Cultural Heritage Assessment Report

Heritage Assessment for the Wallan Area Network Improvement Project Planning Study

Heritage Impact Statement

By: Linda Sonego and Dr Justin Shiner Date: 26 February 2020

Client Name: VicRoads Client Contact: Bruno Spandonide Phone: (03) 5434 5182 Email: [email protected]

Heritage Assessment for the Wallan Area Network Improvement Project Planning Study

Heritage Assessment for the Wallan Area Network Improvement Project Planning Study

Heritage Impact Statement

By: Linda Sonego and Dr Justin Shiner Date: 26 February 2020

Client Name: VicRoads Client Contact: Bruno Spandonide Phone: (03) 5434 5182 Email: [email protected]

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Document Control Information

Document information Client: VicRoads Client Contact: Bruno Spandonide Title: Heritage Assessment for the Wallan Area Network Improvement Project Planning Study Subtitle: Heritage Impact Statement Our Ref: P18-0174 Date: 26 February 2020

Version Date Details 2 24.12.2018 Final Report: Heritage Assessment for the Wallan Area Network Improvement Project Planning Study

Transmission Recipient Name Organisation Hardcopy Electronic Purpose Date Method Bruno Spandonide yes 24.12.2018

Author, Reviewer and Approver details

Prepared by: Linda Sonego Date: 24.12.2018 Signature:

Reviewed by: Dr Justin Shiner Date: 24.12.2018 Signature:

Approved by: Dr Justin Shiner Date: 24.12.2018 Signature:

Ownership and Disclaimer Ownership of the intellectual property rights of ethnographic information provided by Aboriginal people remains the property of those named persons. Ownership of the primary materials created in the course of the research remains the property of Australian Cultural Heritage Management (Victoria) Pty Ltd. This document remains the property of VicRoads . This document may not be used, copied, sold, published, reproduced or distributed wholly or in part without the prior written consent of VicRoads. This document has been prepared in accordance with the brief provided by VicRoads and has relied upon information provided by the client, or collected during the completion of the document and under the conditions specified in the document. All findings, conclusions and recommendations contained in the document are based on the aforementioned circumstances. The document is for the use of VicRoads in addressing their brief and no responsibility is taken for the documents use by other parties. The professional advice and opinions contained in this document are those of the consultants, Australian Cultural Heritage Management (Victoria) Pty Ltd, and do not represent the opinions and policies of any third party. The professional advice and opinions contained in this document do not constitute legal advice.

Spatial Data Spatial data captured by Australian Cultural Heritage Management (Victoria) Pty Ltd in this document for any newly recorded sites has been obtained by using hand held or differential GPS units using the GDA94 co-ordinate system.

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Abbreviations

Term Meaning ACHM Australian Cultural Heritage Management HA Heritage Advisor HO Heritage Overlay HV Heritage Victoria VHI Victorian Heritage Inventory VHR Victorian Heritage Register

Acknowledgements ACHM would like to acknowledge and thank the following people, in alphabetical order:

Bruno Spandonide (VicRoads) Kilmore Historical Society Kilmore-Wallan RSL

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Executive Summary Introduction The following Heritage Assessment and Impact Statement has been prepared by Australian Cultural Heritage Management (ACHM) for VicRoads. It is in relation to proposed works along the Northern Highway between Watson Street and the Hume Freeway, the Watson Street/Northern Highway intersection and the Watson Street/Hume Freeway interchange. Activity Description The proposed works involve the duplication of the Northern Highway between the Hume Freeway and Watson Street in Wallan, and the duplication of Watson Street between the Northern Highway and the Hume Freeway. Additionally, works will involve expansion of the Watson Street/Northern Highway intersection and the addition of a south bound entry and exit on the Hume Freeway at the Watson Street interchange. Historic Context The study area are situated within the former county of Bourke within the Mitchell Shire. The area was first settled in mid-19th century. All three study areas were originally used as agricultural and pastoral land. Study area 1 and 2 have been incorporated into the township of Wallan and have been associated with residential occupation for the last 150 years. Heritage Controls A number of national and regional historic databases were searched in relation to the study area. At present, there is one site listed on the Victorian Heritage Inventory that shares a boundary with the study area. It is the Inverlochy Castle Hotel (H7823-0045), which is protected by the Heritage Act 2017. There is also a Heritage Overlay that overlaps with the study area, which is the Wallan Avenue of Honour (HO210). Significant Sites and Areas of Sensitivity Four sites of significance were identified during the background study. All four sites of significance are located within 50m of the study area. Two of these sites are located within the study area. The two sites are the Wallan Avenue of Honour (HO 210) and the Inverlochy Castle Hotel (H7823-0045). An area of potential archaeological sensitivity was identified during the background study. This is located in the road reserve between the Inverlochy Castle Hotel and the Northern Highway. It was considered this area may be archaeologically sensitive due to the strong association between the hotel and the highway. Site Inspection A preliminary inspection was undertaken by Linda Sonego on 31 October 2018 and no additional sites of significance were located. The area of potential archaeological sensitivity between the Inverlochy Castle Hotel and the Northern Highway was also inspected. No noticeable additional features associated with the hotel were visible. Therefore, in addition to the lack of sites within the study area determined by the background study and the very low likelihood of further sites being present in the study area, a full pedestrian survey was not considered necessary. No previously un-recorded historic heritage sites were discovered during the inspection. One Heritage Overlay and one Heritage Inventory site (H7823-0045) are located within study area 2. The inspection concluded that the proposed works were unlikely to impact these sites. Recommendations Recommendations made in this report are based on the background study, the preliminary site inspection and the level of significance of the identified sites. The recommendations were made for the two sites that are within the study area, and therefore potential impact from works should be considered. These recommendations are as follows:  Wallan Avenue of Honour (HO210) - avoidance of any form of impact or harm;  Inverlochy Castle Hotel (H7823-0045) - avoidance of any form of impact or harm to the site, and notification to contractors of the area of potential archaeological sensitivity between the Inverlochy Castle Hotel and the Northern Highway.

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Table of contents

Ownership and Disclaimer...... iii

Spatial Data ...... iii

Abbreviations ...... iv

Acknowledgements ...... iv

Executive Summary ...... v

1 Background Study ...... 3 1.1 Introduction ...... 3 1.1.1 Authorship ...... 3 1.1.2 Address and study area descriptions ...... 3 1.1.3 Description of the Proposed Works ...... 5 1.1.4 Purpose of the Heritage Impact Statement ...... 5 1.2 Heritage Listings and Controls ...... 5

2 Background Information ...... 7 2.1 Environmental background ...... 7 2.1.1 Geology and Geomorphology ...... 7 2.1.2 Climate...... 7 2.1.3 Vegetation ...... 7 2.1.4 Land use and modification ...... 7 2.2 Historical Background ...... 8 2.2.1 Early agriculture and the development of townships ...... 8 2.2.2 History of the study area ...... 9 2.3 Archaeological background ...... 13 2.3.1 Previous archaeological and heritage studies relevant to the study area ...... 13 2.3.2 Heritage Database searches ...... 14 2.3.3 Summary of database searches ...... 16 2.3.4 Community Consultation ...... 18 2.3.5 Background of registered sites located through the searches ...... 18 2.4 Historical Site Prediction Model ...... 27 2.4.1 Conclusion ...... 27

3 Site Inspection ...... 28 3.1 Introduction ...... 28 3.2 Methodology ...... 28 3.3 Existing Conditions ...... 28 3.4 Conclusion ...... 32

4 Cultural Heritage Significance Assessment ...... 33 4.1 Assessment criteria ...... 33

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4.2 Statement of Significance ...... 33 4.3 Conclusion ...... 35

5 Interpretation and Recommendations ...... 36 5.1 Interpretation ...... 36 5.2 Heritage Impact Assessment ...... 36 5.2.1 Impact of proposed works ...... 36 5.3 Recommendations ...... 36 5.3.1 General recommendations ...... 37 5.3.2 The Wallan Avenue of Honour ...... 37 5.3.3 Inverlochy Castle Hotel ...... 37 5.4 Conclusion ...... 37

6 Bibliography ...... 38

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List of figures Figure 2-1: Wallan Wallan pastoral run (PROV 2018) ...... 8 Figure 2-2: Map showing Big Hill Squatters Run (Image from Spreadborough and Anderson 1983)...... 9 Figure 2-3: County of Bourke map with the study area highlighted (Image sourced from: nla.gov.au)...... 9 Figure 2-4: Detail from the Wallan Wallan Parish Plan (1979). The Green line is the Northern Highway and the red dotted line to the east is the then proposed Hume Freeway. The road joining them is Watson Street/Wallan Whittlesea Road (Image from PROV)...... 10 Figure 2-5: The Wallan Uniting/Anglican Church (Former Wallan Presbyterian Church; October 2018) ...... 11 Figure 2-6: Various routes north from Melbourne in the 1850s. Note the different roads heading north towards Kilmore and Wallan (Lemon, Broadmeadows et al. 1982)...... 12 Figure 2-7: The Hume Highway in the days when it was known as Sydney Road. The road's poor condition is evident by the exposed foundation stones, 1914 (Anderson 1994)...... 13 Figure 2-8: Sign commemorating fallen soldiers from WWI (left side of the road, northbound) ...... 19 Figure 2-9: Maritime pine that was removed in 2003 (Kilmore Free Press April 9, 2003)...... 19 Figure 2-10: The Mechanics' Institute 1925 (Image from Payne 1981: 80)...... 20 Figure 2-11: Mechanics' Institute, pre 2003 (courtesy of the Kilmore Historical Society). Note that the large pine tree to the left of the Mechanics' Institute was removed sometime before 2003. Its absence is noticeable in Figure 2-9...... 20 Figure 2-12: The Mechanics' Institute (October 2018) ...... 21 Figure 2-13: War Memorial Obelisk, pre 2003 (courtesy of the Kilmore Historical Society)...... 21 Figure 2-14: The War Memorial out the front of the Mechanics Institute, showing the recent plaque and change of fencing and concrete base (October 2018)...... 22 Figure 2-15: The Laffan family outside of the Inverlochy Castle Hotel (from left: Bridget Laffan, Margaret Theresa (nee McCagh), John Francis Laffan, John Laffan and Esther (nee Kidd). Esther and Margaret are the two children (Photo from Payne 1981: 33) ...... 22 Figure 2-16: Shearing at Inverlochy. From left: J.F. Laffan, J. Laffan and W. Semler (Payne 1981: 113) ...... 23 Figure 2-17: Shearing at Inverlochy. JL on the wool bail is for John Laffan (courtesy of the Kilmore Historical Society)...... 23 Figure 2-18: Plan of H7823-0045 from 2008 survey (Heritage Victoria Site Card)...... 24 Figure 2-19: Geological Survey Map of Victoria showing the location of the Inverlochy Castle Hotel, Wallan Wallan region (State Library of Victoria, taken from Alberto et al. 2014)...... 24 Figure 2-20: Inverlochy Castle Hotel, 1890s (courtesy of the Kilmore Historical Society) ...... 24 Figure 2-21: Inverlochy Castle Hotel, front view, 1977 (courtesy of the Kilmore Historical Society) ...... 25 Figure 2-22: Inverlochy Castle Hotel, rear view showing bluestone wall, 1977 (courtesy of the Kilmore Historical Society) ...... 25 Figure 2-23: Inverlochy Castle Hotel, inside view, 1977 (courtesy of the Kilmore Historical Society)...... 25 Figure 2-24: Inverlochy Castle Hotel, side view of the bluestone kitchen, 1977 (courtesy of Kilmore Historical Society)...... 26 Figure 2-25: Current state of the Inverlochy Castle Hotel (Image from http://www.fadingvictoria.com/p/wallanruins.jpg)...... 26 Figure 2-26: Aerial photo of the ruins of the old Inverlochy Castel Hotel, which is highlighted in red (Image from Google Maps 2018)...... 26 Figure 3-1: North eastern corner of the Watson/Northern Highway intersection with removed tree...... 29 Figure 3-2: View looking south down the Northern Highway from the north side of the Northern Highway and Watson Street intersection. This view shows the highly modified landscape of study area 2...... 29

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Figure 3-3: Example of a tree with an old and new plaque...... 30 Figure 3-4: A plastic poppy wedged into the plaque on the Avenue of Honour, Wallan...... 30 Figure 3-5: Barrier separating the trees of the avenue and the walking path on the eastern side of the Northern Highway...... 31 Figure 3-6: Ground surface visibility in study area 3 adjacent to the Inverlochy Castle Hotel and showing non-native trees in the background...... 32

List of maps Map 1-1: Study area...... 4 Map 2-1: Study area showing Inverlochy Castle Hotel (Heritage Inventory) and Wallan Avenue of Honour (Heritage Overlay)...... 17

List of tables Table 4-1: Statement of significance for all places identified in this Heritage Impact Statement...... 34

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1 Background Study

1.1 Introduction The following Heritage Assessment and Impact Statement has been prepared by Australian Cultural Heritage Management (ACHM) for the Department of Transport (ABN 69 981 208 782). This report is in relation to the proposed road works in Wallan. The proposed works consist of the duplication of the Northern Highway between the Hume Freeway and Watson Street; a southern entry and exit at the Hume Freeway / Watson Street interchange; the Watson Street duplication between the Northern Highway and the Hume Freeway; and the Northern Highway / Watson Street intersection improvements. ACHM was commissioned to undertake an investigation of the historical and archaeological values of these three sections of road and road reserve in and around the township of Wallan. This investigation will assist Department of Transport in meeting obligations for the management of heritage and historical archaeology in accordance with key legislation, most notably (but not limited to) the Heritage Act 2017 (Vic) and the Planning and Environment Act 1987 (Vic). 1.1.1 Authorship The authors of this report are: Linda Sonego Linda holds a Bachelor of Arts with Honours in Archaeology (2002), a Master’s Degree in Cultural Heritage Management (2012) and is currently enrolled in a PhD in Archaeology at La Trobe University. She is a skilled field archaeologist and has experience working on a broad range of sites, from indigenous and historical sites in Victoria, Tasmania and Western Australia, to medieval and classical sites in Italy. Her diverse experience in archaeology and cultural heritage management has allowed her to develop a range of skills including excavation, site surveying, site recording, artefact identification and preservation. Dr Justin Shiner Justin is ACHM's Operations Manager and is a highly experience cultural heritage professional with over 16 years' experience. He holds a PhD in Australian indigenous archaeology, with a focus on stone tool technology and site formation processes in western New South Wales. Justin has managed a wide range of complex historical and indigenous cultural heritage projects throughout Australia. He has a detailed knowledge of cultural heritage management and requirements in numerous jurisdictions. 1.1.2 Address and study area descriptions The study area is located on two roads and the associated road reserves in the Wallan Area (Map 1-1). For the purposes of this report, they have been divided into three separate study areas according to the three stages of the proposed development. These study areas are:  Study area 1 - the interchange at the Hume Freeway and Watson Street;  Study area 2 - Watson Street and the Northern Highway / Watson Street intersection; and  Study area 3 - the Northern Highway between the Hume Freeway and Watson Street.

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Project Area

Project Area f

Map 1-1: Study area.

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1.1.3 Description of the Proposed Works The proposed works will be undertaken in three stages. They are as follows:  Stage 1 (study area 1) is the planned installation of a southern entry and exit onto the Hume Freeway at the intersection with Watson Street. This will also involve the addition of ramps and a new freeway overpass at the Watson Street/Hume Freeway interchange. Specifically, the works will include two new access ramps, linking Watson Street to the southbound lanes of the freeway; providing an exit from the freeway to Watson Street for those travelling from Melbourne; and new roundabouts on either side of the Hume Freeway, to manage traffic entering and exiting the freeway.  Stage 2 (study area 2) is the planned duplication of Watson Street between the Hume Freeway and the Northern Highway. This will expand the street from two to four lanes. This stage also plans to complete an upgrade of the Watson Street / Northern Highway intersection. This will involve the acquisition of two buildings on the corner in the south eastern corner of the Watson Street and Northern Highway intersection (Lot 2005, SPI 2005\PP5822).These buildings are owned by the Department of Education but are not used by Wallan Secondary College. These buildings are currently occupied by the Central Ranges Local Learning and Employment Network. It will also involve the removal of some trees and green areas in the Watson Street road and interchange reserves, including some land along the border of 100 Watson Street but this will not affect the functionality of the Scout's Hall currently at that location.  Stage 3 (study area 3) is the planned duplication from two to four lanes of the Northern Highway between the Hume Freeway and Watson Street. This will be to ease traffic congestion, particularly in peak hours and to reduce the potential for car accidents. Works will also involve the addition of a turning lane at the Watson Street/ Northern Highway intersection and the removal of trees south of Watson Street. Trees to the north of Watson Street along the Avenue of Honour will not be removed. All three study areas will be landscaped. This will include native vegetation and might include place making items referring to local Aboriginal and European heritage elements of significance. 1.1.4 Purpose of the Heritage Impact Statement This study is undertaken in accordance with the current edition of Heritage Victoria's Guidelines for Investigating Historical Archaeological Artefacts and Sites. The aim and purpose of this study is:  To assess the impact of the proposed road works on any heritage places within and around the study area;  Document the historical context of the study area;  Develop a site inspection methodology based on the historical context of the study area;  Undertake a site inspection to assess the presence of historical heritage sites within the study area and to determine if a full pedestrian survey is needed;  Record and assess any newly discovered historical heritage sites in accordance with the Guidelines for Investigating Historical Archaeological Artefacts and Sites;  Document in detail any potential impact to heritage sites in the three study areas; and  Provide management recommendations for any historical heritage sites within the study area that may potentially be impacted by the proposed works.

1.2 Heritage Listings and Controls Two legislative controls may apply to heritage within the study area. Heritage Act 2017 The purpose of the Heritage Act 2017 is to "provide for the protection and conservation of the cultural heritage of the State" [(s.1(a)]. There are two levels of protection for cultural heritage places: Victorian Heritage Register: the Victorian Heritage Register lists the State's most significant heritage places and objects. These can be searched on the Victorian Heritage Database. Heritage Inventory: the Heritage Inventory (HI) lists all known historical archaeological sites in Victoria. It includes information about sites and artefacts, including a description and assessment of significance. Under the Act (s. 123) it is an offence to "knowingly or negligently deface, damage or otherwise interfere with, or carry out an act, likely to endanger - (a) a site recorded in the Heritage Inventory; or (b) an archaeological site which is not recorded in the Heritage Inventory" and the discovery of any archaeological sites during investigation or survey must be reported within thirty days (s.127).

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In the Act (s.3) an archaeological site is 'a place (other than a shipwreck) which — (a) contains an artefact, deposit or feature which is 75 or more years old; and (b) provides information of past activity in the State; and (c) requires archaeological methods to reveal information about the settlement, development or use of the place; and (d) is not associated only with Aboriginal occupation of the place.' In the Act (s.3) an archaeological artefact is 'an object (other than a shipwreck artefact) which provides information of past activity in the State and — (a) is associated with an archaeological site; or (b) is associated with a registered archaeological place; or (c) is associated with an approved site of archaeological value; or (d) is associated with a place that was an archaeological site, registered archaeological place or approved site of archaeological value.' Planning and Environment Act 1987 In the Planning and Environment Act 1987 places of heritage significance are able to be protected under Planning Schemes, according to Objective 15 of State Planning Policy Framework. Places of heritage significance to a locality can be protected by a heritage overlay (HO). HOs are contained within planning schemes and assist in protecting the heritage of a local government area. HOs include places of local significance as well as places included in the Victorian Heritage Register (VHR).

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2 Background Information

2.1 Environmental background Environmental factors affect how the landscape has been utilised and settled in the past. The following section focuses on those elements of the natural environment that may have influenced past human behaviour and settlement. This includes a brief summary of the geomorphology and landform, climate, and flora and fauna of the study area. 2.1.1 Geology and Geomorphology The study area is comprised of three main geomorphological units. These are the ‘eruption points and volcanic plains’ (GMU 2.1.6) and 'terraces and floodplains' (GMU 2.1.7) of the Dissected Uplands (Western Uplands), and the ''stony rises (GMU 6.1.2) associated with the volcanic plains of the Western Plains (VRO 2018). The ‘eruption points and volcanic plains’ unit includes recently formed plains of Quaternary and Neogene volcanics (Newer Volcanics), which often feature alluvial and aeolian sediments overlying scattered stony rises and basalt ‘floaters’ in pedologically young soils. The 'terraces and floodplains' are alluvial flats that were mostly deposited during times of drainage disruption and blockages in the Late Neogene (VRO 2018). The ‘stony rises’ unit is associated with lava flows of the most recent volcanic activity, less than 100,000 years of age. It is mainly characterised by rocky and undulating landscapes that include features such as stony mounds with little or no soil and no surface drainage development. However, older formations that are also observable within the unit can exhibit some soil development and some small ephemeral lakes, swamps, and wetlands, which have formed in depressions (VRO 2018). Such landscapes have been described and classified by Joyce (1999: 120, 122, 124) as the Eccles Regolith Landform Unit and the Rouse Regolith Landform Unit respectively. Soils in the region typically range from dark brown friable clayey soils on the younger rocks, to coarse texture contrast soils on the older rocks. Those in the study area are expected to be characterised by brown, yellow and grey texture contrast soils (Sodosols) with dark greyish- brown clay loams overlying a bleached horizon and mottled heavy clay subsoils (VRO 2018). 2.1.2 Climate The study area has a cool to temperate climate which reflects its position at the beginning of the Great Dividing Range and elevation of approximately 308 m above sea level. The average annual rainfall of 688 mm (recorded at Kilmore Gap) is relatively high in comparison to much of Victoria. August is typically the wettest month and January the driest. The nearest weather station to the study area is located at Kilmore Gap, which has a mean annual maximum temperature of 16.9 degrees and a mean annual minimum temperature of 8.1 degrees (BoM 2018). 2.1.3 Vegetation The native vegetation regime of the study area has been significantly modified as a result of land clearing. Prior to European settlement the area was made up of the Plains Grassy Woodland vegetation structure. This occurred as an open, eucalypt woodland up to 15 m tall occupying poorly drained, fertile soils on flat or gently undulating plains at low elevations. The understorey consists of a few sparse shrubs over a species-rich grassy and herbaceous ground layer. The dominant eucalypt species comprise Manna Gum (Eucalyptus viminalis) and Swamp Gum (Eucalyptus ovata). Plains Grassy Woodland has largely been replaced by open pasture and plantings of non-native deciduous trees and conifers. 2.1.4 Land use and modification The land use history of the study area indicates a long history of farming and large scale ploughing was frequent historically. The majority of the study area encompasses the Northern Highway, which prior to the construction of the Hume Highway was used as the main route between Melbourne and Sydney. This road was unpaved and its boundaries undefined from the 1800s till its formal construction in the late 20th century. The Wallan bypass for the Hume Freeway was constructed in 1974, and underpasses Watson Street forming part of the study area. The Northern Highway is still utilised as a major highway. Watson Street also forms part of a main road, and was previously known as Wallan-Whittlesea Road prior to the Hume bypass construction. Native vegetation has largely been cleared from the study area, with only isolated pockets remaining. The study area is largely devoid of significant stands of native vegetation although there are areas of heavy exotic vegetation and thick grass dominates.

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2.2 Historical Background 2.2.1 Early agriculture and the development of townships During the post settlement period, the region was first traversed by the explorers, Hamilton Hume and William Hovell as they made their way overland from Sydney in search of a favourable stock route to Melbourne in 1824 (Pegram 2012). Following the settlement of Melbourne in 1835, districts in Victoria were quickly opened up into large land holdings, primarily for agricultural activities. There were three main pastoral runs in the Wallan Wallan area, they were Big Hill (1838), Wallan Wallan (1840) and Pretty Sally's (1841). The township of Wallan was originally part of the Big Hill run (Figure 2-2) licensed to Richard H Budd in 1841-2 (Alberto et al. 2014). Following the break down of these larger runs after the implementation of selection and closer settlement in the 1860s, pastoralism and agricultural development of the area continued. Kilmore, Wallan and the surrounding district serviced the gold rush in the 1850s, and benefited from the economic boom of the many tonnes of gold flowing from the Bendigo and McIvor diggings into Melbourne. Wallan in particular was a key link in the transport of people and goods to and from the central northern regions during this time. By the 1880s, fine buildings had been constructed in the townships of Kilmore and Wallan.

Figure 2-1: Wallan Wallan pastoral run (PROV 2018)

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Figure 2-2: Map showing Big Hill Squatters Run (Image from Spreadborough and Anderson 1983).

2.2.2 History of the study area The study area lies in the Mitchell Shire Council (LGA) and the historical County of Bourke (Figure 2-3). All three study areas lie in the parish of Wallan Wallan with the southern section of study area 3 extending into Merriang Parish (Figure 2-4).

Figure 2-3: County of Bourke map with the study area highlighted (Image sourced from: nla.gov.au).

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Figure 2-4: Detail from the Wallan Wallan Parish Plan (1979). The Green line is the Northern Highway and the red dotted line to the east is the then proposed Hume Freeway. The road joining them is Watson Street/Wallan Whittlesea Road (Image from PROV).

This historical background will examine the surrounding areas of Wallan. There will be a specific focus on the role the Hume Highway, previously known as Sydney Road, had in the establishment of Wallan as a township. The development of the township of Wallan, in the parish of Wallan Wallan, was modest. Wallan’s post office opened in 1858, fifteen years after Kilmore received a post office. The first church, a simple wooden construction costing £71, was built in 1865 by the Methodists (Environment 1999; Goodman 2008) and the bluestone Uniting/Anglican Church was built around 1867. The stone above the main entrance states that it was built in 1867, but there are no records of this in the Kilmore Examiner or the Kilmore Free Press and no record can be found of the opening ceremony (Payne 1981).

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Figure 2-5: The Wallan Uniting/Anglican Church (Former Wallan Presbyterian Church; October 2018)

The Port Phillip District was irreversibly changed by the discovery of gold in Ballarat in the early 1850s. Wallan and other small towns became nearly overrun with miners, storekeepers and a plethora of other people as they sought their way to the gold fields along the old Sydney Road. Four hundred people alone were said to have hurried to the Reedy Creek diggings in 1858 (Department of Natural Resources & Environment). Gold was even unearthed in Kilmore, as well as Reedy Creek (1858 to 1890s), Strath Creek and Parrot Creek, all of which are located just to the north west of Wandong (Environment 1999). In 1866, the lucrative Sunday Creek gold was found approximately seven miles east of Wallan. By 1874 little gold was unearthed (Environment 1999). As a direct result of gold fever, Melbourne's population swelled from 29,000 in 1851 to 123,061 just a decade later (Goodman 2008). In this way, the road networks, from poorly constructed roads to bush tracks, became ever important as did the towns along the path that serviced the travellers. Hotels such as Inverlochy Castle Hotel popped up along the route. Today, the Hume Freeway, or National Highway M31 as it is officially called, is a 303 kilometre road that, in Victoria, stretches from Thomastown to Wodonga. From the New South Wales border, the road continues on to Sydney and retains the Hume Highway name. As a result, it is an important link between Australia’s two principal cities, as well as connecting the many towns along its way. Prior to the construction of the Hume Highway, the Sydney Road was the main northbound road from Melbourne (Figure 2‐3). The first Sydney Road, now referred to as the Old Sydney Road, travelled via Yuroke to Kilmore. Sometime later, a new road was created that commenced at Pentridge (present day Coburg) and went north through Kalkallo (then called Rocky Water Holes), Beveridge and Wallan. Until government intervention, these roads were not rigid paths but rather fluid constructions and “for generations ‘the Sydney Road’ referred not to a line of pavement, but to a roughly defined route along which travellers had many choices of track” (Anderson 1994). This new route was gazetted and formalised in 1850 although no money was spent on its construction or repair until 1853‐55 (Lemon, Broadmeadows et al. 1982). Even when money was available, work on the road remained difficult because gold mania had reduced the number of available men. This resulted in a labour shortage and high wages (Lemon, Broadmeadows et al. 1982). One of the foremost motivations to construct the road was the heavy traffic of vehicles and pedestrians that travelled on it as they sought the easiest route to the goldfields of Bendigo and beyond (Anderson 1994).

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Figure 2-6: Various routes north from Melbourne in the 1850s. Note the different roads heading north towards Kilmore and Wallan (Lemon, Broadmeadows et al. 1982).

In 1914 the Central Roads Board was established with a mandate to oversee the planning, construction and maintenance of the state’s road networks. In its inaugural year, it proclaimed Sydney Road a main road and in 1928, the two lane thoroughfare was renamed the Hume Highway, after one of the area’s first explorers, Hamilton Hume. In 1976, the highway was upgraded to a freeway complete with four lanes (Rands 2002).With the advent of the car, the thoroughfare was frequently improved and upgraded as the busy motorway continued to deteriorate. Large trucks and buses compromised the road’s surface as it was not designed to take such heavy loads, surfaces which were further ruined by the ever increasing number of cars traversing its length (Figure 2‐4). Local residents became increasingly incensed about the heavy traffic passing through their towns. To counteract such resentment, a bypass from Wallan to Broadford commenced in 1976. This was followed by other bypasses, including that of Violet Town (1980) and Seymour (1982) (Rands 2002). The Wallan‐Broadford bypass meant that the old stretch of the Hume from Wallan to the Northern Highway and Broadford‐Kilmore intersection was no longer required. Instead, the new freeway would divert north of Beveridge, thereby circumventing Kilmore, Broadford and Wallan.

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Figure 2-7: The Hume Highway in the days when it was known as Sydney Road. The road's poor condition is evident by the exposed foundation stones, 1914 (Anderson 1994).

Natural events have also shaped the development of the Wallan region. The roads around Wallan were subject to flooding as a number of creeks and rivers meander their way through the region, including the Kilmore and Broadhurst Creeks. The periodic inundation of water not only caused bridges and roads to collapse but also damaged homes and livelihoods. Such events occurred in 1860, 1899, 1906, 1910, 1931 and 1946 (Birkett‐Rees and Thiele 2010). As well as the hazards caused by inundation, bushfires have also threatened the area. In 1851, Kilmore was encircled by flames, but the township remained unharmed. Other large fires occurred in 1883, 1906, 1913, 1914 and 1927 (Birkett‐Rees and Thiele 2010). Today, Wallan retains its appeal as a country outpost. A significant number of people choose to reside in Wallan and work in Melbourne, a journey of approximately sixty kilometres by either car or rail from Wallan East (Pegram 2012). While a significant portion of Wallan’s surrounds are still given to grazing, subdivision and the ever present encroachment of the city will inevitably result in a decline of available grazing land in the near future (Pegram 2012). 2.3 Archaeological background 2.3.1 Previous archaeological and heritage studies relevant to the study area The area around Kilmore and Wallan is one of the oldest parts of rural Victoria for European settlement. Therefore there have been a number of previous heritage studies within the study area and the wider region. Heritage Studies within the study area There is one previous heritage study within the study area. Wallan Structure Plan and Infrastructure Coordination Plan, Victoria: Historical Heritage Assessment. HV Number 4437 Alberto et al. (2014) prepared a desktop Historical Heritage Assessment (HHA) for the preparation of a Structure Plan and Infrastructure Coordination for Wallan by the Mitchell Shire Council. The study area was twenty-eight square kilometres (28,000 hectares) and extended from Old Sydney Road to the Epping-Kilmore Road and Hadfield Road. It also included large areas of non-urban land on both sides of the Hume Freeway to the south, south east and south west. This study wholly included the current study area for the Wallan Area Network Improvement Project. This desktop assessment concluded that there were twelve registered historical sites within the study area and four additional sites of historical significance listed as part of the Mitchell Shire Heritage Studies. These additional four sites were not listed on any heritage databases. The authors concluded that the most likely sites to occur in the area were domestic, farming and pastoral sites as well as rail infrastructure and war heritage sites. Two of the sites identified are within the current study area, which were Inverlochy Castle Hotel and Wallan Avenue of Honour. The study recommended that if any proposed works had the potential to impact Inverlochy Castle Hotel then consent from Heritage Victoria should be sought.

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Heritage Studies within the wider area European Cultural Heritage Assessment: Kilmore-Wallan Bypass Historical Assessment. Heritage Victoria Report 4066 Vaskos, Donati and Schultz (2012) undertook a cultural heritage assessment report (no. 4066) for the proposed Kilmore-Wallan bypass. The project aimed to link the Northern Highway with the Hume Freeway to the north of Kilmore. Previously, ninety-five historic sites were recorded within the wider region, but during the desktop the authors did not locate any historic sites within the study area. Most of these sites were located in the town centres. As the majority of the study area had survived modern urban development, the authors concluded there was a low to moderate likelihood that previously unrecorded historical sites had been preserved within the study area. Also, given that the study area consisted of agricultural land, both currently as well as in the European historic past, the authors concluded it was more likely that structures that facilitated this agricultural land use would have been preserved. No historic sites were located during the field survey of this heritage assessment for the Kilmore-Wallan Bypass. A Cultural Heritage Study of the Northern Highway between the Hume Highway south of Wallan and Kilmore. A report to VicRoads. Clark et al. (2006) undertook a survey and assessment of a section of the Northern Highway between the intersection of the Hume Highway and the south of Kilmore. The following new historical sites were identified:  Quillinan House Ruin (VHI H7823‐0059). This is a weatherboard homestead with an associated brick and bluestone outbuilding and well.  Former Quillinan Family Cottage (VHI H7823‐0060). This is a standing brick cottage with mature conifers. Union Lane Quarry (VHI D7823‐0061);  Big Hill Hotel site (VHI H7823‐0064). This is the location of a 1860s hotel site which consists of a raised area, aged conifers and some fragments of hand‐made bricks.  Northern Highway Quarry, Bylands. This consists of two quarry areas. (VHI D7823‐0062);  Former Union Hotel (VHI H7823‐0063). In addition to these, a number of historical features were also recorded but not registered on the Victorian Heritage Inventory. These features include drystone walls, a historic artefact scatter and a historically scarred tree. None of these sites are within the study area. Volume One of Five. The report: Mitchell Shire Stage Two Heritage Study 2006. Huddle (2006), undertook a heritage assessment over the entirety of the Mitchell Shire. The study area included Kilmore, Broadford and Seymour and several smaller towns including Pyalong, Tallarook, Tooborac, Wallan, and Wandong. The aims of the study were to identify post‐colonial places of cultural significance, to develop heritage precincts and to develop a thematic study of the area. As of a result of this study, fifty-eight heritage places were discovered and recorded in addition to the fifty-two that were already known. It was recommended that all one hundred and ten places be protected on the heritage overlay. All of the sites identified in the current study were recorded in the 2006 study as sites that were already listed on the Victorian Heritage Inventory or protected by an existing overlay. No specific recommendations were made concerning these sites during the study. The study indicated that the most likely sites to occur were those related to domestic, farming and pastoralism. Mitchell Shire. Stage Two Heritage Study, January 2006. Volume 2 of 5. The Environmental History Huddle (2006) conducted a heritage assessment of the Mitchell Shire. The objective of the study was to identify and record post-colonial places of potential cultural significance, identify and develop potential heritage precincts, prepare a draft thematic environmental history of post-colonial European occupation and development of the study area and to estimate the resources required to more fully research, document and assess the post-colonial places of potential cultural significance in Mitchell Shire. Stage 2 of the project involved fieldwork of twenty-two potential heritage precincts consisting of about six hundred individual places. This involved site recording, the preparation of maps and the preparation of a report for each precinct. 2.3.2 Heritage Database searches All the relevant heritage databases have been searched for any potential heritage sites within the study area. They are listed separately below.

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Victorian Heritage Register The Victorian Heritage Register (VHR), established by the Heritage Act 1995, and updated in 2017, provides the highest level of statutory protection for historic sites in Victoria. Only the State's most significant historic sites are listed on the VHR. There are no registered places on the Victorian Heritage Register that lie directly within the study area. The Victorian Heritage Inventory The Victorian Heritage Inventory (HI), established by the Heritage Act 1995, and updated in 2017, provides the statutory protection for all historical (non-Aboriginal) archaeological sites, areas or relics, and private collections of relics in Victoria. Sites listed on the VHI are classed as having archaeological potential. There is one site on the Heritage Inventory that shares a boundary with the study area:  H7823-0045 - Inverlochy Castle Hotel (175 Northern Highway, Wallan), Hermes No.: 12288. Victorian War Heritage Inventory The Victorian War Heritage Inventory (WHI) is a database which records information and images of sites relating to Victoria’s war history. This list includes war memorials, honour rolls, and avenues of honour, memorial buildings, former defence sites and places of commemoration. The database has been developed as a joint project between the Veterans Unit and Heritage Victoria. There is one site on the War Heritage Inventory within the study area:  Hermes No. 126983 - Wallan Avenue of Honour (Northern Highway between Queen Street and Watson Street, Wallan) There are also two sites located within 50m of the study area, however, these sites do not fall within the proposed works area:  Hermes No. 190942 - the Wallan Mechanics Hall Honour Roll (WWII)  Hermes No. 127156 - The Wallan War Memorial Obelisk Heritage Overlays (Local Government Authority Planning Schemes) Through planning schemes, The Planning and Environment Act 1987 provides provisions for the protection of places of heritage significance, under Objective 15 of the State Planning Policy Framework. Places of heritage significance to a locality can be protected by a heritage overlay (HO). HOs are contained within planning schemes and assist in protecting the heritage of a local government area. HOs include places of local significance as well as places included in the Victorian Heritage Register (VHR). There is one Heritage Overlay within the study area:  HO210 relating to the Wallan Avenue of Honour. There is one Heritage Overlay within 50m of the study area:  HO211 relating to the War Memorial Obelisk and the Mechanics' Institute National Trust of Australia (Victoria) Register Founded in 1956, The National Trust of Australia (Victoria) is a community-based, non-government organisation committed to promoting and conserving Australia's Indigenous, natural and historic heritage places of cultural significance in Victoria. The trees from Wallan Avenue of Honour are also listed with the National Trust under horticultural and historical value (Hermes No. 71262). National Heritage List The Australian National Heritage List records national heritage places deemed to be of outstanding heritage significance to Australia. The list includes natural, historic and Indigenous places. Once on the National Heritage List the provisions of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 apply. The National Heritage List has replaced the Register of the National Estate, which was archived in 2007. There are no sites within the study area that are listed on the National Heritage List maintained by the National Heritage Council. Commonwealth Heritage List

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The Department of Environment and Energy is responsible for maintaining the Commonwealth Heritage List. This list includes Indigenous, historic and natural heritage places that are owned or controlled by the Australian Government. These places are associated with the development of the nation of Australia and may be connected to maritime safety, communications, customs and other government activities. There are no heritage places listed within or immediately adjacent to the study area. World Heritage List The World Heritage List is a list of the best examples of the world's cultural and natural heritage. Currently there are nineteen sites from Australia registered on the list. There are no sites listed within or immediately adjacent to the study area. 2.3.3 Summary of database searches Searches of all the relevant databases showed there are four sites that are within 50m of the study area. They are:  Hermes No. 126983 - Wallan Avenue of Honour;  Hermes No. 190942 - War Mechanics Institute;  Hermes No. 127156 Wallan War Memorial Obelisk;  H7823-0045 - Inverlochy Castle Hotel. Two of these sites are located under the same Heritage Overlay (HO211) at 64 High Street Wallan. These two sites are the Wallan War Memorial Obelisk and the Mechanics' Institute. These two sites are located close to the Northern Highway, however, are approximately 50m north from proposed works at the Watson Street Intersection. The remaining two sites are located within the study area, and are shown in Map 2-1 .The Wallan Avenue of Honour is protected by a Heritage Overlay (HO210) that runs along the extent of the Northern Highway from the intersection of Watson Street to the intersection of Queen Street. The Inverlochy Castle Hotel is listed on Victorian Heritage Inventory and is protected by the Heritage Act 2017. The current extent of this listing shares a boundary with the Northern Highway.

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Project Area

Project Area

Map 2-1: Study area showing Inverlochy Castle Hotel (Heritage Inventory) and Wallan Avenue of Honour (Heritage Overlay).

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2.3.4 Community Consultation On 31 October 2018 Linda Sonego contacted the Kilmore Historical Society. They replied on the 1 November 2018 and provided information relating to the four sites identified in the heritage database searches. Linda Sonego (ACHM) met with two members of the Kilmore Historical Society, one who was also a member of the Kilmore-Wallan RSL on November 13th. Both offered additional information particularly for the Wallan Avenue of Honour and the Inverlochy Castle Hotel. This information has been incorporated into the following background studies of the following four sites. It was also noted that the Wallan Avenue of Honour is highly significant to members of the Kilmore-Wallan RSL. 2.3.5 Background of registered sites located through the searches There is one site with a Heritage Overlay in study area 2 (Hermes No. 126983 - Wallan Avenue of Honour) and one Heritage Inventory site that shares a boundary with the Northern Highway in study area 3 that could potentially be impacted by works (H7823-0045 - Inverlochy Castle Hotel). Wallan Avenue of Honour (Hermes No. 126983) Throughout Australia commemorative trees have been planted in public spaces since the 19th century, with Arbour Days regularly held in most Victorian state schools during the late 1800s and early 1900s. During and after the First World War, avenues of honour consisting of trees lining locally significant streets, became a popular form of commemoration. The Victorian Heritage Council regard these avenues as representing a "new egalitarian approach to the commemoration of soldiers, irrespective of class or rank in which each individual tree represents a single person" (VHD website, accessed 2018). It is further noted that these avenues are a uniquely Australian phenomenon, one which is particularly important to Victorians. There are currently over 300 avenues of honour planted throughout Victoria, with the earliest planted in 1901 as a commemoration to the Boer War. Although these avenues are generally planted with non-native trees, there is no specific genus used in the formation of an avenue of honour. Each individual town selected their own types of tree, depending on needs, availability, and cost. The Wallan Avenue of Honour was planted on Saturday 31 August, 1918 to commemorate enlisted and fallen WWI soldiers from the district (Kilmore Advertiser 1918). This purpose is explicitly stated on two well-maintained signs, one at either end of the Avenue. It is believed that 53 trees were planted and 47 are still surviving. One tree on the eastern side of the avenue was removed for the enlargement of the Watson and Northern Highway intersection and the installation of the current traffic lights. A large maritime pine tree out the front of the Mechanics' Institute, that does not appear to have had any historical connection to the Avenue of Honour or the Mechanics' Institute, was removed in 2003. Its lack of historical connection, its unpleasing appearance and safety issues were cited for its removal (Kilmore Free Press April 9, 2003; Figure 2-9). Another large pine tree that can be seen in Figure 2-11 is no longer standing in the photo taken in 2003 (Figure 2-9). It is unknown when this pine tree was removed. The avenue is made up of Purple Elm trees (Ulmus x hollandica 'Purpurascens'). The sign associated with the avenue states 'Memorial Avenue. This stand of elm trees was planted in memory of Wallan residents who served in the Australian Imperial Force in the Great War 1914-1918. Lest we Forget' (Figure 2-8). Originally, there was a proposal to plant indigenous flowering gums because they were considered to be 'among the most beautiful in existence' (Kilmore Press 12.08.1920). However, this proposal was rejected by the Broadmeadows Shire on the grounds that indigenous trees would maintain damp ground. Elms were planted in their place and this appears to have caused disappointment within the community who would have preferred Australian trees (Kilmore Press 12.08.1920). As far as can be discerned, the trees did not originally have numbers or plaques but there were two stone cairns with the names of all the serving soldiers placed at the junction of the Station and Sydney Roads in 1920 (Kilmore Free Press 12.08.1920). These had been dismantled by 1948 when a proposal was put forward to add lettering in lead on the memorial (Kilmore Free Press 1948).

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Figure 2-8: Sign commemorating fallen soldiers from WWI (left side of the road, northbound)

Figure 2-9: Maritime pine that was removed in 2003 (Kilmore Free Press April 9, 2003).

The Mechanics' Institute The Mechanics' Institute, as it is officially known, has been used for a number of different functions over the course of its history and, for a short time, also functioned as a school in 1915 (Figure 2-10). Originally, a 'mechanic' meant an artisan, tradesman or working man and began in Glasgow when Dr George Birkbeck in 1799, started giving free lectures for the working men of Glasgow. They were particularly successful because he gave the lectures in the evenings when the most people would be able to attend. During the Industrial Revolution the name became associated more with machinery and mechanics' institutes began to pop up throughout Britain and the colonies, including Australia. However, in late 19th century Australia, the focus was less on educating mechanics and more on establishing community facilities. Mechanics' institutes became very popular and were common. Today there are over five hundred mechanics' institutes across Victoria (PMI 2018).Their objective was the 'spread of useful knowledge' and for 'rational recreation'. For these reasons, they often held free libraries and were used as meeting halls. The Wallan Mechanics'

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Institute continues to be used for family parties, social events, community fund-raising activities, community groups and for public meetings, to this day (Figure 2-11 and Figure 2-12). Land was put aside by the Lands Department for a mechanics' institute in 1865 but the building itself was not built until 1877. The original building was made of brick, but timber extensions were added in 1913, 1926 and 1931. Over the years, members of the community have continued to raise funds to maintain the building and keep it functioning (Payne 1981).

Figure 2-10: The Mechanics' Institute 1925 (Image from Payne 1981: 80).

Figure 2-11: Mechanics' Institute, pre 2003 (courtesy of the Kilmore Historical Society). Note that the large pine tree to the left of the Mechanics' Institute was removed sometime before 2003. Its absence is noticeable in Figure 2-9.

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Figure 2-12: The Mechanics' Institute (October 2018)

The War Memorial The War Memorial was unveiled on Saturday 2 December, 1922, only four years after the Avenue of Honour was planted. It is a grey granite obelisk on a bluestone base. Approximately three hundred people attended the unveiling (Kilmore Free Press 1922). The original obelisk had a white plaque with the names of serving soldiers. This was replaced sometime after 2003 and is now has a black plaque inscribed with the names of the fifty-three soldiers who served from the Wallan region. The plaques are engraved with the names of the fifty-three soldiers that fought in WWI. The current plaque is new but the wording remains the same.

Figure 2-13: War Memorial Obelisk, pre 2003 (courtesy of the Kilmore Historical Society).

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Figure 2-14: The War Memorial out the front of the Mechanics Institute, showing the recent plaque and change of fencing and concrete base (October 2018).

Inverlochy Castle Hotel (H7823-0045) The Inverlochy Castel Hotel was one of a number of hotels in the region. It was built in 1855 by Angus Cameron and later taken over by John Laffan (Figure 2-15). It was an Inn and a Cobb and Co. staging post and was located south of the rise up Pretty Sally Hill, south of Wallan (Figure 2-19). The Hotel had several stables, a feed loft and spelling paddocks for over fifty head of livestock. It was a large structure and was visible from quite a distance (Brown 1956: 11; Figure 2-16).

Figure 2-15: The Laffan family outside of the Inverlochy Castle Hotel (from left: Bridget Laffan, Margaret Theresa (nee McCagh), John Francis Laffan, John Laffan and Esther (nee Kidd). Esther and Margaret are the two children (Photo from Payne 1981: 33)

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Figure 2-16: Shearing at Inverlochy. From left: J.F. Laffan, J. Laffan and W. Semler (Payne 1981: 113)

Figure 2-17: Shearing at Inverlochy. JL on the wool bail is for John Laffan (courtesy of the Kilmore Historical Society).

Not much remains of the hotel, iron sheds and timber stock run. What can be seen is described in the VHI site card is as follows: "Key Components: Bluestone walls; redbrick scatter (Hoffman and wire cut); 10 m mound, contains bluestones; trough, corrugate iron shearing shed (in poor condition); domestic scatter; water tank; and bluestone and red brick lined well full of old and new debris" (Figure 2-18). It is considered to be a site of moderate-high scientific and local cultural significance. This is mostly due to it being a stopping point on the Melbourne to Sydney route and from Melbourne to the goldfields. Additionally, it may have sub-surface deposits. From photos, it appears that the corrugated iron shed to the rear of the bluestone wall is a new addition and the hotel would have originally been located in between the bluestone wall and the fence line that borders the Northern Highway.

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Figure 2-18: Plan of H7823-0045 from 2008 survey (Heritage Victoria Site Card).

Figure 2-19: Geological Survey Map of Victoria showing the location of the Inverlochy Castle Hotel, Wallan Wallan region (State Library of Victoria, taken from Alberto et al. 2014).

Figure 2-20: Inverlochy Castle Hotel, 1890s (courtesy of the Kilmore Historical Society)

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Figure 2-21: Inverlochy Castle Hotel, front view, 1977 (courtesy of the Kilmore Historical Society)

Figure 2-22: Inverlochy Castle Hotel, rear view showing bluestone wall, 1977 (courtesy of the Kilmore Historical Society)

Figure 2-23: Inverlochy Castle Hotel, inside view, 1977 (courtesy of the Kilmore Historical Society).

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Figure 2-24: Inverlochy Castle Hotel, side view of the bluestone kitchen, 1977 (courtesy of Kilmore Historical Society).

Figure 2-25: Current state of the Inverlochy Castle Hotel (Image from http://www.fadingvictoria.com/p/wallanruins.jpg).

Figure 2-26: Aerial photo of the ruins of the old Inverlochy Castel Hotel, which is highlighted in red (Image from Google Maps 2018).

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2.4 Historical Site Prediction Model The historical context and heritage database results are the basis for developing a predictive statement about the possible types and distribution of heritage sites in the study area. According to the review of these results, the historic site types that may be found within the study area include the following:  Evidence of domestic occupation from the nineteenth or early twentieth century, including the structural remains of cottages, homesteads or farm facilities, domestic waste pits or middens (rubbish dumps, bottle dumps). This evidence of domestic life is likely to be concentrated in the township area of Wallan, where residential occupation was/is concentrated.  Evidence of agricultural farming, including plantings, terracing, fence lines or artificial water channels i.e. dams, bores, drainage trenches and lines. A significant portion of the study area consists of road reserve adjacent to cleared farming land. Remains of stockyards, holding pens, enclosures, stables and barns associated with the breeding of livestock may be present;  Evidence of historical tree plantings, i.e. large introduced trees that may line access roads to properties; and  Remains in association with known places adjacent to the study area, most notably Inverlochy Castle Hotel and the Mechanics' Institute.  However, it is unlikely that any of the above historical site types will be found within the study area. With the exception of the area between the Inverlochy Castle Hotel and the Northern Highway, there is no evidence to suggest that the study area may contained material associated with historical occupation, as the majority of the study area consists of wide and long-used road reserves.  The various levels of investigation (including historic report review and register search) revealed very few areas that are likely to contain substantial historical or archaeological structures or deposits. This interpretation is due to the long use of the study area as roads. 2.4.1 Conclusion The Old Sydney Road was an important travel route from Melbourne to the goldfields in the late 19th century and continued to be a major route until this day. Therefore, it is not unexpected that there are heritage sites of significance in the area. Past heritage studies indicate that most sites of significance are located in towns where they have been preserved and maintained. This mostly aligns with the three study area in this heritage assessment that has located three sites within the township of Wallan. However, there is one Heritage Inventory site (The Inverlochy Castle Hotel) that is located outside the township. A search of all heritage related databases has revealed that there are four registered sites of social, historical and archaeological significance within 50m of the Study area. They are:  The Wallan Avenue of Honour is of regional social and historical value;  The Inverlochy Castle Hotel is of state archaeological value;  The War Mechanics' Institute is of local historical value; and  The War Memorial Obelisk is of local historical value. The Wallan Avenue of Honour (HO210) and the Inverlochy Castle Hotel (H7823-0045) are both within the Study area.

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3 Site Inspection

3.1 Introduction The following section outlines the results of the site inspection, which was undertaken on 31 October 2018.

3.2 Methodology The site inspection was preliminary only to determine if a full survey of the area was necessary. The methodology for the site inspection was informed by the results of the background study. The background study identified that the area subject to proposed works was unlikely to contain sites of historical significance owing to the fact that it is contained within the existing road corridor and adjacent road reserve. However, the background study did identify several areas and features of potential historic and archaeological value that required more detailed investigation. These sites were all located within 50m of the proposed works, and two were located within the study area. These sites are:  The Avenue of Honour on the Northern Highway, Wallan (Hermes No. 126983);  The Mechanics' Institute, Wallan (Hermes No. 190942);  The War Memorial Obelisk, Wallan (Hermes No. 127156);  The Inverlochy Castle Hotel, Northern Highway (H7823-0045). These areas were inspected to adequately assess their archaeological potential, and the impact (if any) of the proposed works.

3.3 Existing Conditions Study area 1 - the interchange at the Hume Freeway and Wallan-Whittlesea Road. The full length of the study area was inspected by vehicle due to the large traffic volume on the road. The road reserve is bordered by high private fences for a large portion of the southern side with a long line of large pine trees on the eastern end. The northern side is mostly bordered by parkland and the road reserve is heavily vegetated. No sites of social or archaeological interest were identified. Study area 2 - Watson Street and the Northern Highway / Watson Street intersection Study area 2 is in the middle of the township of Wallan and is highly landscaped. The background study identified three sites in this area. They are the Avenue of Honour (HO210), the Mechanics' Institute and the War Memorial Obelisk (HO211). This area consists of sealed service roads, gravelled walkways and areas of grass and gardens (Figure 3-2). The Mechanics' Institute and the War Memorial Obelisk are located approximately 50m north of study area 2 and are considered to be a safe distance from the study area to avoid harm. The War Memorial Obelisk is located approximately only 5m from the current footprint of the Northern Highway. The Avenue of Honour is located within study area 2. As the proposed works in this area, such as the extension of the intersection, have been designed to avoid the existing Avenue there is a minimal risk of harm. The expansion will largely avoid the overlay (HO210) with the majority of work occurring on the southern half of the intersection. A merging lane will be added on the north western side of the Watson Street intersection, however, this will be within the existing road reserve that already contains a number of items of infrastructure. The trees within the reserve are set approximately 20m from the existing road footprint. Therefore, it is unlikely this expansion will effect these trees or their significance. It appears as if one tree was previously removed from the north eastern corner of the Watson Street/Northern Highway intersection. This was probably for the expansion of the current intersection (Figure 3-1). Plaques were noted on almost all of the trees of the Avenue of Honour although they were no longer readable. Some trees had an additional smaller plastic plaques with a number, which appear modern (Figure 3-3). There was also a plastic poppy found wedged into one of the plaques on the one of the trees in the Avenue of Honour on the eastern side of the Avenue (Figure 3-4). Some areas of the Avenue of Honour have also been recently redeveloped. A seating area, pedestrian crossing with traffic lights, and barriers to separate the trees from the walking path (Figure 3-5). One heritage overlay (HO210) is located within study area 2, however, the significance of this site is unlikely to be harmed by the works. One other heritage overlay (HO 211), which covers two sites is located within 50m of study area 2 and will not be harmed by the works.

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Figure 3-1: North eastern corner of the Watson/Northern Highway intersection with removed tree.

Figure 3-2: View looking south down the Northern Highway from the north side of the Northern Highway and Watson Street intersection. This view shows the highly modified landscape of study area 2.

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Figure 3-3: Example of a tree with an old and new plaque.

Figure 3-4: A plastic poppy wedged into the plaque on the Avenue of Honour, Wallan.

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Figure 3-5: Barrier separating the trees of the avenue and the walking path on the eastern side of the Northern Highway.

Study area 3 - the Northern Highway between the Hume Freeway and Watson Street The road reserve along the Northern Highway between the Hume Freeway and Watson Street is occupied by thick vegetation in large sections. Ground surface visibility was generally poor across the entire study area and was estimated to be less than five percent. Bare ground and exposed surfaces were present throughout. However these were usually located within areas of ground disturbance and within the urban footprint north of Taylors Lane and private driveways. Grass cover was generally thick across much of the area. Access to the survey area was not restricted as the entire survey area is located within the road reserve. The background study identified one site of archaeological interest along the western boundary of the study area. This site is the Inverlochy Castle Hotel. The area of road reserve that corresponds with the Inverlochy Castle Hotel was inspected on foot, with the remainder inspected from a vehicle (Figure 3-6). One site (H7823-0045) that is listed on the Victorian Heritage Inventory is located within study area 3. The current condition of the site and the location of its known features outside the existing road reserve, suggest it is unlikely the works will harm this site.

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Figure 3-6: Ground surface visibility in study area 3 adjacent to the Inverlochy Castle Hotel and showing non-native trees in the background.

3.4 Conclusion No previously un-recorded historic heritage sites were discovered during the inspection. One Heritage Overlay (HO210) and one Heritage Inventory site (H7823-0045) are located within study area 2. The inspection concluded that the proposed works were unlikely to impact these sites. The lack of historic heritage sites within the study area can be attributed to the long-established use of the area as the old Hume Highway and the fact that the study area are focused on the current road and area immediately adjacent to the road reserve. Therefore, based on the background study and preliminary site inspection, a full pedestrian survey of the study area is not considered necessary. This is based on the prediction that additional historic sites are unlikely to be present within the study area.

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4 Cultural Heritage Significance Assessment

4.1 Assessment criteria This heritage assessment has been prepared in accordance with a number of government heritage guidelines; primarily the Heritage Act 2017 reg. 12 (A-J). The Australian ICOMOS Charger for Places of Cultural Significance 2013, known as the Burra Charter, has also been consulted. The Heritage Council of Victoria's Criteria for Assessing Cultural Heritage Significance utilises ten criteria, these are: Criterion A Historical importance, association with or relationship to the State's history; Criterion B Good design or aesthetic characteristics; Criterion C Scientific or technical innovations or achievements; Criterion D Social or cultural associations; Criterion E Potential to educate, illustrate or provide further scientific investigation in relation to the State's cultural heritage; Criterion F Importance in exhibiting a richness, diversity or unusual integration of features; Criterion G Rarity or uniqueness of a place or object; Criterion H The representative nature of a place or object as part of a class or type of places or objects; Criterion I Methods of establishing the extent to which land or objects nominated for inclusion in the Heritage Register in association with a registered place or a place nominated for inclusion are integral to the State-level cultural heritage significance of the place; Criterion J Any other matter which is relevant to the determination of State-level cultural heritage significance.

4.2 Statement of Significance The Heritage Act 2017 criteria A-J are assessed in Table 4-1 for the following places noted during the assessment:  The Avenue of Honour;  The Inverlochy Castle Hotel, Northern Highway;  The Mechanics Institute; and  The War Memorial Obelisk.

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Table 4-1: Statement of significance for all places identified in this Heritage Impact Statement.

Crit. C Crit. D Crit. E Crit. I Crit. J State or Crit. A Crit. B Crit. F Crit. G Crit. H Place Context Scientific or technical social or cultural potential for further education or inclusion in Other National Association and relationship Design diversity rarity representativeness achievement associations investigation register matters Significance The Avenue Avenue of mature elm The Avenue has been maintained. There The Avenue has been well The place does not The Avenue is The place does not hold any The place does not The place is of limited The Avenue is highly Included There are No of Honour trees, two trees have are still some numbers on the trees maintained and is a feature display any scientific or associated with the potential to educate, illustrate or exhibit a richness, rarity value, several representative of Avenues of (Hermes No. no other (regional) been recently replanted although the plaques are no longer of the main shopping street technical innovations or Kilmore Wallan RSL provide further scientific diversity or unusual Avenues of Honour exist Honour throughout Victoria 126983) matters readable. One tree has a plastic poppy left of Wallan achievements investigation in relation to the integration of features throughout Victoria in the top section of the plaque State's cultural heritage The Dilapidated, internal The place is associated with the The place is in ruins and The place does not The place does not The place does hold potential for The place does not The place has limited The hotel is not representative Included There are Yes Inverlochy historical integrity settlement of Victoria beyond Melbourne does not hold any good display any scientific or have any special sub-surface artefacts that could exhibit a richness, rarity value, several of its type. It is in ruins and is (H7823- no other (state) Castle Hotel unknown, now used as design or aesthetic technical innovations or associations further our knowledge of the diversity or unusual hotels of this age are currently used for farm storage 0045) matters a farm storage shed characteristics achievements State's cultural heritage integration of features located in the region The The place is structurally The place is associated with early The place has been well The place does not The Avenue is The place does not hold any The place does not This place is of limited This place is representative of Included There are No Mechanics' sound and remains in European settlers in Wallan maintained and is a display any scientific or associated with the potential to educate, illustrate or exhibit a richness, rarity. mechanics' institutes across the (Hermes No. no other (local) Institute use for community prominent feature of the technical innovations or Kilmore Wallan RSL provide further scientific diversity or unusual Victoria. 190942) matters events. principal street of Wallan achievements investigation in relation to the integration of features State's cultural heritage The War Is well maintained The place is associated with all wars The place has been well The place does not The Avenue is The place does not hold any The place does not This place is of limited The War Memorial is highly Included There are No Memorial fought by Australia with a particular focus maintained and is a display any scientific or associated with the potential to educate, illustrate or exhibit a richness, rarity representative of war (Hermes No. no other (local) on WWI prominent feature of the technical innovations or Kilmore Wallan RSL provide further scientific diversity or unusual memorials throughout Victoria 127156) matters principal street of Wallan. achievements investigation in relation to the integration of features State's cultural heritage

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4.3 Conclusion Using the criteria of the Heritage Act 2017, only the Inverlochy Castle Hotel is of state significance and is of archaeological interest. This site has not been maintained. An additional corrugated iron structure has been constructed behind the hotel and is now supposedly used as farm storage. It appears that only remnants of the bluestone kitchen remain standing. The site inspection did not reveal any artefacts or features associated with Inverlochy Castle Hotel within the study area, therefore, the significance of this place is unlikely to be impacted by the proposed works. The other three sites, the Avenue of Honour, the Mechanics' Institute and the War Memorial Obelisk, are of local significance and have social value. These three sites are well maintained and are of noticeable interest and significance to the community of Wallan. Only one of the three sites (HO210) was identified within the study area during the sites inspection. The proposed works in this area were considered to be situated away from the site, and will be unlikely to affect intangible values of the site due to the existing road and infrastructure in the works area.

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5 Interpretation and Recommendations

5.1 Interpretation Four places of historic and contemporary social and/or archaeological value were assessed due to their proximity (within 50m) to the study area. These sites are:  The Avenue of Honour;  Inverlochy Castle Hotel.  The Mechanics' Institute; and  The War Memorial. In general the study areas are considered to be of low historical archaeological potential. This interpretation is based on the identification of only two sites within the study area. Only one of these sites has archaeological value and is listed on the Victorian Heritage Inventory (Inverlochy Castle Hotel- H7823-0045). The three remaining sites are all places that are aesthetically, historically and socially significant at a local level. Two of these sites are located 50m from the proposed works (HO211), and a site inspection revealed that the proposed works are unlikely to effect the significance of the third site (HO 210).

5.2 Heritage Impact Assessment 5.2.1 Impact of proposed works This assessment has found that it is unlikely any of the sites within 50m of the proposed works will be impacted. These sites that have been assessed include:  The Mechanics Institute, Wallan (Hermes No. 190942);  The War Memorial, Wallan (Hermes No. 127156);  The Inverlochy Castle Hotel, Northern Highway (H7823-0045);  The Avenue of Honour, Wallan (Hermes No. 126983). Two of the sites (HO211) are located within 50m of the proposed works, however, these sites will not be directly impact by the works. The remaining two sites were located within the study area, which are the Wallan Avenue of Honour (HO210) and the Inverlochy Castle Hotel (H7823-0045). The heritage overlay for the Wallan Avenue of Honour (HO210) overlaps with proposed works at the Watson Street and Northern Highway intersection. The proposed works involve the expansion of the Watson Street and Northern Highway intersection and will involve the removal of trees. However, the project has been designed specifically to avoid harm to the Avenue of Honour. This planned removal of trees will impact only the area of road reserve to the south of Watson Street. The expansion of the intersection is largely proposed for the southern half of the intersection to avoid the avenue. A proposed merging lane on the north western side of the intersection is only likely to affect existing infrastructure in the road reserve. The trees are situated approximately 20m from the existing road footprint. Based on the current record and condition of the Inverlochy Castle Hotel (H7823-0045), this site will not be directly impacted by the proposed works. However, it was noted that an area of potential archaeological sensitivity may be present within the road reserve as the site shares a boundary with the current road reserve and has a strong association with the use of the Northern Highway. Prior to the formalisation of the current route of the Northern Highway, the road footprint was largely undefined and unsealed. Therefore, it is possible that the area in front of the hotel that forms part of the road reserve has some potential to contain sub-surface archaeological deposits associated with the former hotel.

5.3 Recommendations No recommendations are required for the Mechanics Institute and the War Memorial, which are protected by a single Heritage Overlay (HO 211). These sites are located 50m from the proposed works and will not be impacted.

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5.3.1 General recommendations If historic cultural heritage is discovered or suspected to be present, any activity within 10 metres of the extent of the suspected site should cease immediately. A suitably qualified and experienced archaeologist should be contacted to determine whether a historical site is present or not. The archaeologist would then assess the nature and significance of any such site, and management recommendations will be made in consultation with HV, VicRoads and any contractors if the site is determined to be a historical site. 5.3.2 The Wallan Avenue of Honour The Wallan Avenue of Honour was planted in the 1918. In recent years the Avenue has been re-purposed as both a recreational corridor between Watson and Queen Streets and as an avenue of honour commemorating Australia's participation in military conflict. Missing trees have been replanted and some of the trees have small numbers still attached to them. Additionally, one tree has a plastic poppy wedged into the number plaque. This indicates that the Avenue of Honour is of contemporary social significance to the local population of Wallan. Recommendation 1: Avoidance of Harm It is recommend that the proposed works can avoid any impact to the Wallan Avenue of Honour. 5.3.3 Inverlochy Castle Hotel The Inverlochy Castle Hotel is listed on the Heritage Inventory (H7823-0045). It is of archaeological value and of state significance.  Recommendation 1: Avoidance of Harm and Notification The Inverlochy Castle Hotel (H7823-0045) is listed on the Victorian Heritage Inventory and is protected by the Heritage Act 2017. This current extent of the site lies along the western boundary of study area 2. As the proposed works are to be confined to the existing road reserve, it is unlikely that this sites will be impacted by the works. However, it was noted that an area of potential archaeological sensitivity may be present within the road reserve as the site shares a boundary with the current road reserve and has a strong association with the use of the Northern Highway. It is recommended that contractors are notified of the location of the Inverlochy Castle Hotel (H7823-0045), and the potential for historical artefacts in the road reserve around this site. In the event that any historical material is identified during monitoring the process outlined in Section 5.3.1 must be followed. 5.4 Conclusion The four sites identified in this report hold varying degrees of importance for the community of Wallan and are within 50m of the proposed works. The sites that hold the most contemporary social value are those within the limits of the township: the Avenue of Honour (HO210), the Mechanics' Institute and the War Memorial Obelisk (HO211). These sites have all been continuously maintained and/or utilised since their inception. They are valued by the local community and have remained as a significant part of Wallan daily life and a reminder of its history. Two of these sites (HO211) will not be impacted by the works as they are located 50m north of proposed works. HO210 (Wallan Avenue of Honour) overlaps with the proposed works and it is recommended that any impact to the site be avoided. Department of Transport have advised that this provision has already been taken into consideration and that the project design and study area boundaries have been strictly defined in order to avoid any harm to the Avenue of Honour. The Inverlochy Castle Hotel (H7823-0045) is considered to be within the study area as it shares a boundary with the Northern Highway road reserve. However, it has been determined through a site inspection that in its current condition, the proposed works are unlikely to impact the site. As the hotel is not being disturbed directly, a permit is not necessary for ground disturbance works. However, if any significant archaeological deposits are located during works, they must be reported to Heritage Victoria within thirty days for assessment. Under the Act (s. 123) it is an offence to "knowingly or negligently deface, damage or otherwise interfere with, or carry out an act, likely to endanger - (a) a site recorded in the Heritage Inventory; or (b) an archaeological site which is not recorded in the Heritage Inventory" and the discovery of any archaeological sites during investigation or survey must be reported within thirty days (s.127).

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6 Bibliography

Alberto, W. Beaton, S. Szydzik, S. (2014) Wallan Vaskos, V. Donati, L. and Schultz, F. 2012. European Structure Plan and Infrastructure Coordination Plan, Cultural Heritage Assessment: Kilmore-Wallan Victoria: Historical Heritage Assessment, HV Number: Bypass Historical Assessment. Heritage Victoria 4437. Ecology and Heritage Partners. Report 4066. Anderson, W. K. (1994). Roads for the people: a history of Victoria's roads, VicRoads Websites Anon. (2013) Mitchell Shire Heritage Study BoM. Bureau of Meteorology (2018) Amendment C56 Heritage Citations. http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/c Birkett‐Rees, J. and F. Thiele (2010). Voluntary w_088162.shtml (accessed 09.11.2018). Cultural Heritage Management Plan George Street, Commonwealth Heritage List (2018) Kilmore: Residential Subdivision. A CHMP to Bellayne http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/c Nominees Pty Ltd. ommonwealth-heritage-list, (accessed 16.10.2018). Brown, M. (1956) Australian son: the story of Ned Fading Victoria (2018) Kelly. Angus and Robinson Publishers, Melbourne. http://www.fadingvictoria.com/p/inverlochy.jpg, Clark, V., W. Dolling, et al. (2006). A Cultural Heritage (accessed 16.10.2018). Study of the Northern Highway between the Hume National Trust (2018) Highway south of Wallan and Kilmore, A report to Vic https://www.nationaltrust.org.au/services/heritage Roads. -register-vic/, (accessed 16.10.2018). Huddle, L. (2006). Volume One of Five. The Report: PMI - Prahran mechanics' Institute (2018) Mitchell Shire State Two Heritage Study 2006.\ http://www.pmi.net.au/home/mihistory/ (accessed Huddle, L. (2006) Mitchell Shire. Stage Two Heritage 01.11.2018). Study. January 2006. Volume 2 of 5. The VDH (2018) http://vhd.heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au/, Environmental Study. (accessed 16.10.2018). Huddle, L. (2006) Mitchell Shire Stage Two Heritage World Heritage List (2018) Study: Vol 5 and 5, Heritage Precincts: Moranding, https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/, (accessed Pyalong, Seymour, Tallarook, Wandong. 16.10.2018). Kilmore Advertiser, Wallan (from our correspondent) Saturday 7th September 1918. Kilmore Free Press, Broadmeadows Council, Thursday 6 April, 1922. Kilmore Free Press, Wallan Soldiers' Memorial, Thursday 7 December 1922. Kilmore Free Press, Broadmeadows Shire, Thursday 19 August 1948 Kilmore Free Press, Background to pine tree removal, April 9 2003. Kilmore Free Press, Wallan East 12th August 1920. Lemon, A., Broadmeadows, et al. (1982). Broadmeadows: Forgotten History, Hargreen Publishing. Payne, J.W. 1981. Pretty Sally's Hill: a history of Wallan, Wandong and Bylands. Lowden Publishing Co. Kilmore. Pegram, N. (2012). "The Rural Store: Kilmore a Profile Retrieved 28 February, 2012, from http://www.theruralstore.com.au/. Spreadborough, R. and Anderson, H. (1983) Victorian Squatters. Red Rooster Press, Ascot Vale.

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