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Zum Landkärtchenfalter Araschnia Levana (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera)

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Zum Landkärtchenfalter Araschnia Levana (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera) ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Entomologische Nachrichten und Berichte Jahr/Year: 2007/2008 Band/Volume: 51 Autor(en)/Author(s): Reinhardt Rolf Artikel/Article: Zum Landkärtchenfalter Araschnia levana (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera). 169-186 © Entomologische Nachrichten und Berichte; downloadEntomologischc unter www.biologiezentrum.at Nachrichten und Berichte, 51, 2007/3-4 169 R . R e in h a r d t , Mittweida Zum Landkärtchenfalter Araschnia levana (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera)1 Zusammenfassung Araschnia levana (L in n a e u s , 1758) wurde zum „Schmetterling des Jahres 2007“ gekürt. Aus diesem Anlass wird die Art in umfassender Weise besprochen. Neben dem Phänomen der Ausbildung von Saisonformen wird besonders auf die immer noch statt findende Arealerweiterung nach Westen und Norden Europas eingegangen und dieser Vorgang zeitlich nachvollzogen. Die Generationsfolge wird photoperiodisch gesteuert, d. h. unter Langtag aufwachsende Raupen entwickeln sich stets subitan, während unter Kurztag aufwachsende sich bis zur Puppe entwickeln, die dann in Diapause geht. Es wurde versucht, die umfangreiche Literatur über diese Art weitgehend zu erfassen. Summary On the European Map, Araschnia levana (L in n a e u s , 1758) (Lepidoptera). - Araschnia levana (L in n a e u s , 1758) was elected the „Butterfly of the Year 2007“ For this reason, a comprehensive discussion of the species is presented. In addition to the development of seasonal morphs focus is on the continuing range extension in west and north Europe whose temporal sequence is described. Photoperiod determines alternating generations in that caterpillars growing under long day conditions develop immediately, while those under short day regimes pupate and then diapause. An attempt is made to comprehensively cover the extensive literature on the present species. 1. Einleitung chischen „arachne“ - Spinne - hergeleitet. Der Name Neben dem Insekt des Jahres (2007: Ritterwanze Ly- nimmt Bezug auf die netzartige Struktur der Flügel­ zeichnung - besonders auf der Unterseite - der Vertreter gaeus equestris (L in n a e u s , 1758) - D ec k er t 2007), das vom gleichnamigen Kuratorium deutscher und öster­ dieser Gattung. Ins Deutsche übertragen ist daraus das reichischer entomologischer Vereinigungen gewählt Gitternetz einer Landkarte geworden, so wird das wird, werden von anderen Institutionen ebenfalls Tiere Landkärtchen oder der Landkärtchenfalter manchmal und Pflanzen jährlich mit einem analogen Titel gekürt. auch als Netzgitterfalter bzw. in der historischen Lite­ 2007 wurde von einem Naturschutzverband der Land­ ratur Thüringens „Braune Landkarte“ (M ey & G u t h e il kärtchenfalter als „Schmetterling des Jahres“ gewählt. 2007) bezeichnet. Auch in den Sprachen europäischer Der Vorteil solcher Heraushebungen besteht darin, dass Länder wird darauf Bezug genommen: Map butterfly man der Öffentlichkeit die entsprechende Art und da­ (englisch), La Carte Géographique (französisch), La mit im Zusammenhang stehende Fragen näherbringen Carta geographica gialla (italienisch), Landkaartje (hol­ kann. ländisch), Kartfjäril (schwedisch), Karttaperhonen (fin­ nisch). C a r l v o n L in n é beschrieb vor 250 Jahren (1758) mit Typenfundort (TL) „Deutschland“ einen Papilio leva­ Mit dieser Art eng verbunden ist ein Phänomen, welches oft als „Saisondimorphismus“ bezeichnet wird. na und einen Papilio prorsa (Falter in coll. L in n a eu s Es sollen daher gleich ein paar Worte zu diesem Begriff im B M N H London), weil er glaubte, zwei Arten vor sich zu haben, so unterschiedlich erscheinen die Falter vorangestellt werden. Dieser Terminus wurde von W a l l a c e eingeführt und die Erscheinung von Z eller im Jahresverlauf. Dennoch hat L in n a e u s bei der Na­ mensgebung die enge „Verwandtschaft“ berücksichtigt: (1849) zuerst an einer Bläulingsart beschrieben. Das mit levana (vom spätlateinischen levare - aufstehen, Wort bezieht sich auf die saisonale Zweigestaltigkeit aufheben) bezeichnet er einen früh im Jahr - mit Erwa­ (morphe = Gestalt, di = zwei) einer Art. S ta n d fu ss chen der Natur - fliegenden Falter. Das lateinische (1891) bezeichnet das Phänomen als Zeitvariabilität prorsus bedeutet „spät“, damit wird die später im Jahr („Verschiebung der gleichen Art am gleichen Ort durch fliegende Morphe bezeichnet. Die Gattung Araschnia Entwicklung während der kalten und warmen Jahres­ (ursprünglich: Arachnia ) wurde mit der Typusart leva­ zeit“). Von „direktem Saisondimorphismus“ spricht W e ism a n n (1894), wenn die Änderung der Morphe na von H ü b n er [1819] aufgestellt und ist vom Grie­ durch Temperatureinflüsse erreicht wird, während „ad­ aptiver Saisondimorphismus“ (also „angepasster“) für 1 Diese Arbeit sollte Herrn Prof. Dr. H. J. M ü l l e r z u seinem solche Saisonformen geprägt wurde, die offenbar nicht 96. Geburtstag am 11.11.2007 erreichen. Leider erhielt ich die Nachricht von seinem Ableben am 20. Juni 2007. Mit einem durch Klimaeinflüsse entstanden sind, z. B. in tro­ ehrenden Gedenken an meinen hochverehrten Lehrer widme pischen Gebieten, in denen kein ausgeprägter Jahres­ ich ihm diese Arbeit posthum. zeitenwechsel auftritt. 170 Entomologische Nachrichten und Berichte, 51, 2007/3-4 © Entomologische Nachrichten und Berichte; download unter www.biologiezentrum.at F o r d (1953) spricht sich dafür aus, „Polymorphismus“ nur für 2. Systematische Stellung der Gattung Araschnia genetisch fixierte Vielgestaltigkeit einer Art anzuwenden und Systematisch gesehen, gehört Araschnia levana zur Fa­ M a y r (1967) unterstreicht das noch, indem er sagt (S. 126): „Als die Bezeichnung ,polymorph1 zuerst geprägt wurde, ge­ milie der Nymphalidae (Edelfalter), Unterfamilie Nym- brauchte man sie ziemlich ungenau für jede Art phaenoty- phalinae (Edelfalter im engeren Sinne). Alle einheimi­ pischer Variation, unbeschadet ihrer genetischen Basis “ „Si­ schen Arten der Gattung Nymphalis (z. B. Nymphalis io cher wird der Terminus ,Polymorphismus1 präziser und auch Tagpfauenauge, Nymphalis antiopa Trauermantel, Nym­ brauchbarer, schränkt man ihn ein - wie heute die Meinung be­ phalis polychloros Großer Fuchs, Nymphalis urlicae steht - auf den Begriff des genetischen Polymorphismus“ Kleiner Fuchs, Nymphalis c-album C-Falter) überwin­ Für das Auftreten einer Art in verschiedenen, nicht genetisch tern als Falter, ihre engsten Verwandten, einige Arten bedingten Formen, wie z. B. Saisonformen, Larven- und Ent­ der Gattung Vanessa, sind Wanderfalter, die den unwirt­ wicklungsstadien u. a. prägt M a y r den Ausdruck „Polyphaenis- mus“ = Vielgestaltigkeit der äußerlichen Erscheinung einer lichen Bedingungen des Jahreszeitenklimas durch Süd­ Art. wanderung entfliehen ( Vanessa cardili Distelfalter) bzw. sich gerade auf dem Weg der Anpassung befinden und W ohlfahrt, der viele Untersuchungen über die Variabilität und Saisonformenbildung des Segelfalters durchführte, gebrauchte auch nördlich der Alpen als Imago (versuchen zu) über­ die Bezeichnung „Saisondichroismus“, also saisonal verschie­ wintern (Vanessa atalanta Admiral). Die ebenfalls zu dene Färbung und vermeidet somit „Polymorphismus“ den Nymphalinae gehörenden Melitaea- Arten überwin­ Wie wir am Beispiel des Landkärtchenfalters sehen tern bei uns als Raupe. Araschnia levana überwintert werden, entstehen die Farbvarianten durch Umweltein­ als Puppe, sie ist somit die einzige Art dieser Verwandt­ flüsse. Die Entwicklung findet also in dem einen oder schaft, die in diesem Entwicklungsstadium überwintert. anderen Fall unter ökologisch unterschiedlichen Bedin­ Einbrütigkeit tritt sowohl bei der Gattung Nymphalis gungen statt. Für eine Variation in diesem Sinne scheint auf (N. polychloros, N. antiopa, z. T. auch N. io) als der von C a ssa g n a u (1958) und M ü l l e r (1959) ange­ auch hauptsächlich in der Melitaea- Gruppe (Ausnahme wendete Terminus „Ökomorphose“ am Platz zu sein. z. B. M. didyma, M. phoebe). Die Generationenfolge bei Er beinhaltet eine Reaktion der Gestalt (der Morphe) Nymphalis urticae und N. c-album ist recht kompliziert. auf veränderte Umweltbedingungen, wobei die Öko­ Bei Araschnia levana tritt unter normalen Bedingungen morphose photoperiodisch, thermisch oder durch ande­ stets Zweibrütigkeit auf. Diese (und andere) Besonder­ re Ökofaktoren bedingt sein kann bzw. das Ergebnis heiten hatten wohl G r o t e (1897) veranlasst, eine eigene von Wechselwirkungen verschiedener Einzelfaktoren Unterfamilie Araschniinae aufzustellen. Das hat sich darstellt. Auf jeden Fall aber sind Ökomorphosen nicht aber nicht durchgesetzt. genetisch fixiert, sondern entstehen unter dem Einfluss Die Gattung Araschnia ist in der Paläarktis und hier der Umwelt, während der Polymorphismus einer Art hauptsächlich im chinesischen Raum verbreitet (C hou im Genmaterial verankert ist und daher die unterschied­ 1994). Nach gegenwärtiger Kenntnis umfasst sie 7 Arten: lichen Eigenschaften auch mehr oder weniger deutlich Araschnia burejana ( B r e m e r , 1861) mit den ssp. leechi O b e r ­ nebeneinander zu Tage treten, z. B. der sogenannte In­ t h ü r und ssp. chinensis O b e r t h ü r , dustriemelanismus bei einigen Schmetterlingsarten Araschniaprorsoides (B lanchard, 1871), oder auch die dunkle Weibchenform valesina vom Kai­ Araschnia davidis P o u j a d e , 1885 (m it oreas L e e c h , 1893 als sermantel Argynnis paphia. Sommerform), Araschnia doris L e e c h , 1893, Der bisher gebrauchte Begriff „Saisondimorphismus“ Araschnia dohertyi M o o r e , 1899, sollte daher
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