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Understanding Terrorism in Africa Building Bridges and Overcoming the Gaps

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Understanding Terrorism in Africa Building Bridges and Overcoming the Gaps Understanding Terrorism in Africa Building Bridges and Overcoming the Gaps Edited by Wafula Okumu and Anneli Botha 19 and 20 May 2007 The vision of the Institute for Security Studies (ISS) is one of a stable and peaceful Africa characterised by sustainable develop- ment, human rights, the rule of law, democracy and collaborative security. As an applied policy research institute with a mission to conceptualise, inform and enhance the debate on human security in Africa the organisation supports policy formulation and decision making at every level towards the enhancement of human security for all in Africa. The Institute supports this vision and mission by undertaking applied research, training and capacity building; working collaboratively with others; facilitating and supporting policy formulation; monitoring trends and policy implementation; and collecting, interpreting and disseminating information. It should be noted that any opinions expressed in this report are the responsibility of the participants in the workshop and not of the ISS, its Advisory Council, the Trustees or any funder or sponsor of the ISS. © Institute for Security Studies, 2008 Copyright in the volume as a whole is vested in the Institute for Security Studies, and no part may be reproduced in whole or in part without the express permission, in writing, of the ISS. ISBN: 978-1-920114-26-8 Published by the Institute for Security Studies Institute for Security Studies PO Box 1787, Brooklyn Square Tshwane (Pretoria) 0075 SOUTH AFRICA Tel: +27 12 346 9500/2 Fax: +27 12 460 0998 email: [email protected] www.issafrica.org Typesetting by Marketing Support Services +27 12 346 2168 Printed by Business Print Centre Cover Photo by Caption: Contents About the authors . .iii Introduction . .vi Panel 1: Bridging Gaps in Defi nitions and Understanding of Terrorism Terrorism: An Etymo-Epistemological Analysis . Mhand Berkouk Challenges in understanding terrorism in Africa . Anneli Botha Panel 2: Bridging Gaps in Understanding the Impact of the War on Terrorism The Impact of the War on Terrorism in Western Democracies . Clinton W Watts The Impact of Terrorism on the Middle East and North Africa . Mohamed Kamal The Impact of the War on Terror on Governance and Human Rights in Sub-Saharan Africa . Samuel M Makinda Economic Consequences of Terrorism in North Africa: Insights from Economic Theory . Abdallah Shehata Khattab Terrorist Attacks and the Kenyan Economy . Martin Kimani Mbugua The Impact of War on Terrorism on the Media and Civil Society in North Africa . Al-Shikaki Ahmed Panel 3: Building Bridges in Preventing and Combating Terrorism in Africa Egyptian Legislative Strategy in Addressing Terrorism . Ismael Abd El Rahman Gaps and Challenges in Preventing and Combating Terrorism in East Africa . Wafula Okumu Initiatives to Prevent and Combat Terrorism in Southern Africa . Anneli Botha Counter-Terrorism Measures in West Africa . Gani Yoroms Understanding Terrorism in Africa: Building Bridges and Overcoming the Gaps Panel 4: International Experiences in Preventing and Combating Terrorism Terrorism in Southeast Asia: Threats and Responses . Mohamed Bin Ali Terrorism: The European Experience . Karin Kneissl The United States of America’s Experience in Preventing and Combating Terrorism . Donovan C Chau Canadian Experiences in Preventing and Combating Terrorism . Kent Roach List of Participants . 135 ii About the authors Abdallah Shehata Khattab University, San Bernardino. He is also an Adjunct Professor of Abdallah Shehata Khattab is an Associate Professor of Economics Defense and Strategic Studies and faculty member of the graduate at Cairo University. He got his PhD from England and currently school at Missouri State University. Dr. Chau has done consultancy works as a consultant in the fi nancial department of the People’s work for the U.S. Departments of Homeland Security and Defense Assembly of Egypt. on terrorist threats from Africa, Communist Chinese infl uence in Africa, and U.S. counterterrorism in sub-Saharan Africa. He has Al Shikaki Ahmed also worked for the U.S. Congressional Committee on Homeland Al Shikaki Ahmed is a researcher at the Arab and Mediterranean Security. Dr. Chau has a Ph.D. in Politics and International Studies Center (CERMAM) in Geneva. He has a Master degree in Relations from the University of Reading, an M.S. in Defense and Political Sciences and a DEA (Diplôme d’Etudes Approfondies) Strategic Studies from Missouri State University, and a B.A. in in Development Studies from University of Geneva. His research Literature/Government from Claremont McKenna College. specialisations are peacekeeping, post-confl ict reconstruction, terrorism, governance and democracy in the Arab world and the Gani Yoroms Mediterranean region. Gani Yoroms is currently a senior research fellow and director of the Department of Defence and Security Studies of the African Anneli Botha Centre for Strategic Research and Training at the National War Anneli Botha is a senior researcher on terrorism at the Institute College, Nigeria. He has served as a fellow of SSRC-Mac-Arthur for Security Studies (ISS) in Pretoria. After completing an honours at the Watson Institute of International Studies, Brown University, degree in International Politics, she joined the South African Police Rhode Island, US. Dr. Yoroms has also worked with the Friedrich Service, Crime Intelligence, in 1993, where she focused on, inter Ebert Stiftung (FES) in the establishment of the West African alia, terrorism and religious extremism. In 1999 she obtained an Network on Security and Democratic Governance (WANSED), MA (Political Studies) degree from Rand Afrikaans University that an organisation that brings together research institutions and civil focused on the historical development of terrorism, religious ex- societies in West Africa. He has served as a member of various tremism and PAGAD (People Against Gangsterism and Drugs). She panels, including the Committee for the Formulation of Peace has a specifi c interest in the underlying causes of terrorism, includ- Support Operation Doctrine for the Nigerian Army. Dr Yoroms has ing the stages in the development of terrorism, terrorism in Africa, published widely in local and international journals and books. and the implementation of effective counter-terrorism strategies. Ismael Abd El Rahmen Clinton W. Watts Ismael Abd El Rahmen is a senior researcher in the Institute for Clinton W. Watts is currently the Executive Offi cer of Combating Development Research at Cairo University. He is also a profes- Terrorism Center, U.S. Military Academy, West Point in New York. sor at the Egyptian Police Academy where he lectures on inter- During the period August 2002 and April 2003 Mr. Watts served national criminal law. His major research interest is international as a Special Agent, International Counterterrorism Task Force in law. the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in Portland, Oregon. Between June 1995 and July 2002 he served as an Infantry Offi cer Karin Kneissl in the United States Army. He abtained an M.A. in International Karin Kneissl has been an independent scholar and correspond- Policy Studies at the Monterey Institute of International Studies, ent, covering political and energy issues in the Middle East for Monterey, California in May 2005 as well as a B.S. in Political various publications since 1998. She also teaches international Science (Comparative), Minor in Civil Engineering in 1995 at relations at Webster University in Vienna, Austria and at universi- United States Military Academy, West Point, New York. ties in Lebanon. Her recent books The Energy Poker (in German) and The Cycle of Violence between Orient and Occident were Donovan C. Chau respectively published in Munich in 2006 and in Salzburg in Donovan C. Chau is an Assistant Professor of Political Science 2007. Between 1990 and 1998 Dr Kneissl was employed at the and faculty member of the graduate school at California State Austrian Federal Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Political Section, iii Understanding terrorism in Africa: In search for an African voice Offi ce of the Minister, Offi ce of the Legal Advisor. She has was also a Visiting Professor with a number of universities world- also been diplomatically posted in Paris, Madrid, Geneva and wide. Dr Berkouk holds two Doctorate degrees in Strategic and Brussels. Between 1983 and 1987 she studied Law and Arabic International Studies and Philosophy of Sciences. at Vienna University. She participated in a postgraduate pro- gramme at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (1988), was a Mohamed Kamal research fellow at Georgetown (1989), Washington D.C, and at- Mohamed Kamal is an Associate Professor of Political Science at tended ENA – Ecole Nationale d’Administration Paris (Promotion Cairo University. He got his PhD from John Hopkins University Gambetta). and worked as intern in the U.S. Congress. He is the Director of the Center for American Studies at Cairo University. Kent Roach Kent Roach is a Professor of Law at the University of Toronto, Mohamed Bin Ali where he holds the Prichard-Wilson Chair in Law and Public Mohamed Bin Ali is a Research Analyst at the International Policy. He has also been elected a Fellow of the Royal Society Centre for Political Violence and Terrorism Research (ICPVTR), of Canada by his fellow academics. He has written eight books S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS), Nanyang including September 11: Consequences for Canada (McGill Technological University (NTU), Singapore. His area of re- Queens Press) He is the co-editor of Global Anti-Terrorism Law search includes monitoring the development of Islamist militant and Policy (Cambridge University Press) and of The Security of groups, counter-extremist ideology and rehabilitation of extrem- Freedom: Essays on Canada’s Anti-Terrorism Bill (University of ists. He obtained his Bachelor of Arts in Islamic Jurisprudence Toronto Press) His work on comparative anti-terrorism law has from the University of Al-Azhar in Cairo, Egypt in 2001 and been published in Australia, Europe, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Masters of Science in International Relations at RSIS, NTU in Singapore, South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United 2007.
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