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The Great Plains and Prairies Plains Indians

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The Great Plains and Prairies Plains Indians 5/2/2017 DATES TO REMEMBER Until May 26: Course evaluation period. Regional Landscapes of the Check your Hunter e-mail for instructions. Smartphone: www.hunter.cuny.edu/mobilete Computer: www.hunter.cuny.edu/te United States and Canada May 12: Last day to hand in REQUIRED ROADTRIP EXERCISE without late penalty. The Great Plains May 16: Last class lecture and last day for pre-approved extra credit (paper or other project). and Prairies May 23: Exam III: The Final Exam Part 2 – From 9 to 11 AM << note different time from class Prof. Anthony Grande American Landscape: Ch. 9 – Same format as exams I and II. ©AFG 2017 also review Ch. 2 and 7. – Last day to hand in Exam III extra credit exercise and Historical Atlas: Sect. 6 “Landscape Analysis” extra credit option. Perception of the Great Plains Plains Indians Favorable Unfavorable Lived a nomadic lifestyle (hunting/gathering). Native Americans Early 1800s, Easterners • Buffalo (bison) hunting main livelihood. were to first to live on and Northern European • Mobility was limited at first. the plains. They found it immigrants saw it as Acquired horses in 1500s (from Spanish) a good place to live, “wholly unfit for cultivation • Allowed diffusion throughout the Plains. moving with the seasons and habitation.” and following the animals. No trees = Bad for farming. • Increase access to food and shelter. Spanish explorer 1850s-1930s: Area was • Were able to follow the buffalo herds. called the “Great American • Tepees were traveling homes. Coronado (he was raised in dry Spain in the 1500s): “This Desert.” Pushed out of the Great Plains by region is the best I've seen 20th century views: Shaped American westward expansion for producing the crops of by literature (novels) and Holly- • Loss of buffalo (their food) to trophy hunting. Spain. [It is] very flat and wood (movies): dry waste • Transcontinental RR allowed Easterners black [and] well watered by land inhabited by Indians, access to area. the rivulets and springs.” buffalo and cattlemen. • Land claimed by farmers and ranchers. 3 4 See maps on Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump First American Settlers pp.36 and 46 World Heritage Site, Fort MacLeod, Alberta of the atlas. The buffalo jump was used Buffalo jump sketch for 5,500 yrs by the indigen- First arrivals (pioneers) in 1820s: ous peoples to kill buffalo • Settlement hindered by a lack of trees for building, by driving them off the 35 ft high cliff (escarpment). fencing, fuel and by a lack of water. Agriculturalists bypassed this area (perception!) • Called it the “Land to get across.” • Favored Rocky Mt. foothills and west coast tracts where there were trees. People moved through the area in convoys called wagon trains. 5 6 1 5/2/2017 Wagon Trains Overland Trails Trails were named for their destinations. Wagon trains provided an organized movement west- Wagon train parties were outfitted in ward across the Great Plains. Missouri and crossed the plains by following rivers, ruts and landmarks. Started as supply lines for Wagon wheels created fur traders. ruts in the ground. Later used to take settlers Trail masters followed the across the plains by following ruts on their trips across the the rivers west (consult maps). Great Plains and mountains. Became a means for settlers to get to the Rocky Mts., Oregon and California. Wagon wheel ruts . cut into the sod Wagon wheel ruts cut into soft rock. 7 8 Geologic Landmarks along landmarks were important as guide Settling on the Plains the Oregon Trail posts and gauges of daily distance Homestead Act (1862) opened up the plains to settlers. traveled. Land was pre-divided according to the Township and Range rectangular survey system. “Homesteaders” would select a parcel on a map at the local Land Office and then go out to find the surveyors' markings and see if they liked the parcel. Best land claimed first. Surface water was more important than soil quality. Valley bottoms favored (water + better soil = good farming). All property lines (fences and fields) followed T&R grid (east-west and north-south directions). “Checkerboard” is the original landscape pattern of the region. 9 10 Canadian Prairies: Concentra- Cultural Checkerboard Landscape tions of Eastern Europeans with Eastern Orthodox traditions. Concentrations Sizable Métis population; many 1874 Nebraska had a French heritage/culture. Northern Plains: Settled by Swiss, Germans and Norwegians They brought their culture with them: toponomy, religion, farming methods and architecture. Limestone outcrops allowed LUTHERAN them to build stone structures. Southern Plains: Settled by resi- dents of Southern states (including freed slaves) and Spanish/Mexicans. Regional physical characteris- tics created a unique cultural landscape: COWBOY. Hispanic culture predominates Land was divided according to the Township & Range Survey system. 11 closer to the Mexican border. 12 2 5/2/2017 Towns and Railroads and the Rivers Plains (1860-1880) • The railroads ventured onto First towns (1840s) were the Plains (1850s) after the set- established along navig- First transcontinental railroad linked Council tlement of the agricultural core, the Bluffs, Iowa with Sacramento, CA (1862-1869). able waterways by river annexation of Texas and the end The link continued by boat to San Francisco. Why? freight companies. of the Mexican War (desire to get to • Main Street fronted the Calif. after it was ceded to the US). river (waterfront) and the • The RRs set up towns along focus was the docks. Omaha, Nebraska their tracks after getting gov’t • Towns first spread along land grants or purchasing land the riverbank (called frontage), for their rights-of-way. then inland. • They leased RR land along the tracks to local businessmen. 13 14 Rail Lines: 1870 vs 1890 Towns and Rail lines Towns were built by the RR com- panies for freight depots or work- The railroad rights-of-way followed the routes of the wagon trains from the er housing. Town was laid out before Mississippi Valley to the Pacific coast. people and businesses arrived. – RR agent was put in charge of settle- ment to bring in the right mix of businesses to the town. – RR towns ignored the grid to align with the tracks. 1869: Transcontinental Railroad – Street pattern was “T-shape” which (Union Pacific and Central Pacific) 1876: Southern Pacific Railroad focused on the train station or freight 1883: Northern Pacific Railroad depot. 1885: Canadian Pacific Railway • Main Street business district was at a right angle to the tracks. 15 16 Garfield, Kansas Railroad Routes and the Settlement Landscape of the Plains The route selected by a railroad as it moved westward determined the location of towns. On the western plains the only service was along the main trans- continental rail lines. • Towns were a set distance apart. Why? Notice anything • No N-S rail lines. Why? about the spacing? 17 18 3 5/2/2017 Problem Landscape Develops Settlement and Technology • Township & Range had no • Railroads can’t do right allowance for public roads angles, tight curves and In western areas intense agricultural settle- and varieties in the topo- steep slopes. Companies ment was delayed until the development of graphic landscape. (Canada purchased parcels that would technologies to deal with the plains allow for curved track sections. adopted T&R in 1871 and incorporat- environment: ed roads of a specific width along • The checkerboard land- alternate boundary lines.) scape was “cemented” – Wood brought in by freight trains allowed for • All roads were laid straight by the designation of state frame buildings and other construction projects. even if the grade was steep. highways and paving of – Barbed wire (for fencing) • Very few curved/irregular rural roads. lines are found on area maps. – Deep-well borers to get to the water and Location of civic and – Results in longer travel windmills to pump up the water. religious places is a result distance between places – Mechanization of grain farming, esp. steel plows. (time/distance factor). of Homesteaders giving away their poorest sections19 . 20 Canada’s Prairie Provinces American Granary Central Plains Northernmost section of the Plains Agricultural focus is Originally controlled by the Hudson’s Bay Co. - Discouraged settlement as interfering with trapping/fur trade on a variety of grains. Became part of Canada in 1870 . Covers the area from Canadian – Adopted and modified Township and Range in 1871. border to northern Texas. – Encouraged settlement but conditions limited its use for farming. Temperature, growing season – RR came in 1885 but many people just “passed through” on and precipitation determines their way to the Rockies and West Coast. the type of grain grown. – Leases, rather than land grants, controlled the land. Today focus is on grain production. N . Oats and barley in the colder, drier areas as – Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta are Canada’s Montana, North Dakota, main wheat producers. and South Dakota. – Most is exported to Europe via . Wheat (several varieties) is Hudson Bay or St. Lawrence Seaway. the chief crop: Nebraska 21 S to northern Texas. 22 Skyscrapers of the Plains. Landscapes of Expansion after Civil War Open Range (1866-1886) Grain Storage and Southmost Section of the Plains Unbranded cattle running Distribution loose during Civil War. Focus is on ranching in Railroads linking east and Storage. Small grain eleva- Oklahoma and Texas. west coasts. ors or open-air mounds. • Cattle and sheep intro- Cattle drives north to rail heads in Kansas. Distribution. By rail and duced by the Spanish. Collapse in late 1880s. truck to ports for shipment (This area became part of the via water to processing US in 1846.) • Overgrazing. centers. • New cattle-raising • Cattle ranchers use the operations in Midwest. (as op- land extensively • Slipping national economy posed to intensively). Plenti- • Blizzards (1887/1888) killed ful grasslands for cattle cattle.
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