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Section 6 Features of Important Foodborne Diseases

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Section 6 Features of Important Foodborne Diseases Section 6 Features of important foodborne diseases 6.1 Foodborne pathogens, toxins and chemicals of public health importance It has to be noted that the following is not a complete list of all foodborne diseases, and investigators need to be aware of the possibility of other or newly emerging foodborne hazards. Detailed microbiological, epidemiological and clinical information about these organisms is provided in Section 6.3. Pathogenic bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila* Bacillus cereus* Brucella spp* Campylobacter spp* Clostridium botulinum* Clostridium perfringens* Escherichia coli spp.* enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) Listeria monocytogenes* Mycobacterium bovis Salmonella typhi and S. paratyphi* Salmonella (non-typhi) spp* Shigella spp.* Staphylococcus aureus* Vibrio cholerae O1* Vibrio parahaemolyticus* Vibrio vulnificus* Yersinia enterocolitica* Viruses Hepatitis A virus* Hepatitis E virus Small, round, structured viruses (SRSVs), including norovirus Poliovirus* Rotavirus Protozoa Cryptosporidium spp* Entamoeba histolytica* Giardia lamblia* 54 Foodborne Disease Outbreaks: Guidelines for Investigation and Control Toxoplasma gondii* Cyclospora cayetanensis Trematodes Clonorchis sinensis* Fasciola hepatica* Fasciolopsis buski Opisthorchis felineus* Opisthorchis viverrini* Paragonimus westermani* Cestodes Diphyllobothrium spp Echinococcus spp Taenia solium and T. saginatum* Nematodes Anisakis spp* Ascaris lumbricoides* and Trichuris trichiura Trichinella spiralis* Trichuris trichiura Natural toxins Marine biotoxins ciguatera poisoning shellfish toxins (paralytic, neurotoxic, diarrhoeal, amnesic) scombroid poisoning/histamine tetrodotoxin (pufferfish) Mushroom toxins Mycotoxins (e.g. aflatoxins) Plant toxicants Pyrrolizidine alkaloids Phytohaemagglutinin (red kidney bean poisoning) Grayanotoxin (honey intoxication) Chemicals Pesticides (organophosphates, antimony) Toxic metals (cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, tin) Polychlorinated biphenyls Radionuclides Fluoride Zinc Nitrites (food preservatives) Sodium hydroxide Monosodium glutamate Foodborne Disease Outbreaks. Guidelines for Investigation and Control 55 6.2 Major foodborne hazards: predominant clinical features Approximate time to Predominant symptoms Associated organism or toxin Appropriate onset of symptoms samples from cases (food-handlers) Upper gastrointestinal tract symptoms (nausea, vomiting) occur first or predominate Less than 1 hour Nausea, vomiting, unusual taste, burning of mouth. Metallic salts Vomit, urine, blood, stool 1–2 hours Nausea, vomiting, cyanosis, headache, dizziness, dyspnoea, trembling, Nitrites Blood weakness, loss of consciousness 1–6 (mean 2–4) hours Nausea, vomiting, retching, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, prostration Staphylococcus aureus and its enterotoxins Stool, vomit, (swabs from nostril, skin lesions) 8–16 hours (2–4 hours Vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhoea, nausea. Bacillus cereus Rectal swab, stool if emesis predominant) 6–24 hours Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, thirst, dilation of pupils, collapse, coma. Mycotoxins (Amanita sp. fungi) Urine, blood (SGOT, SGPT), vomit 12–48 (median 36) Nausea, vomiting, watery non-bloody diarrhoea, dehydration Norovirus Stool hours Sore throat and respiratory symptoms occur 12–72 hours Sore throat, fever, nausea, vomiting, rhinorrhoea, sometimes a rash. Streptococcus pyogenes Rectal swab, stool 2–5 days Inflamed throat and nose, spreading greyish exudate, fever, chills, sore Corynebacterium diphtheriae Swabs of skin lesions, throat, malaise, dysphagia, oedema of cervical lymph node. nose, oropharynx, blood for toxin testing 56 Foodborne Disease Outbreaks: Guidelines for Investigation and Control Approximate time to Predominant symptoms Associated organism or toxin Appropriate onset of symptoms samples from cases (food-handlers) Lower gastrointestinal tract symptoms (abdominal cramps, diarrhoea) occur first or predominate 2–36 (mean 6–12) Abdominal cramps, diarrhoea, putrefactive diarrhoea (Clostridium Clostridium perfringens, Bacillus cereus, Streptococcus Rectal swabs, stool hours perfringens), sometimes nausea and vomiting. faecalis, S. faecium 6–96 hours (usually Fever, abdominal cramps, diarrhoea, vomiting, headache. Salmonella spp, Shigella, Aeromonas, enteropathogenic Rectal swabs, stool 1–3 days) E. coli 6 hours to 5 days Abdominal cramps, diarrhoea, vomiting, fever, malaise, nausea, Vibrio cholerae (O1 and non-O1), V. vulnificus, V. Stool headache, dehydration. Sometimes bloody or mucoid diarrhoea, fluvialis, V. parahaemolyticus cutaneous lesions associated with Vibrio vulnificus. 1–10 (median 3–4) Diarrhoea (often bloody), abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, malaise, Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (including E. coli O157), Stool, rectal swabs days fever (uncommon with E. coli O157) Campylobacter 3–5 days Fever, vomiting, watery non-inflammatory diarrhoea Rotavirus, astrovirus, enteric adenovirus Stool, vomit 3–7 days Fever, diarrhoea, abdominal pain. Can mimic acute appendicitis Yersinia enterocolitica Stool 1–6 weeks Mucoid diarrhoea (fatty stools) abdominal pain, flatulence, weight Giardia lamblia Stool loss. 1 to several weeks Abdominal pain, diarrhoea, constipation, headache, drowsiness, ulcers, Entamoeba histolytica Stool variable -- often asymptomatic. 3–6 months Nervousness, insomnia, hunger pains, anorexia, weight loss, abdominal Taenia saginata, T. solium Stool, rectal swab pain, sometimes gastroenteritis. Foodborne Disease Outbreaks. Guidelines for Investigation and Control 57 Approximate time to Predominant symptoms Associated organism or toxin Appropriate onset of symptoms samples from cases (food-handlers) Neurological symptoms (visual disturbances, vertigo, tingling, paralysis) Less than 1 hour Neurological and/or gastrointestinal symptoms Shellfish toxin (see final section of this table) Gastric washing Gastroenteritis, nervousness, blurred vision, chest pain, cyanosis, Organic phosphate Blood, urine, fat twitching, convulsions. biopsy Excessive salivation, perspiration, gastroenteritis, irregular pulse, Muscaria-type mushrooms Vomit pupils constricted, asthmatic breathing. Tingling and numbness, dizziness, pallor, gastric haemorrhage, and Tetradon (tetrodotoxin) toxins desquamation of skin, fixed gaze, loss of reflexes, twitching, paralysis. 1–6 hours Tingling and numbness, gastroenteritis, temperature reversal, Ciguatera toxin dizziness, dry mouth, muscular aches, dilated pupils, blurred vision, paralysis. Nausea, vomiting, tingling, dizziness, weakness, anorexia, weight loss, Chlorinated hydrocarbons (insecticides, pesticides) Blood, urine, stool, confusion. gastric washing 2 hours to 6 days, Vertigo, double or blurred vision, loss of light reflex, difficulty in Clostridium botulinum and its neurotoxins Blood, stool, gastric usually 12–36 hours swallowing, speaking and breathing, dry mouth, weakness, respiratory washing paralysis. Characteristic syndrome is descending, bilateral flaccid paralysis, starting with cranial nerves and with preserved sensorium. More than 72 hours Numbness, weakness of legs, spastic paralysis, impairment of vision, Organic mercury Urine, blood, hair blindness, coma. Gastroenteritis, leg pain, ungainly high-stepping gait, foot and wrist Triorthocresyl phosphate (oil substitute) Muscle tissue drop. 58 Foodborne Disease Outbreaks: Guidelines for Investigation and Control Approximate time to Predominant symptoms Associated organism or toxin Appropriate onset of symptoms samples from cases (food-handlers) Allergic symptoms (facial flushing, itching) Less than 1 hour Headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, peppery taste in mouth, Histamine (scombroid) Vomit burning of throat, facial swelling and flushing, stomach pain, itching of skin. Numbness around mouth, tingling sensation, flushing, dizziness, Monosodium glutamate headache, nausea. Flushing, sensation of warmth, itching, abdominal pain, puffing of face Nicotinic acid (food additive, preservative) and knees. Generalized infection symptoms (fever, chills, malaise, prostration, aches, swollen lymph nodes) 4–28 (mean 9) days, Gastroenteritis, fever, oedema around eyes, perspiration, muscular Trichinella spiralis Serum, muscle tissue pain, chills, prostration, laboured breathing. (biopsy) 7–28 (mean 14) days Malaise, headache, fever, cough, nausea, vomiting, constipation, Salmonella typhi Rectal swab, stool abdominal pain, chills, rose spots, bloody stools. 10–13 days Fever, headache, myalgia, rash. Toxoplasma gondii Lymph node biopsy, blood Varying periods Fever, chills, headache, arthralgia, prostration, malaise, swollen lymph Bacillus anthracis, Brucella melitensis, B. abortus, B. (depends on specific nodes and other specific symptoms of disease in question. suis, Coxiella burnetii, Francisella tularensis, Listeria illness) monocytogenes, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium spp, Pasteurella multocida, Streptobacillus moniliformis, Campylobacter jejuni, Leptospira spp Foodborne Disease Outbreaks. Guidelines for Investigation and Control 59 Approximate time to Predominant symptoms Associated organism or toxin Appropriate onset of symptoms samples from cases (food-handlers) Gastrointestinal and/or neurological symptoms 0.5–2 hours Tingling, burning, numbness, drowsiness, incoherent speech, Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) (saxitoxins) – Gastric washing respiratory paralysis mussels, clams 2–5 minutes to Reversal of hot and cold sensation, tingling; numbness of lips, tongue Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP)
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