Richard Bayliss: Provincial and the Archaeology of Temple Conversion. (= BAR International Series, 1281), Oxford: Archaeopress 2004, XIV + 243 S., 183 fig., ISBN 1-84171-634-0, GBP 35.00.

Abstract i List of Illustrations v Charts in Text v Illustrations v Presentation Rationale xii Acknowledgments xiii

PART I. TEMPLE CONVERSION AS AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL PHENOMENON

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 3

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF TEMPLE CONVERSION 3 HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY IN TEMPLE CONVERSION 4 THE TEMPLE CONVERSION DEBATE 4 TERMINOLOGY 7

CHAPTER 2 THE FATE OF THE TEMPLES 8

INTRODUCTION 8 THE LAST DAYS OF THE TEMPLES 8 Constantino's Appropriation of Holy Places 8 Toleration and denunciation between Constantine and Theodosius I 8 The House of Theodosius and the end of public paganism 10 TEMPLE DECONSECRATION 12 RESISTANCE AND TEMPLE PRESERVATION 14 TEMPLE DESTRUCTION 16 Historical Overview 16 The Main Protagonists 19 Monks, Holy Men and Rural Sanctuaries 20 Methods of Destruction 22 The Archaeology of Temple Destruction 23 Natural Disasters 25 THE APPROPRIATION OF TEMPLE ESTATES 26 REGIONAL VARIATIONS IN THE FATE OF TEMPLES 26 CONCLUSION 29

CHAPTER 3 THE MECHANICS OF CONVERSION 32

INTRODUCTION 32 BUILDING CONVERSION IN LATE ANTIQUITY: AN OVERVIEW 32 Civic Centre Erosion and Architectural Reuse 32 Secular conversions 33 TEMPLE CONVERSIONS 35 Logistics and Templates 35 Direct transformation (temple-churches) 36 The Cella-Church 36 The Internalised Cella 38 The Inverted Transformation 40 Issues of Orientation 41 Indirect transformation 43 Temple-Spolia-Churches 43 The Temenos 44 THE ARCHITECTURAL VOCABULARY OF TEMPLE CONVERSION 46 Impact of pre-existing structure on the resultant church 46 CONCLUSIONS 47

CHAPTER 4 THE CHRONOLOGY OF CONVERSION 50

INTRODUCTION 50 THE DIRECT TEMPLE CONVERSION THRESHOLD 50 THE LITERARY TRADITION OF TEMPLE CONVERSION IN THE 4TH AND 5TH CENTURIES 51 ARCHAEOLOGICAL CHRONOLOGIES 53 READING A CHRONOLOGY FOR TEMPLE ABANDONMENT, DESTRUCTION, REPLACEMENT AND CONVERSION 55 CONCLUSION: CONSTRUCTING A CHRONOLOGY OF CONVERSION 56

CHAPTER 5 BETWEEN TEMPLE AND CHURCH 58

INTRODUCTION: THE HIATUS BETWEEN TEMPLE AND CHURCH 58 CHRISTIAN DEMONOLOGY AND ABANDONED TEMPLES 59 SECULARISED TEMPLES 61 THE TRANSITORY CHURCH 62 CONCLUSION 64

PART II. CASE STUDY OF CILICIAN CHURCHES AND GENERAL CONCLUSIONS

CHAPTER 6 TEMPLE CONVERSIONS IN CILICIA 67

GENERAL INTRODUCTION 67 Cilicia in Late Antiquity 68 CILICIAN TEMPLE CONVERSIONS 70 (UZUNCABURÇ) 71 The Temple of Zeus Olbios 71 The Temple 71 The Temple Conversion 71 AD CALYCADNUM (SILIFKE) 73 The Life and Miracles of St Thecla 73 Temple of Zeus 74 The Temple 74 The Temple Conversion 74 ELAIUSSA- (AYAS) 76 The Temple-Church 76 The Remains of the Temple 76 The Temple Conversion 77 An Intermediary Church? 78 Dating 79 Function and Meaning 79 THE CORYCIAN CAVE 79 The Clifftop Temple 80 The Temenos Wall 81 Deducing The Temple 81 The Temple Conversion 82 Chapel of St Mary 84 Concluding Remarks 85 KANYTELIS (KANLIDIVANE) 86 The Clifftop Temple? 86 The Pit Sanctuary 87 ÇATI ÖREN 87 THE SHRINE OF ST THECLA (MERYEMLIK) 89 Temple Remains? 89 The Precinct Wall 89

CANBAZLI 90 The Church in the Precinct 90 The Precinct Wall 90 Architectural Reuse 90 Influence of an earlier structure 92 Concluding Remarks 92 DAĞ-PAZARI 93 The Basilica 93 Domed Church 93 (URA) 93 The Town Church 94 EPIPHANIA (ERZIN) 94 The Temple-Church 95 ( CASTABALA / BODRUM) 96 North Church 96 South Church 97 Concluding Remarks 97 98 Church of the Apostles 98 A Decastyle Temple? 98 FLAVIAS (KADIRLI) 99 The Alacami 99 Introduction 99 The Hypogeum 100 Architectural Reuse in the Church 100 Temple or Tomb? 101 CONCLUSION 101 The Chronology Conversion in Cilicia 102 The Mechanics of Direct Temple Conversions in Cilicia 104 Spolia and the Cilician Architectural Tradition 104

CHAPTER 7 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 107

OVERVIEW 107 The Vocabulary of Temple Conversion 108 TEMPLE CONVERSION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE 109 REGIONALITY IN CONVERSION SCENARIOS: CILICIA, SICILY AND BEYOND 109 Cilicia and Sicily 111 THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL IDENTIFICATION OF TEMPLE CONVERSIONS 112

Appendix 1 The Theodosian Law Codes and the Demise of the Temples 116 Composition 116 Interpretation 117 Efficacy 117 Temples and the Citizen Group 119 Conclusion 119 Appendix 2 The Database of Temple Conversion 121 Database Structure 122 Extent and Limitations of Content 122 Database Reports 122 Report 1: Dates of Temple Deconsecration and Destruction 124 Report 2: Temple Conversion Dates 126 Primary Source Abbrevations 127 Bibliography 128