©2014 Isra Ali All Rights Reserved

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

©2014 Isra Ali All Rights Reserved ©2014 Isra Ali All Rights Reserved HAVE FREEDOM, WILL TRAVEL: GENDERED DISCOURSES IN THE WAR ON TERROR By ISRA ALI A dissertation submitted to the Graduate School – New Brunswick Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in Communication, Information and Library Studies Written under the direction of Deepa Kumar And approved by ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ ________________________ New Brunswick, New Jersey JANUARY 2014 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Have Freedom, Will Travel: Gendered Discourses in the War on Terror By ISRA ALI Dissertation Director: Deepa Kumar This project examines how women traveling from North America and Western Europe to Afghanistan in the era of the War on Terror go about making media about Afghan women, and considers the experience of contemporary travelers alongside those of European women who traveled to the Muslim world in the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries. This work expands on and revises existing cultural studies scholarship on the representation of brown bodies in a post 911 world, using an anti-colonial lens to examine the work of journalists, independent documentary filmmakers, and activists. It pays particular attention to the varied ways in which the concept of feminism is deployed to advocate for or against ongoing military occupation of Afghanistan. This project asks: what is the relationship between feminism, Afghan women, and the War on Terror? It examines articles, broadcasts, images, films and websites, produced about Afghan women alongside interviews, memoirs, and other materials these traveling women make about their own experiences of being “liberated” women working within the danger of the war zone and the “traditional” culture of Afghanistan. It examines intersections of race, ethnicity, citizenship, and class with gender through an analysis of the term traveling women use to describe their experience of being foreign and female in Afghanistan – the ‘third sex.’ This work traces how the ‘third sex’ come to be in ii Afghanistan after 911, and how they access Afghan women. This makes visible the networks of media, military, and non-governmental agencies they rely on there and how these relationships shape news output in the war zone. I then parse out the conflicting perspectives of liberal feminists and radical feminists as they emerge online in the discourse on militarism and Afghan women’s liberation, making visible the relationships amongst Afghan and non-Afghan feminist organizations and media outlets. The conflicts that emerge amongst liberal and radical feminists are indicative of the challenges that arise when feminists attempt to articulate cross-cultural, global, concepts of gender equality and liberation. These challenges are compounded by the context of the War on Terror, and the use of humanitarian logics to rationalize military endeavors. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation would not have been possible without the guidance, dedication, and encouragement of Dr. Deepa Kumar. I would also like to thank Dr. Ethel Brooks for her valuable contributions to this project. Their mentorship and support has contributed immeasurably to my development as a scholar, and to the character and scope of this work. Thank you also to Dr. Jack Bratich and Dr. Regina Marchi for the time and energy they have given to the project as evidenced in their thorough readings and insightful comments. I would also like to acknowledge the Department of Journalism and Media Studies and the School of Communication and Information, as well as the Department of Women’s and Gender Studies, and the Center for Race and Ethnicity, for all of their support throughout my time at Rutgers. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………………………………………. iv LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………… vi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS……………………………………………………... vii I. INTRODUCTION: Gendered Discourses in the War on 1 Terror Women Reporting on Afghanistan Visibility and Credibility Traveling Women, Gendering Orientalism and the ‘Third Sex’ II. CHAPTER 1: Print Journalism and the ‘Third Sex’: 19 Women Traveling to Afghanistan to Report on Afghan Women for The New York Times and Time Magazine 2001-2005 Editors and Letters to the Editor The Reporting Translating Journalism to Expertise III. CHAPTER 2: Making the images of Afghan women: 67 Television Correspondents and Freelance Photojournalists in Afghanistan The Story of Bibi Aisha Producing Images of Subordination and Suffering from the Perspective of the Third Sex Mobility on the Ground, and the Infrastructure of the War on Terror Heroism, Humanism and Television Correspondents IV. CHAPTER 3: Documentary Film and the ‘Third Sex’ 125 Feminism, documentary, and visibility Coming to Afghanistan Networks The Third Sex, Afghan Women, the Logic of Humanitarian Warfare V. CHAPTER 4: Online Interactions and Feminist Discourse 171 in the War on Terror The War on Terror, and Online Exchange Personal Narratives The Exchange VI. CONCLUSION 225 BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………………… 236 v LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1 News Coverage Before and After 911…………………………….. 41 vi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Illustrations Page 1. Dr. Marzia Mohammadi by Kate Brooks………………………. 89 2. Stillborn birth, Badakshan Provincial Hospital by Paula 95 Bronstein………………………………………………………… 3. Live birth at Badakshan Provincial Hospital by Lynsey Addario.. 96 4. The Candidate by Stephanie St. Clair…………………………… 97 5. Victim and Police Officer by Veronique de Viguerie…………… 98 6. Burqa Clad Women by Stephanie Sinclair………………………. 100 7. Feminist in Chief, Cover of Ms. Magazine January 2009………. 187 vii 1 I. INTRODUCTION: Gendered Discourses in the War on Terror The goal of this project is to develop a clearer understanding of how the concepts of feminism, gender equality, and liberation, have been rather seamlessly co-opted into the rationale for war and ongoing occupation in Afghanistan in the public discourse. In order to better understand this phenomenon, I look at the work of a select group of women who travel to Afghanistan from North America to Western Europe to write about, make images of, and film documentaries about Afghan women. I examine how these women come to produce this work on Afghanistan in this moment in history, and how the dissemination through different media platforms and venues (print, photography, television, film and digital media) impacts how it travels and circulates through the discourse on War on Terror militarism from 2001 on. The work of these women tells us a great deal about the roles women play in the maintenance and proliferation of the War on Terror over the course of a decade through their participation in the production of knowledge about gender, sexuality, and Afghan culture. A close analysis of the media produced by these women also reveals the relationships between the production of knowledge about Afghan women in news media, and the discourse produced by feminists that advocates for or against militarism in Afghanistan. The latter part of this work examines how liberal and anti-war feminists use digital media to engage one another in a public debate on troop surges, troop withdrawals and the end of the war in Afghanistan after the election of Barack Obama in 2008. This debate makes visible the interrelated nature of reporting on Afghan women and advocating for Afghan women, and the impact of the state’s implementation of Orientalist logics to make the case for war on both of these actions. 2 In the realm of public discourse, the relationship between terrorism, the War on Terror, and gender equality in Afghanistan was established quickly, in the short period between the terrorist attacks of September 11th 2001 and the declaration of war (dubbed Operation Enduring Freedom) in Afghanistan on October 7th 2001. It is during this period that spokespersons for the United States government explicitly make the case that war in Afghanistan will democratize Afghanistan and liberate Afghan women. In the first chapter, I look at the editorials and letters to the editor authored by women that appear in internationally circulating and venerated mainstream news media outlets (The New York Times and Time Magazine) during this period. These editorials establish the explicit ways in which the administration of George W. Bush sets about overtly framing the War in Afghanistan as a mission in service of democracy and human rights, through the argument that this war will engender equal rights for Afghan women. This section shows how the administration frames this as a particularly gendered issue by deploying female statesmen to talk about Afghan women and their oppression by the governing party of Afghanistan, the Taliban. This blatant propagandizing by the state was met with a number of critiques from scholars of empire, Orientalism, and Islamaphobia, who saw in this narrative a contemporary re-configuration of long-standing Orientalist notions about gender and sexuality in Muslim societies1. In the realm of mainstream public discourse however, the 1 At the outset of the War on Terror this critique is seen in in Lila Abu-Lughod’s 2002 article “Do Muslim Women Really Need Saving?” Charles Hirschkind & Saba Mahmood’s 2002 peice “Feminism, the Taliban and Politics of Counter-Insurgency” in Anthropological Quarterly. This critique has been reiterated more recently in Kristan Hunt and Kim Rygiel’s volume (En) Gendering the War on Terror, Deepa
Recommended publications
  • Women's Rights Unveiled: Taliban's Treatment of Women in Afghanistan
    WOMEN'S RIGHTS UNVEILED: TALIBAN'S TREATMENT OF WOMEN IN AFGHANISTAN I. INTRODUCTION I have four children. Life is very difficult under the Taliban, especially because of what they have done to women. During the past year, I have been out of my house only three times, always accompanied by a male family member, or my husband. Once, I went to the baker's [sic]. There I saw another woman. She was picking up some bread, and her sleeves moved up her arms a bit, and a Talib came and beat her. I became very afraid, and I ran away. My house in Afghanistan is not very big. It has two rooms, one bathroom, and a kitchen. All the day, I am inside the house, doing housework-cooking, washing, cleaning, things like this. My husband is a shopkeeper. We have a courtyard, so sometimes I can go outside and feel the sun on my face. It is surrounded by a high wall, so no one can see in. I do not see my women friends. If the women have the time to go outside, the male members of the family don't have time to escort them, or don't want to. So we all stay in our houses.' It is hard for people in other countries to believe that we women in Afghanistan are beaten everyday by the Taliban. The sadness in our story is endless. I know that they [the Taliban] beat us, lash us, and lock us in our homes all because they want to destroy the dignity of women.
    [Show full text]
  • Celebration and Rescue: Mass Media Portrayals of Malala Yousafzai As Muslim Woman Activist
    Celebration and Rescue: Mass Media Portrayals of Malala Yousafzai as Muslim Woman Activist A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Drexel University by Wajeeha Ameen Choudhary in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy November 2016 ii iii Dedication To Allah – my life is a culmination of prayers fulfilled iv Acknowledgements This dissertation would not have possible without the love and support of my parents Shoukat and Zaheera Choudhary, my husband Ahmad Malik, and my siblings Zaheer Choudhary, Aleem Choudhary, and Sumera Ahmad – all of whom weathered the many highs and lows of the thesis process. They are my shoulder to lean on and the first to share in the accomplishments they helped me achieve. My dissertation committee: Dr. Brent Luvaas and Dr. Ernest Hakanen for their continued support and feedback; Dr. Evelyn Alsultany for her direction and enthusiasm from many miles away; and Dr. Alison Novak for her encouragement and friendship. Finally, my advisor and committee chair Dr. Rachel R. Reynolds whose unfailing guidance and faith in my ability shaped me into the scholar I am today. v Table of Contents ABSTRACT ……………………..........................................................................................................vii 1. INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW...………….……………………………………1 1.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………...1 1.1.1 Brief Profile of Malala Yousafzai ……….………...…………...………………………………...4 1.2 Literature Review ………………………………………………………………………………….4 1.2.1 Visuality, Reading Visual
    [Show full text]
  • 2015 Inventory of Library by Categories Penny Kittle
    2015 Inventory of Library by Categories Penny Kittle The World: Asia, India, Africa, The Middle East, South America & The Caribbean, Europe, Canada Asia & India Escape from Camp 14: One Man’s Remarkable Odyssey from North Korea to Freedom in the West by Blaine Harden Behind the Beautiful Forevers: Life, Death, and Hope in a Mumbai Undercity by Katherine Boo Life of Pi by Yann Martel Boxers & Saints by Geneluen Yang American Born Chinese by Gene Luen Yang The Orphan Master’s Son by Adam Johnson A Fine Balance by Rohinton Mistry Jakarta Missing by Jane Kurtz The Buddah in the Attic by Julie Otsuka First They Killed My Father by Loung Ung A Step From Heaven by Anna Inside Out & Back Again by Thanhha Lai Slumdog Millionaire by Vikas Swarup The Namesake by Jhumpa Lahiri Unaccustomed Earth by Jhumpa Lahiri The Rape of Nanking by Iris Chang Girl in Translation by Jean Kwok The Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan The Reason I Jump by Naoki Higashida Nothing to Envy: Ordinary Lives in North Korea by Barbara Demick Q & A by Vikas Swarup Never Fall Down by Patricia McCormick A Moment Comes by Jennifer Bradbury Wave by Sonali Deraniyagala White Tiger by Aravind Adiga Africa What is the What by Dave Eggers They Poured Fire on Us From the Sky by Deng, Deng & Ajak Memoirs of a Boy Soldier by Ishmael Beah Radiance of Tomorrow by Ishmael Beah Running the Rift by Naomi Benaron Say You’re One of Them by Uwem Akpan Cutting for Stone by Abraham Verghese Desert Flower: The Extraordinary Journey of a Desert Nomad by Waris Dirie The Milk of Birds by Sylvia Whitman The
    [Show full text]
  • Gender and the Violence(S) of War and Armed Conflict EMERALD STUDIES in CRIMINOLOGY, FEMINISM and SOCIAL CHANGE
    Gender and the Violence(s) of War and Armed Conflict EMERALD STUDIES IN CRIMINOLOGY, FEMINISM AND SOCIAL CHANGE Series Editors Sandra Walklate, School of Social Sciences, Monash University, Australia. Kate Fitz-Gibbon, School of Social Sciences at Monash University and Monash Gender and Family Violence Prevention Centre, Australia. Jude McCulloch, Monash University and Monash Gender and Family Violence Prevention Centre, Australia. JaneMaree Maher, Centre for Women’s Studies and Gender Research, Sociology, Monash University, Australia. Emerald Studies in Criminology, Feminism and Social Change offers a platform for innovative, engaged, and forward-looking feminist-informed work to explore the interconnections between social change and the capacity of criminology to grap- ple with the implications of such change. Social change, whether as a result of the movement of peoples, the impact of new technologies, the potential consequences of climate change, or more commonly identified features of changing societies, such as ageing populations, inter-genera- tional conflict, the changing nature of work, increasing awareness of the problem of gendered violence(s), and/or changing economic and political context, takes its toll across the globe in infinitely more nuanced and inter-connected ways than previously imagined. Each of these connections carry implications for what is understood as crime, the criminal, the victim of crime and the capacity of criminology as a disci- pline to make sense of these evolving interconnections. Feminist analysis, despite its contentious relationship with the discipline of criminology, has much to offer in strengthening the discipline to better understand the complexity of the world in the twenty-first century and to scan the horizon for emerging, possible or likely futures.
    [Show full text]
  • Characterizations of Feminism in Reformed Christian Online Media Introduction It Will Come As No Surprise to Most People That Fe
    Hobbs, V. (2015). Characterizations of Feminism in Reformed Christian Online Media. Journal of Media and Religion , 14 (4), 211-229. Characterizations of Feminism in Reformed Christian Online Media The term “culture war” is often used to describe the relationship between evangelical Christianity and movements like feminism. Given the increasing dependence of religious groups on online media, analysis of the discourse therein offers an effective means of examining patterns within Christian discourse about feminism. The current study examines a corpus of 147 articles from a popular online North American Reformed Christian news site, focusing on what feminism is most frequently associated with and counterexamples to these characterizations. Feminism was consistently connected with false theology, breakdown of marriage/traditional gender roles, promiscuity and nontraditional sexuality, abortion, anti-Christian cultural change, and liberal politics. However, a minority of dissenting voices suggests that some are allowed to express cautious support of feminism. Introduction It will come as no surprise to most people that feminism and Christianity are not fast friends. A study of evangelical attitudes towards feminism by Gallagher (2004a) found that two thirds of American evangelicals consider feminism ‘hostile to Christian values’ (p. 229). Feminism has been blamed by evangelicals in North America for the declining value of the traditional family (Kassian, 2005), the rise of women in unbiblical positions of leadership (Creegan and Pohl, 2005), legalization of abortion (Steuter, 1992), theological liberalism (Grudem, 2006) and the rise of the divorce rate (Adams & Coltrane, 2007). The term ‘culture war’ is often used in conjunction with what is perceived as a battle between evangelical Christianity and movements such as feminism which, according to many, undermine Christian ideology (Ingersoll, 2003).
    [Show full text]
  • Un-Veiling Women's Rights in the 'War on Terrorism'
    KAPUR_FMT.DOC 06/09/03 4:37 PM UN-VEILING WOMEN’S RIGHTS IN THE ‘WAR ON TERRORISM’ RATNA KAPUR* Only the terrorists and the Taliban threaten to pull out women’s fingernails for wearing nail polish. The plight of women and children in Afghanistan is a matter of deliberate human cruelty, carried out by those who seek to intimidate and control. .Because of our recent military gains in much of Afghanistan, women are no longer imprisoned in their homes. They can listen to music and teach their daughters without fear of punishment. First Lady Laura W. Bush1 The bombings have increased the suffering of the people in Afghanistan. They muststopitatonce. Sabira Mateen2 Attention, noble Afghan people. As you know, the coalition countries have been air-dropping daily humanitarian rations for you. The food ration is en- closed in yellow plastic bags. They come in the shape of rectangular or long squares. The food inside the bags is Halal and very nutritional. .In areas away from where food has been dropped, cluster bombs will also be dropped. The color of these bombs is also yellow. .Do not confuse the cylinder-shaped bomb with the rectangular food bag. U.S. Psychological Operations Radio, Sunday, October 28, 2001.3 I. INTRODUCTION On the morning of the September 11th attacks, I was delivering a lecture in New York to law school students about post-colonialism. More specifically, we were discussing a passage from The Poisonwood Bible,4 as well as a recently re- leased film, Lumumba.5 BoththetextandthefilmrelatethestoryoftheCongo’s Copyright © 2002 by Ratna Kapur.
    [Show full text]
  • Corporate Evaluation of UN Women's Contribution to Increasing Women's
    Corporate Evaluation of UN Women’s Contribution to Increasing Women’s Leadership and Participation in Peace and Security and Humanitarian Response Headquarter and Country Case Studies Unformatted Version September 2013 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Headquarter and global case study ............................................... 4 Acronyms ............................................................................................. 5 1. Introduction ................................................................................... 6 2. Methodology................................................................................... 6 3. UN Women’s peace and security and humanitarian response agenda ........................................................................................... 7 4. Findings ....................................................................................... 15 5. Recommendations ........................................................................ 36 References ......................................................................................... 38 Interviews .......................................................................................... 41 Annex 1: Summaries of selected knowledge outputs .......................... 43 Annex 2: Relevant inter-agency fora .................................................. 45 Afghanistan ................................................................................. 46 Acronyms ..........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • “It Is Not Charity, It Is a Chair of Power” - Moving Beyond Symbolic Representation in Afghanistan’S Transition Politics?
    “It is not Charity, it is a Chair of Power” - Moving Beyond Symbolic Representation in Afghanistan’s Transition Politics? Andrea Fleschenberg Research Study Publication Series “Reviewing Gender Quotas in Afghanistan and Pakistan” 2016 “It is not Charity, it is a Chair of Power”1- Moving Beyond Symbolic Representation in Afghanistan’s Transition Politics? Research Study Publication Series “Reviewing Gender Quotas in Afghanistan and Pakistan” 2016 Andrea Fleschenberg 1 “It is not charity, it is a chair of power and when you are there, you have to get tough with all the vulnerability you face” (interview with MP Farkhunda Zahra Naderi, Kabul, April 2015). The Heinrich Böll Stiftung is a German foundation and part of the Green political movement that has developed worldwide as a response to the traditional politics of socialism, liberalism, and conservatism. Our main tenets are ecology and sustainability, democracy and human rights, self-determination and justice. We place particular emphasis on gender democracy, meaning social emancipation and equal rights for women and men. We are also committed to equal rights for cultural and ethnic minorities. Finally, we promote non-violence and proactive peace policies. To achieve our goals, we seek strategic partnerships with others who share our values. Our namesake, Heinrich Böll, personifies the values we stand for: protection of freedom, civic courage, tolerance, open debate, and the valuation of art and culture as independent spheres of thought and action. For further information on our country programs in Afghanistan and Pakistan please visit our websites: www.af.boell.org www.pk.boell.org Disclaimer: This comparative action research project and its publication series were prepared with the support of the Heinrich Böll Stiftung, Afghanistan office.
    [Show full text]
  • Thesis As a Series of Case Studies That
    UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Besieged by burqas: Analyzing representations of the burqa Mazurski, L.E. Publication date 2015 Document Version Final published version Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Mazurski, L. E. (2015). Besieged by burqas: Analyzing representations of the burqa. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:03 Oct 2021 BESIEGED BY BURQAS: ANALYZING REPRESENTATIONS OF THE BURQA ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof. dr. D.C. van den Boom ten overstaan van een door het college voor promoties ingestelde commissie, in het openbaar te verdedigen in de Agnietenkapel op woensdag 15 april 2015, te 12.00 uur door Lara Elizabeth Mazurski geboren te Thunder Bay, Canada Promotor: prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Interstate Journal of International Affairs
    2014 – Issue I ISSN 2051-6932 (Online) Interstate Journal of International Affairs Professor Michael Clarke Britain’s 4th Afghan War Erik Eriksen Barbara Szewców The Bush Administration and Israel and its ‘Settlements’ Torture at Abu Ghraib Bangning Zhou Explaining China’s Intervention in the Korean War John Wood Innes Leighton Slavery, Property and Ownership in Access to Education for Girls in Rural the Antebellum American South Afghanistan Akos Erzse An Axe to Grind: Hungary’s ‘axe murder case’ Interstate Journal of International Affairs is hosted by the Department of International Politics, Aberystwyth University. Interstate Department of International Politics Aberystwyth University Penglais Aberystwyth Ceredigion SY23 3FE United Kingdom Any opinions expressed in this issue are those of the individual contributors and do not necessarily represent those of the journal, the Department or the University. Front cover image: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Image by Reto Stöckli ‘The Blue Marble’. http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view.php?id=57723 INTERSTATE 2014 – Issue I Professor Michael Clarke Britain’s 4th Afghan War 1 Barbara Szewców Can one Side of the Coin be more equal than the Other? Greater Jerusalem and its ‘settlements’/’neighbourhoods’ 5 Bangning Zhou Explaining China’s Intervention in the Korean War in 1950 13 Erik Eriksen The Bush Administration and Torture: Who is Responsible for the Abuse at Abu Ghraib? 23 Innes Leighton Access to Education for Girls in the Rural Regions of Afghanistan following the Fall of the Taliban 38
    [Show full text]
  • Out of the Shadows, Onto the Bench: Women in Afghanistan's Justice Sector
    OUT OF THE SHADOWS, ONTO THE BENCH: Women in AfghAnistAn’s Justice sector EXECUTIVE SUMMARY FoRWORD The International Development Law Organization (IDLO) is an intergovernmental organisation devoted to empowering people and enabling governments to reform laws and strengthen institutions to promote peace, justice, sustainable development and economic opportunity. Front cover image: World Bank_Graham Crouch 02 FoREWORD t the september 2012 United in Afghan women – in ensuring respect Nations General Assembly, for their rights, in their educational and IDLO pledged to undertake a professional opportunities, and of Aglobal survey of the role of course, in their role in the judiciary women in justice institutions. We did so and the legal community. because we believe that the quality of justice women receive cannot improve This report does not provide an off- until and unless there are more of them the-peg solution to what is an working as judges, lawyers, prosecutors enormously complex problem. Our and investigators. recommendations are based on what we have heard from Afghan women irene KhAn Given the magnitude of the challenge, themselves. The issue is not just more Director-General, IDLO and our long-standing commitment to international aid – although additional the country, there could be few better funds are undoubtedly needed to places to start than Afghanistan, where improve and expand girls’ education. IDLO first launched its rule of law Some measures do not require much program in 2002. money: reforming curricula, particularly at Shari’a faculties; providing safe This report is not a crude female transport for women students; headcount, although it contains a wealth instituting affirmative action in law of data on the low visibility of women school admissions or scholarships – in Afghanistan’s justice sector.
    [Show full text]
  • Afghanistan's Parliament in the Making
    The involvement of women in Afghanistan’s public life is decreasing. Attacks, vigilantism, and legal processes that contradict the basic principles of human and women’s rights are the order of the day. The security situation is worsening in step with the disenchantment E MAKING H arising from the lack of results and functional shortcomings of existing democratic structures. In the face of such difficulties, we often forget who should create the legal underpinnings for the power in Afghanistan: the women and men in parliament who are working to build a state in these turbulent times of transition. To what extent will these elected representatives succeed in creating alternatives to established traditional power structures? What are the obstacles they face? What kinds of networks or caucuses are they establishing? This book, which is based on interviews of male and female members of parliament held in Kabul in 2007 and 2008, examines the reali- IN T pARLIAMENT ANISTan’s H ties of parliamentary work in Afghanistan. It shows how varied and G coercive the patterns of identification prevalent in Afghanistan can AF be, and it provides a rare opportunity to gain insights into the self- images and roles of women in parliament. ISBN 978-3-86928-006-6 Andrea Fleschenberg Afghanistan’s parliament in the making Andrea Fleschenberg Gendered understandings and practices of politics in a transitional country .) ED BÖLL FOUNDATION ( BÖLL FOUNDATION H The Green Political Foundation Schumannstraße 8 10117 Berlin www.boell.de HEINRIC Afghanistan’s parliament in the making Andrea Fleschenberg, PhD, currently works as research associate and lecturer at the Institute of Social Science at the University of Hildesheim, Germany.
    [Show full text]