The GFS2 Filesystem
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Red Hat GFS 6.0 Administrator's Guide
Red Hat GFS 6.0 Administrator's Guide Red Hat GFS 6.0: Administrator's Guide Copyright © 2004 and 2005 Red Hat, Inc. Red Hat, Inc. 1801 Varsity Drive Raleigh NC 27606-2072 USA Phone: +1 919 754 3700 Phone: 888 733 4281 Fax: +1 919 754 3701 PO Box 13588 Research Triangle Park NC 27709 USA rh-gfsg(EN)-6.0-Print-RHI (2005-08-02T11:07-0400) Copyright © 2005 by Red Hat, Inc. This material may be distributed only subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the Open Publication License, V1.0 or later (the latest version is presently available at http://www.opencontent.org/openpub/). Distribution of substantively modified versions of this document is prohibited without the explicit permission of the copyright holder. Distribution of the work or derivative of the work in any standard (paper) book form for commercial purposes is prohibited unless prior permission is obtained from the copyright holder. Red Hat and the Red Hat "Shadow Man" logo are registered trademarks of Red Hat, Inc. in the United States and other countries. All other trademarks referenced herein are the property of their respective owners. The GPG fingerprint of the [email protected] key is: CA 20 86 86 2B D6 9D FC 65 F6 EC C4 21 91 80 CD DB 42 A6 0E Table of Contents Introduction.......................................................................................................................................... i 1. Audience ................................................................................................................................ i 2. Document -
Elastic Storage for Linux on System Z IBM Research & Development Germany
Peter Münch T/L Test and Development – Elastic Storage for Linux on System z IBM Research & Development Germany Elastic Storage for Linux on IBM System z © Copyright IBM Corporation 2014 9.0 Elastic Storage for Linux on System z Session objectives • This presentation introduces the Elastic Storage, based on General Parallel File System technology that will be available for Linux on IBM System z. Understand the concepts of Elastic Storage and which functions will be available for Linux on System z. Learn how you can integrate and benefit from the Elastic Storage in a Linux on System z environment. Finally, get your first impression in a live demo of Elastic Storage. 2 © Copyright IBM Corporation 2014 Elastic Storage for Linux on System z Trademarks The following are trademarks of the International Business Machines Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. AIX* FlashSystem Storwize* Tivoli* DB2* IBM* System p* WebSphere* DS8000* IBM (logo)* System x* XIV* ECKD MQSeries* System z* z/VM* * Registered trademarks of IBM Corporation The following are trademarks or registered trademarks of other companies. Adobe, the Adobe logo, PostScript, and the PostScript logo are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Adobe Systems Incorporated in the United States, and/or other countries. Cell Broadband Engine is a trademark of Sony Computer Entertainment, Inc. in the United States, other countries, or both and is used under license therefrom. Intel, Intel logo, Intel Inside, Intel Inside logo, Intel Centrino, Intel Centrino logo, Celeron, Intel Xeon, Intel SpeedStep, Itanium, and Pentium are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States and other countries. -
File Systems and Disk Layout I/O: the Big Picture
File Systems and Disk Layout I/O: The Big Picture Processor interrupts Cache Memory Bus I/O Bridge Main I/O Bus Memory Disk Graphics Network Controller Controller Interface Disk Disk Graphics Network 1 Rotational Media Track Sector Arm Cylinder Platter Head Access time = seek time + rotational delay + transfer time seek time = 5-15 milliseconds to move the disk arm and settle on a cylinder rotational delay = 8 milliseconds for full rotation at 7200 RPM: average delay = 4 ms transfer time = 1 millisecond for an 8KB block at 8 MB/s Bandwidth utilization is less than 50% for any noncontiguous access at a block grain. Disks and Drivers Disk hardware and driver software provide basic facilities for nonvolatile secondary storage (block devices). 1. OS views the block devices as a collection of volumes. A logical volume may be a partition ofasinglediskora concatenation of multiple physical disks (e.g., RAID). 2. OS accesses each volume as an array of fixed-size sectors. Identify sector (or block) by unique (volumeID, sector ID). Read/write operations DMA data to/from physical memory. 3. Device interrupts OS on I/O completion. ISR wakes up process, updates internal records, etc. 2 Using Disk Storage Typical operating systems use disks in three different ways: 1. System calls allow user programs to access a “raw” disk. Unix: special device file identifies volume directly. Any process that can open thedevicefilecanreadorwriteany specific sector in the disk volume. 2. OS uses disk as backing storage for virtual memory. OS manages volume transparently as an “overflow area” for VM contents that do not “fit” in physical memory. -
Membrane: Operating System Support for Restartable File Systems Swaminathan Sundararaman, Sriram Subramanian, Abhishek Rajimwale, Andrea C
Membrane: Operating System Support for Restartable File Systems Swaminathan Sundararaman, Sriram Subramanian, Abhishek Rajimwale, Andrea C. Arpaci-Dusseau, Remzi H. Arpaci-Dusseau, Michael M. Swift Computer Sciences Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison Abstract and most complex code bases in the kernel. Further, We introduce Membrane, a set of changes to the oper- file systems are still under active development, and new ating system to support restartable file systems. Mem- ones are introduced quite frequently. For example, Linux brane allows an operating system to tolerate a broad has many established file systems, including ext2 [34], class of file system failures and does so while remain- ext3 [35], reiserfs [27], and still there is great interest in ing transparent to running applications; upon failure, the next-generation file systems such as Linux ext4 and btrfs. file system restarts, its state is restored, and pending ap- Thus, file systems are large, complex, and under develop- plication requests are serviced as if no failure had oc- ment, the perfect storm for numerous bugs to arise. curred. Membrane provides transparent recovery through Because of the likely presence of flaws in their imple- a lightweight logging and checkpoint infrastructure, and mentation, it is critical to consider how to recover from includes novel techniques to improve performance and file system crashes as well. Unfortunately, we cannot di- correctness of its fault-anticipation and recovery machin- rectly apply previous work from the device-driver litera- ery. We tested Membrane with ext2, ext3, and VFAT. ture to improving file-system fault recovery. File systems, Through experimentation, we show that Membrane in- unlike device drivers, are extremely stateful, as they man- duces little performance overhead and can tolerate a wide age vast amounts of both in-memory and persistent data; range of file system crashes. -
Product Appendix 1 Software and Support Subscriptions 产品附录1 软件和支持订阅
PRODUCT APPENDIX 1 产品附录 1 SOFTWARE AND SUPPORT 软件和支持订阅 SUBSCRIPTIONS This Product Appendix (which includes Exhibits applicable to specific 本产品附录(包括具体红帽产品所适用的附件)包含参数描述条款及 Red Hat Products) contains terms that describe the parameters and govern your use of Software Subscriptions and Support 贵方使用软件订阅和支持订阅所适用的条款。红帽托管或在线订阅商 Subscriptions. This Product Appendix does not apply to Red Hat 品/服务不适用本产品附录。我们在本产品附录中使用但未在本产品 hosted or on-line subscription offerings. When we use a capitalized term in this Product Appendix without defining it in this Product 附 录 中 定 义 的 术 语 , 具有本产 品 附 录 适 用 的 协 议 ( 如 Appendix, the term has the meaning defined in the Agreement to http://www.redhat.com/agreements 上规定的红帽企业协议,或客户 which this Product Appendix applies, either the Red Hat Enterprise Agreement set forth at http://www.redhat.com/agreements or, if 与红帽之间共同签署的协议(如适用))中定义的含义。如果本产品 applicable, a mutually signed agreement between Client and Red 附录与本产品附录的附件有冲突、不一致或差异,以附件的条款 Hat. In the event of a conflict, inconsistency or difference between this Product Appendix and an Exhibit to this Product Appendix, the 为准。 terms of the Exhibit control. Red Hat may modify or update this Product Appendix either by 红帽可通过在 http://www.redhat.com/agreements 发布本产品附录 posting a revised version of this Product Appendix at http://www.redhat.com/agreements, or by providing notice using 的修订版或以其他合理的方式提供通知,对本产品附录进行修改或 other reasonable means. If you do not agree to the revised version 更新。如果贵方不同意经修改的版本,则 (a) 截至更新日期贵方已购 then, (a) the existing Product Appendix will continue to apply to Red Hat Products you have purchased as of the date of the update for the 买的红帽产品,将在当时的订阅期的剩余期限内继续适用现有的产 remainder of the then-current Subscription term(s); and (b) the 品附录;且 (b) 在经修改的版本的生效日期之后对红帽产品的任何新 revised version will apply to any new purchases or renewals of Red Hat Products made after the effective date of the revised version. -
Developments in GFS2
Developments in GFS2 Andy Price <[email protected]> Software Engineer, GFS2 OSSEU 2018 11 GFS2 recap ● Shared storage cluster filesystem ● High availability clusters ● Uses glocks (“gee-locks”) based on DLM locking ● One journal per node ● Divided into resource groups ● Requires clustered lvm: clvmd/lvmlockd ● Userspace tools: gfs2-utils 22 Not-so-recent developments ● Full SELinux support (linux 4.5) ● Previously no way to tell other nodes that cached labels are invalid ● Workaround was to mount with -o context=<label> ● Relabeling now causes security label invalidation across cluster 33 Not-so-recent developments ● Resource group stripe alignment (gfs2-utils 3.1.11) ● mkfs.gfs2 tries to align resource groups to RAID stripes where possible ● Uses libblkid topology information to find stripe unit and stripe width values ● Tries to spread resource groups evenly across disks 44 Not-so-recent developments ● Resource group LVBs (linux 3.6) ● -o rgrplvb (all nodes) ● LVBs: data attached to DLM lock requests ● Allows resource group metadata to be cached and transferred with glocks ● Decreases resource group-related I/O 55 Not-so-recent developments ● Location-based readdir cookies (linux 4.5) ● -o loccookie (all nodes) ● Uniqueness required by NFS ● Previously 31 bits of filename hash ● Problem: collisions with large directories (100K+ files) ● Cookies now based on the location of the directory entry within the directory 66 Not-so-recent developments ● gfs_controld is gone (linux 3.3) ● dlm now triggers gfs2 journal recovery via callbacks ● -
Globalfs: a Strongly Consistent Multi-Site File System
GlobalFS: A Strongly Consistent Multi-Site File System Leandro Pacheco Raluca Halalai Valerio Schiavoni University of Lugano University of Neuchatelˆ University of Neuchatelˆ Fernando Pedone Etienne Riviere` Pascal Felber University of Lugano University of Neuchatelˆ University of Neuchatelˆ Abstract consistency, availability, and tolerance to partitions. Our goal is to ensure strongly consistent file system operations This paper introduces GlobalFS, a POSIX-compliant despite node failures, at the price of possibly reduced geographically distributed file system. GlobalFS builds availability in the event of a network partition. Weak on two fundamental building blocks, an atomic multicast consistency is suitable for domain-specific applications group communication abstraction and multiple instances of where programmers can anticipate and provide resolution a single-site data store. We define four execution modes and methods for conflicts, or work with last-writer-wins show how all file system operations can be implemented resolution methods. Our rationale is that for general-purpose with these modes while ensuring strong consistency and services such as a file system, strong consistency is more tolerating failures. We describe the GlobalFS prototype in appropriate as it is both more intuitive for the users and detail and report on an extensive performance assessment. does not require human intervention in case of conflicts. We have deployed GlobalFS across all EC2 regions and Strong consistency requires ordering commands across show that the system scales geographically, providing replicas, which needs coordination among nodes at performance comparable to other state-of-the-art distributed geographically distributed sites (i.e., regions). Designing file systems for local commands and allowing for strongly strongly consistent distributed systems that provide good consistent operations over the whole system. -
Ivoyeur: Inotify
COLUMNS iVoyeur inotify DAVE JOSEPHSEN Dave Josephsen is the he last time I changed jobs, the magnitude of the change didn’t really author of Building a sink in until the morning of my first day, when I took a different com- Monitoring Infrastructure bination of freeways to work. The difference was accentuated by the with Nagios (Prentice Hall T PTR, 2007) and is Senior fact that the new commute began the same as the old one, but on this morn- Systems Engineer at DBG, Inc., where he ing, at a particular interchange, I would zig where before I zagged. maintains a gaggle of geographically dispersed It was an unexpectedly emotional and profound metaphor for the change. My old place was server farms. He won LISA ‘04’s Best Paper off to the side, and down below, while my future was straight ahead, and literally under award for his co-authored work on spam construction. mitigation, and he donates his spare time to the SourceMage GNU Linux Project. The fact that it was under construction was poetic but not surprising. Most of the roads I [email protected] travel in the Dallas/Fort Worth area are under construction and have been for as long as anyone can remember. And I don’t mean a lane closed here or there. Our roads drift and wan- der like leaves in the water—here today and tomorrow over there. The exits and entrances, neither a part of this road or that, seem unable to anticipate the movements of their brethren, and are constantly forced to react. -
FORM 10−K RED HAT INC − RHT Filed: April 30, 2007 (Period: February 28, 2007)
FORM 10−K RED HAT INC − RHT Filed: April 30, 2007 (period: February 28, 2007) Annual report which provides a comprehensive overview of the company for the past year Table of Contents PART I Item 1. Business 3 PART I ITEM 1. BUSINESS ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS ITEM 2. PROPERTIES ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS ITEM 4. SUBMISSION OF MATTERS TO A VOTE OF SECURITY HOLDERS PART II ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF E ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION Part III ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATT ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES PART IV ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES SIGNATURES EX−21.1 (SUBSIDIARIES OF RED HAT) EX−23.1 (CONSENT PF PRICEWATERHOUSECOOPERS LLP) EX−31.1 (CERTIFICATION) EX−31.2 (CERTIFICATION) EX−32.1 (CERTIFICATION) Table of Contents UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D.C. 20549 FORM 10−K Annual Report Pursuant to Sections 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (Mark One) x Annual Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 For the fiscal year ended February 28, 2007 OR ¨ Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 For the transition period from to . -
Semiconductor Memories
Semiconductor Memories Prof. MacDonald Types of Memories! l" Volatile Memories –" require power supply to retain information –" dynamic memories l" use charge to store information and require refreshing –" static memories l" use feedback (latch) to store information – no refresh required l" Non-Volatile Memories –" ROM (Mask) –" EEPROM –" FLASH – NAND or NOR –" MRAM Memory Hierarchy! 100pS RF 100’s of bytes L1 1nS SRAM 10’s of Kbytes 10nS L2 100’s of Kbytes SRAM L3 100’s of 100nS DRAM Mbytes 1us Disks / Flash Gbytes Memory Hierarchy! l" Large memories are slow l" Fast memories are small l" Memory hierarchy gives us illusion of large memory space with speed of small memory. –" temporal locality –" spatial locality Register Files ! l" Fastest and most robust memory array l" Largest bit cell size l" Basically an array of large latches l" No sense amps – bits provide full rail data out l" Often multi-ported (i.e. 8 read ports, 2 write ports) l" Often used with ALUs in the CPU as source/destination l" Typically less than 10,000 bits –" 32 32-bit fixed point registers –" 32 60-bit floating point registers SRAM! l" Same process as logic so often combined on one die l" Smaller bit cell than register file – more dense but slower l" Uses sense amp to detect small bit cell output l" Fastest for reads and writes after register file l" Large per bit area costs –" six transistors (single port), eight transistors (dual port) l" L1 and L2 Cache on CPU is always SRAM l" On-chip Buffers – (Ethernet buffer, LCD buffer) l" Typical sizes 16k by 32 Static Memory -
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 High Availability Add-On Overview 1 Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 High Availability Add-On Overview 1 Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 High Availability Add-On Overview Overview of the High Availability Add-On for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Edition 2 2 Legal Notice Legal Notice Copyright © 2011 Red Hat, Inc. and others. The text of and illustrations in this document are licensed by Red Hat under a Creative Commons Attribution–Share Alike 3.0 Unported license ("CC-BY-SA"). An explanation of CC-BY-SA is available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/. In accordance with CC-BY-SA, if you distribute this document or an adaptation of it, you must provide the URL for the original version. Red Hat, as the licensor of this document, waives the right to enforce, and agrees not to assert, Section 4d of CC-BY-SA to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law. Red Hat, Red Hat Enterprise Linux, the Shadowman logo, JBoss, MetaMatrix, Fedora, the Infinity Logo, and RHCE are trademarks of Red Hat, Inc., registered in the United States and other countries. Linux® is the registered trademark of Linus Torvalds in the United States and other countries. Java® is a registered trademark of Oracle and/or its affiliates. XFS® is a trademark of Silicon Graphics International Corp. or its subsidiaries in the United States and/or other countries. MySQL® is a registered trademark of MySQL AB in the United States, the European Union and other countries. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. 1801 Varsity Drive Raleigh, NC 27606-2072 USA Phone: +1 919 754 3700 Phone: 888 733 4281 Fax: +1 919 754 3701 Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 High Availability Add-On Overview 3 Abstract High Availability Add-On Overview provides an overview of the High Availability Add-On for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6. -
EEPROM Emulation
...the world's most energy friendly microcontrollers EEPROM Emulation AN0019 - Application Note Introduction This application note demonstrates a way to use the flash memory of the EFM32 to emulate single variable rewritable EEPROM memory through software. The example API provided enables reading and writing of single variables to non-volatile flash memory. The erase-rewrite algorithm distributes page erases and thereby doing wear leveling. This application note includes: • This PDF document • Source files (zip) • Example C-code • Multiple IDE projects 2013-09-16 - an0019_Rev1.09 1 www.silabs.com ...the world's most energy friendly microcontrollers 1 General Theory 1.1 EEPROM and Flash Based Memory EEPROM stands for Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory and is a type of non- volatile memory that is byte erasable and therefore often used to store small amounts of data that must be saved when power is removed. The EFM32 microcontrollers do not include an embedded EEPROM module for byte erasable non-volatile storage, but all EFM32s do provide flash memory for non-volatile data storage. The main difference between flash memory and EEPROM is the erasable unit size. Flash memory is block-erasable which means that bytes cannot be erased individually, instead a block consisting of several bytes need to be erased at the same time. Through software however, it is possible to emulate individually erasable rewritable byte memory using block-erasable flash memory. To provide EEPROM functionality for the EFM32s in an application, there are at least two options available. The first one is to include an external EEPROM module when designing the hardware layout of the application.