOMICS OF DEVELOPMENT No. 13 The People of Karachi Demographic Characteristics SULTANS. -
4 • ELECTION COMMISSION of PAKISTAN FROM-28 (See Rule 50) LIST of POLLING STATIONS for a CONSTITUENCY Election to the *Nattogl
4 • ELECTION COMMISSION OF PAKISTAN FROM-28 (See rule 50) LIST OF POLLING STATIONS FOR A CONSTITUENCY Election to the *NattoglAuctthly No. and name of constituency NA -252 Karachi West - V In case of rural areas In case of urban area S. no of Number of voters assigned Number of polling S.No No.and Name of Polling Station voters Census Block Census Name of electoral area Name of electoral area on the Male Female Total Male Female Code Block Code Total electoral 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 GBSS, Ghram Cheshma Manghopir (Boys School) 1 Sheikh Fareed Chilla. Deh Manghopir Haji Allah Buksh Goth 437010101 373 373 3 3 Deh Manghopir Shaikh Farccd Goth 437010102 257 257 Deli Manghopir Makrani Para 437010103 124 124 Deh Manghopir Makrani Para 437010104 160 160 Dch Manghopir Haji Mehmood Goth 437010105 406 406 Deh Manghopir Sir Mastan Mohallah 437010106 111 1 1 1 Deli Manghopir Makrani Para 437010107 36 36 Doh Manghopir Makrani Para 437010108 104 104 Deh Manghopir Makrani Para 437010109 34 34 1605 1605 0 GGSS, Ghram Cheshma Manghopir (Girls School) 2 Sheikh Fareed Chilla. Deh Manghopir Haji Alah Buksh Goth 437010101 205 205 2 2 Deh Manghopir Shaikh Famed Goth 437010102 148 148 Dch Manghopir Makrani Para 437010103 95 95 Deli Manghopir Makrani Para 437010104 122 122 Dch Manghopir llaji Mchmood Goth 437010105 233 233 Deh Manghopir Sir Mastan Mohallah 437010106 72 72 Dch Manghopir Makrani Para 437010107 31 31 Deh Manghopir Makrani Para 437010108 85 85 Dch Manghopir Makrani Para 437010109 19 19 1010 1010 0 3 Bab-ul-Ilin English Grammar School Pakhtoonabad Deh Manghopir Pukhtoonabad 4370101 10 175 175 2 2 Deh Manghopir Pukhtoonabad Sector:02 437010111 60 60 Deh Manghopir Pukhtoonabad Sector:02 437010112 47 47 Deh Manghopir Pukhtoonabad Sector:01 437010113 109 109 Dch Manghopir Pukhtoonabad Sector:02 437010114 41 41 Deh Manghopir Pukhtoonabad Sector:01 437010115 54 54 Dch Manghopir Pukhtoonabad Gulshan-e-Ts 437010116 60 60 Deh Manghopir Pukhtoonabad Scctor:01 437010117 172 172 Deh Manghopir Pukhtoonabad Sector:01 437010118 75 75 793 793 0 4 GBLSS, Mushki Para Manghopir. -
ORANGI PILOT PROJECT Institutions and Programs
822 PKOR03 ORANGI PILOT PROJECT Institutions and Programs 93rd QUARTERLY REPORT JAN,FEB, MAR'2003 Replication by LPP in Khanpur City is an important initiative. Laying of Trunk Sewer is in Progress. PLO1 NO. ST-4, SECTOR S/A, QASBA COLONY MANGHOPIR ROAD, KARACHI-75800 PHONE NOS. 6658021-6652297 Fax: 6665696, E-mail : [email protected] pk & [email protected] ORANGI PILOT PROJECT - Institutions and Programs Contents: Pages I. Introduction: 1-2 II. Receipts and Expenditure-Audited figure (1980 to 2002) 3 (OPP and OPP society) III. Receipts and Expenditure (2002-2003) Abstract of institutions 4 IV. Orangi Pilot Project - Research and Training Institute (OPP-RTI) 5-61 V. OPP-KHASDA Health and Family Planning Programme (KHASDA) 62-74 VI. Orangi Charitable Trust: Micro Enterprise Credit (OCT) 75-106 VII. Rural Development Trust (RDT) 107-114 I. INTRODUCTION: 1. Since April 1980 the following programs have evolved: Low Cost Sanitation-started in 1981 Low Cost Housing-started in 1986 Health & Family Planning-started in 1985 Women Entrepreneurs- started in 1984, later merged with Family Enterprise • Family Enterprise-started in 1987 Education- started in 1987 stopped in 1990. New program started in 1995. Social Forestry-started in 1990 stopped in 1997 Rural Development- started in 1992 2. The programs are autonomous with their own registered institutions, separate budgets, accounts and audits. The following independent institutions are now operating : i. OPP Society Council: It receives funds from INFAQ Foundation and distributes the funds according to the budgets to the Women Section (OCT), OPP-RTI, Khasda and RDT . For details of distribution see page 4.