Reproductions Supplied by EDRS Are the Best That Can Be Made from the Original Document

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Reproductions Supplied by EDRS Are the Best That Can Be Made from the Original Document DOCUMENT RESUME ED 449 741 HE 033 741 AUTHOR Hellebrandt, Josef, Ed.; Varona, Lucia T., Ed. TITLE Construyendo Puentes (Building Bridges): Concepts and Models for Service-Learning in Spanish. AAHE's Series on Service-Learning in the Disciplines. INSTITUTION American Association for Higher Education, Washington, DC. ISBN ISBN-1-56377-022-9 PUB DATE 1999-00-00 NOTE 220p.; For other documents in this series, see HE 033 726-743. Initial funding for this series was supplied by Campus Compact. AVAILABLE FROM American Association for Higher Education, One Dupont Circle, Suite 360, Washington, DC 20036-1110 ($28.50). Tel: 202-293-6440; Fax: 202-293-0073; E-mail: [email protected]; Web site:<www.aahe.org>. PUB TYPE Books (010) Collected Works General (020) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC09 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Altruism; Bilingualism; College Freshmen; College Students; Community Services; Cultural Awareness; Elementary Secondary Education; Foreign Countries; Higher Education; Intellectual Disciplines; *Language Acquisition; Language Skills; Language Teachers; Literacy; Migrant Youth; School Community Programs; *Second Language Learning; *Service Learning; *Spanish; Student Participation; Student Volunteers; Translation; Videotape Recordings IDENTIFIERS Community Empowerment; Ecuador; Freshman Seminars ABSTRACT This volume is ttt_of_a_serlesof-1-8mono-gfaphs on service -earningandthe academic disciplines. It is designed to help teachers, administrators, and students realize the potential of service learning in Spanish. Following a Foreword by Carmen Chaves Tesser and an Introduction by Josef Hellebrandt and Lucia T. Varona, the four essays in Part 1, focus on "Service-Learning as Theory," and include: "Service-Learning and Spanish: A Missing Link" (Aileen Hale); "Critical Pedagogy and Service-Learning in Spanish: Crossing Borders in the Freshman Seminar" (Jonathan F. Arries); "Service-Learning and Language-Acquisition Theory and Practice" (Jeanne Mullaney); and "From Instrumental to Interactive to Critical Knowledge through Service-Learning in Spanish" (Lucia T. Varona). Chapters in Part 2, "Service-Learning from the Classroom," include: "Service-Learning with Bilingual Communities and the Struggle for Change: A Critical Approach" (Mark Baldwin, Rosario Diaz-Greenberg, and Joseph Keating); "Altruism and Community Service in Hispanic Literature: Readings and Praxis" (Estelle Irizarry); "Learning the Basics of Spanish Translation: Articulating a Balance between Theory and Practice through Community Service" (Carmen Lizardi-Rivera); "Raising Cultural Awareness through Service-Learning in Spanish Culture and Conversation: Tutoring in the Migrant Education Program in Salem" (Patricia Varas); and "Community-Based Language Learning: Integrating Language and Service"(J. Patrick Boyle and Denise M. Overfield). Chapters in Part 3, "Service-Learning in Local and International Communities," include: "Community Video: Empowerment through University and Community Interaction" (Teresa Darias, Arturo Gomez, Josef Hellebrandt, Amy Loomis, Marta Orendain, and Silvia Quezada); "Expanding Our Vision of Literacy: Learning To Read the Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. World of Others" (Nancy Jean Smith); and "The Chongon-Colonche Hills in Western Ecuador: Preservation through Community Empowerment" (Clarice R. Strang). Appended is a 27-item annotated bibliography. (All essays include references.) (SM) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. AHES SERIES ON SERVICE-LEARNING IN THE DISCIPLINES Construye (Buil Concepts and Models for Service-Learning in Spanish t and Lucia T. Varona-, editors A11011PSYC 01 OGY CO POST 10t ACCOL IINGSOC OGYNURS NG PE ACE S. ESE CA 110IIPHI I T. OPHYHISTORYt.o.,,......,A110P.MATH1MA . BIOI OGYSPAIIISH TICAL SCIENTI TEACHEREDUCAT 1 11/I 1NG SOC 101 OGSNURSINGPLACESTUDIESINVIRONME 8, 84 O. II il10S0PHP HISTORY C0 (1MUOICATI0I!MATHFMATICSMAIL ;PANISHPOI IT ICA!. SC IENCETEACHTEL DUCAT1ONPSYCH II - 111 TCIOLOGYNUPSINGPEACESTUDIESlNVIRONMENTALSTUD IONMA THEMA? ICSMANAGEMENT .8 0 TONACCOUNT INGSOCIOLOGY 41:ICAN ASSOCIATION '' ION HIGI (FR FDIXATION i) PHILOSOPHYHISTORY - IOLOGYSPANISHPOL 1 TICAL SCIENCE EACHE RI DU( PIT INGSOCIO1OGYTIORSINGPF ACESTUDIESENVIR II OS...PHYHIS FORYCOrTRUEICATIOIIMATHENA ICS PAtI1SHPOI 1T ICALSCIFNCI TF ACHP'I p : - G SOCIOLOGYILUPSINGPEACISTUI R ONMEt AAHE'S SERIES ON SERVICE-LEARNING IN THE DISCIPLINES Construyenc19-Puentes (Buil/dint Bridges) Concepts and Models for Service-Learning in Spanish Josef Hellebrandt and Lucia T. Varona, volume editors Edwart Zlotkovvski,_series_editor A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR HIGHER EDUCATION 3 Construyendo Puentes (Building Bridges): Concepts and Models for Service-Learning in Spanish (AAHE's Series on Service-Learning in the Disciplines) Josef Hellebrandt and Lucia T. Varona, volume editors Edward Zlotkowski, series editor 0 1999 American Association for Higher Education. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Opinions expressed in this publication are the contributors' and do not necessarily represent those of the American Association for Higher Education or its members. About This Publication This volume is one of eighteen in AAHE's Series on Service-Learning in the Disciplines. Additional copies of this publication, or others in the series from other disciplines, can be ordered using the form provided on the last page or by contacting: AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR HIGHER EDUCATION One Dupont Circle, Suite 360 Washington, DC 20036-1110 ph 202/293-6440, fax 202/293-0073 ISBN 1-56377-022-9 www.aahe.org ISBN (18-vol. set) 1-56377-005-9 , Contents About This Series Edward Zlotkowski Foreword Carmen Chaves Tesser ix Introduction Josef Hellebrandt and Lucia T. Varona 1 Section I Service-Learning as Theory Service-Learning and Spanish: A Missing Link Aileen Hale 9 Critical Pedagogy and Service-Learning in Spanish: Crossing Borders in the Freshman Seminar Jonathan F. Aries 33 Service-Learning and Language-Acquisition Theory and Practice Jeanne Mullaney 49 From Instrumental to Interactive to Critical Knowledge Through Service-Learning in Spanish Lucia T. Varona 61 Section_ll Service-Learning From the Classroom Service-Learning With Bilingual Communities and the Struggle for Change: A Critical Approach Mark Baldwin, Rosario Diaz-Greenberg, and Joseph Keating 77 Altruism and Community Service in Hispanic Literature: Readings and Praxis Estelle Irizarry 95 Learning the Basics of Spanish Translation: Articulating a Balance Between Theory and Practice Through Community Service Carmen Lizardi-Rivera 107 Raising Cultural Awareness Through Service-Learning in Spanish Culture and Conversation: Tutoring in the Migrant Education Program in Salem Patricia Varas 123 Community-Based Language Learning: Integrating Language and Service J. Patrick Boyle and Denise M. Overfield 137 Section III Service-Learning in Local and International Communities Community Video: Empowerment Through University and Community Interaction Teresa Darias, Arturo Giimez, Josef Hellebrandt, Amy Loomis, Marta Orendain, and Silvia Quezada 149 Expanding Our Vision of Literacy: Learning to Read the World of Others Nancy Jean Smith 171 The Chongon-Colonche Hills in Western Ecuador: Preservation Through Community Empowerment Clarice R. Strang 197 Appendix Annotated Bibliography Aileen Hale 207 Contributors to This Volume 213 About This Series by Edward Zlotkowski The following volume, Construyendo Fuentes (Building Bridges): Concepts and Models for Service-Learning in Spanish, represents the 13th in a series of mono- graphs on service-learning and academic disciplinary areas. Ever since the early 1990s, educators interested in reconnecting higher education not only with neighboring communities but also with the American tradition of education for service have recognized the critical importance of winning faculty support for this work. Faculty, however, tend to- define themselves and their responsibilities largely in terms of the academic disciplines/ disciplinary areas in which they have been trained. Hence, the logic of the present series. The idea for this series first surfaced late in 1994 at a meeting convened by Campus Compact to explore the feasibility of developing a national net- work of service-learning educators. At that meeting, it quickly became clear that some of those assembled saw the primary value of such a network in its ability to provide concrete resources to faculty working in or wishing to explore service-learning. Out of that meeting there developed, under the auspices of Campus Compact, a new national group of educators called the Invisible College, and it was within the Invisible College that the monograph project was first conceived. Indeed, a review of both the editors and contrib- utors responsible for many of the volumes in this series would reveal signifi- cant representation by faculty associated with the Invisible College If Campus Compact helped supply the initial financial backing and impulse for the Invisible College and for this series, it was the American Association for Higher Education (AAHE) that made completion of the proj- ect feasible. Thanks to its reputation for innovative work, AAHE was not only able to obtain the funding needed to support the project up through actual publication, it was also able to assist in attracting many of the teacher- scholars who participated as writers and editors. Three individuals in particular deserve to be singled
Recommended publications
  • Curriculum Vitae Xóchitl Consuelo Chávez, Ph.D. September 2019
    Curriculum Vitae Xóchitl Consuelo Chávez, Ph.D. September 2019 Assistant Professor Department of Music University of California, Riverside [email protected] ACADEMIC APPOINTMENTS 2016-Present Assistant Professor, Department of Music, University of California, Riverside 2014-2016 University of California President’s Postdoctoral Fellow in the University of California, Riverside Department of Music. 2013-2014 Smithsonian Institution Latino Studies Postdoctoral Fellowship – Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage, Washington D.C. 2013 Adjunct Faculty, Stanford University- School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 2012-2013 Adjunct Faculty, Cabrillo Community College, Cupertino, CA EDUCATION 2013 Ph.D., University of California, Santa Cruz, Cultural Anthropology Designated emphasis in Latin American and Latino Studies, Concentration in Public Culture and Greater MeXico Dissertation: Migrating Performative Traditions: La Guelaguetza of Oaxacalifornia 2004 M.A., University of TeXas at Austin, Latin American Studies Concentration in Folklore and Anthropology Thesis: La Feria de Enero: Rethinking Gender in a Ritual Festival 2002 B.A. University of Colorado at Boulder, Latin American Studies Double major in Spanish Literature Minor in Ethnic Studies Cum Laude in Latin American Studies Thesis: Challenging Gender Boundaries: La Feria de Enero AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION GEOGRAPHIC U.S. – MeXico Borderlands and Southern MeXico: United States; MeXico RESEARCH Transnational Migration, Indigenous MeXican Migrants, Transnational Migration, Expressive Culture and Performance, Second-generation, Ethnicity and Identity formation, Gender and SeXuality, Digital Storytelling, Collective Action and Cross-border perspective. Xóchitl C. Chávez 1 PUBLICATIONS BOOK CHAPTERS (Forthcoming) La Sierra Juárez en Riverside”: The Inaugural Oaxacan Philharmonic Bands Audition on a university campus, in Critical Folkloristics: Critical and Ethical Approaches for the 21st Century.
    [Show full text]
  • Mixtec Evangelicals
    M I X T E C EVANGELICALS Globalization, Migration, and Religious Change in a Oaxacan Indigenous Group Mary I. O’Connor MIXTEC EVANGELICALS MIXTEC EVANGELICALS Globalization, Migration, and Religious Change in a Oaxacan Indigenous Group Mary I. O’Connor UNIVERSITY PRESS OF COLORADO Boulder © 2016 by University Press of Colorado Published by University Press of Colorado 5589 Arapahoe Avenue, Suite 206C Boulder, Colorado 80303 All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America The University Press of Colorado is a proud member of The Association of American University Presses. The University Press of Colorado is a cooperative publishing enterprise supported, in part, by Adams State University, Colorado State University, Fort Lewis College, Metropolitan State University of Denver, Regis University, University of Colorado, University of Northern Colorado, Utah State University, and Western State Colorado University. ∞ This paper meets the requirements of the ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). ISBN: 978-1-60732-423-2 (cloth) ISBN: 978-1-60732-424-9 (ebook) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data O’Connor, Mary I. Mixtec evangelicals : globalization, migration, and religious change in a Oaxacan indigenous group / by Mary I. O'Connor. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-60732-423-2 (hardback : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-60732-424-9 (ebook) 1. Mixtec Indians—Mexico—Oaxaca (State)—Religion. 2. Mixtec Indians—Migrations. 3. Return migrants—Mexico—Oaxaca (State) 4. Return migration—Mexico—Oaxaca (State) 5. Evangelicalism—Mexico—Oaxaca (State) I. Title. F1221.M7O37 2016 299.7'89763—dc23 2015012980 An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched.
    [Show full text]
  • Tourists, Immigrants, and Family Units: Analysis of Tourism
    TOURISTS, IMMIGRANTS, AND FAMILY UNITS: ANALYSIS OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT AND MIGRATION PATTERNS IN AND FROM THE BAYS OF HUATULCO, MEXICO. by GREGORY STEPHEN GULLETTE (Under the Direction of Benjamin G. Blount) ABSTRACT It has been argued that a promising opportunity to reduce Mexico’s internal pressures influencing out-migration remains in targeted development initiatives. By focusing development within economically depressed regions, it is possible to equalize some relative differences between Mexico and the United States. Overtime this would reduce Mexico’s domestic push-factors associated with Mexico-U.S. migration. For the past few decades the Mexican government explored tourism development as one means to strengthen locally depressed economies and meet regional development initiatives. This dissertation explores the outcome of one such development site in Huatulco, Oaxaca, Mexico. In this dissertation I explore how tourism development on the Oaxacan coast, implemented through the Mexican agency FONATUR, created, rather than eliminated, local conditions in the region that produced and sustained out-migration and undocumented migration into the U.S. Central to these local conditions affecting migration are the restrictions placed on local resource access, most notably the contentious issue of land. This dissertation tests three related propositions. First, that local Huatulco residents perceive tourism as reducing the availability of local resources due to the redirection of capital and natural resources to the tourist infrastructure. Second, the redirection of resources towards tourism development and the growing tourist presence has changed the actual or the expected standard of living for local residents. Third, local residents that perceive their standards of living cannot be raised in the context of tourism development decide to out-migrate to the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Experiences of Oaxacan
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Experiences of Oaxacan Youth Attending High School in Los Angeles: Implications for Educational Practice A dissertation presented in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Education by Gina Maria Taglieri 2020 © Copyright by Gina Maria Taglieri 2020 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Experiences of Oaxacan Youth Attending High School in Los Angeles: Implications for Educational Practice by Gina Maria Taglieri Doctor of Philosophy in Education University of California, Los Angeles, 2020 Professor Pedro Noguera, Co-Chair Professor Carlos Alberto Torres, Co-Chair It is well known that a significant number of California students are of Mexican heritage. What is less apparent to educators is that increasing numbers of these students are children and youth from Indigenous communities of that region. Effects of globalization and free market forces have not only caused the displacement and migration of Indigenous peoples to large cities within Mexico, but also to several parts of the United States, in search of work. Indigenous students from Mexico differ considerably from their mestizo peers, both culturally and linguistically (Vásquez, 2012). For California educators, this means that within the group known homogeneously as “Latino,” is in part made up of students from families who may speak an Indigenous language at home, and who may observe Indigenous cultural traditions and ways of life (López, 2009; Ochoa and Ochoa, 2005). A growing body of literature is shining a light on the challenges Indigenous students encounter as they navigate the educational system - in Mexico and here in the US. There are between 100,000 and 200,000 Zapotec immigrants who now live in greater Los Angeles, and the number of ii Indigenous children and youth from communities in Mexico are attending California public schools is increasing.
    [Show full text]
  • Transmedia Organizing and the Immigrant Movement
    Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/ abstract=2516003 Out of the Shadows, Into the Streets! Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/ abstract=2516003 Out of the Shadows, Into the Streets! Transmedia Organizing and the Immigrant Rights Movement Sasha Costanza-Chock The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England © 2014 Sasha Costanza-Chock This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution — Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0 CC-BY-NC. For information on quantity discounts, please email [email protected]. This book was set in ITC Stone Serif and Stone Sans Serif 9/14 by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited. Printed and bound in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available. Costanza-Chock, Sasha, 1976 – Out of the shadows, into the streets! : transmedia organizing and the immigrant rights movement / Sasha Costanza-Chock ; foreword by Manuel Castells. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-262-02820-2 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. United States — Emigration and immigration — Government policy. 2. Immigrants — Civil rights — United States. 3. Mass media — United States. 4. Social justice — United States. 5. Europe — Emigration and immigration — Government policy. 6. Immigrants — Civil rights— Europe. 7. Mass media — Europe. 8. Social justice — Europe. I. Title. JV6456.C67 2014 323.3′ 29120973 — dc23 2014013216 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 We are multitudes. No conocemos las fronteras. Contents
    [Show full text]
  • Mexican Migrants in the US Are Still Widely Assumed by Both Scholars and the General Public to Be a Largely Homogeneous Populati
    EQUAL IN DIGNITY AND RIGHTS: THE STRUGGLE OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES OF THE AMERICAS IN AN AGE OF MIGRATION Prince Claus Chair in Development and Equity 2004/2005, Utrecht University GASPAR RIVERA-SALGADO . Rector Magnifice, Members of the Curatorium of the Prince Claus Chair in Development and Equity, Your Royal Highnesses, Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen, INTRODUCTION “An awareness of one’s own cultural identity and past is a fundamental condition for sustainable autonomous development.” With this observation Prince Claus of The Netherlands made a crucial link between cultural identity and development as an autonomous process. In this hour I shall attempt to explore certain implications of that link, while focusing on the dialectics of home and migration. Cultural identity, as we know, is individual –for indigenous Americans determined by our “ombligo” (umbilical cord)- as well as collective. It is, particularly, in the latter respect that the “Confession” of article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights –All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights- appears to touch upon serious constraints in implementation. Indeed, the “Decade of the World’s Indigenous Peoples” came to an end without much fanfare in December 2004.1 The more than 370 millions indigenous peoples throughout the world have expressed their concern about how little progress has been made with respect to the adoption of the draft declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples. Only two articles out of forty-five had been adopted so far at first reading, even though the U.N. General Assembly had called for its adoption before the end of the decade of indigenous peoples.
    [Show full text]
  • U.S.-Mexico Policy Bulletin
    U.S.-Mexico Policy Bulletin Issue 7 • July/August 2005 Building Civil Society Among Indigenous Migrants By Jonathan Fox and Gaspar Rivera-Salgado The past and future of the Mexican nation can Two decades ago, the government aban- be seen in the waves of the tens of thousands of doned its previously on-again/off-again com- indigenous people who each year set out on mitment to make family farming economically their voyages to the north, as well as the many viable. Since the 1980s, peasant agriculture others who have already settled in countless became a target of welfare policy rather than communities within the United States. To production support, a shift that weakened the understand indigenous Mexican migrants in economic base of indigenous communities. This essay was excerpted the United States today requires a binational According to the Mexican government, pover- with permission from the lens, taking into account basic changes in the ty worsened in 30% of the predominantly book Indigenous Mexican way Mexico is increasingly recognized as a indigenous municipalities between 1990 and Migrants in the United States, nation of migrants, a society whose fate is inti- 2002.The long-term crisis of the peasant econ- edited by Jonathan Fox and mately linked with the economy and culture of omy has been exacerbated in recent years by Gaspar Rivera-Salgado.The the United States. But the specific indigenous the persistent collapse of the international price book is published by the migrant experience also requires recognizing of coffee—the principal cash crop for many of Centers for U.S.-Mexican that Mexico is a multiethnic society where Mexico’s indigenous farmers.
    [Show full text]
  • Media and Tourism in Oaxaca, Mexico
    University of Central Florida STARS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2010 Swine Flu, Drug Wars, And Riots: Media And Tourism In Oaxaca, Mexico Joshua Crosby University of Central Florida Part of the Anthropology Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Masters Thesis (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Crosby, Joshua, "Swine Flu, Drug Wars, And Riots: Media And Tourism In Oaxaca, Mexico" (2010). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 1516. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/1516 SWINE FLU, DRUG WARS, AND RIOTS: MEDIA AND TOURISM IN OAXACA, MEXICO by JOSHUA ARLO CROSBY B.A. University of Florida, 2008 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Anthropology in the College of Sciences at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Summer Term 2010 ABSTRACT This thesis examines how travelers evaluate and process mass media news stories about local events. Thanks to its colonial architecture, white sand beaches, and indigenous history, the southern Mexican state of Oaxaca receives millions of foreign and domestic visitors each year. Between 2006 and through 2009 Oaxaca has received a great deal of negative international media coverage, including stories of street riots, drug violence, and the fall out of the H1N1 flu virus.
    [Show full text]
  • UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA Los Angeles a History of Guelaguetza
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles A History of Guelaguetza in Zapotec Communities of the Central Valleys of Oaxaca, 16th Century to the Present A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History by Xóchitl Marina Flores-Marcial 2015 © Copyright by Xóchitl Marina Flores-Marcial 2015 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION A History of Guelaguetza in Zapotec Communities of the Central Valleys of Oaxaca, 16th Century to the Present by Xóchitl Marina Flores-Marcial Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Los Angeles, 2015 Professor Kevin B. Terraciano, Chair My project traces the evolution of the Zapotec cultural practice of guelaguetza, an indigenous sharing system of collaboration and exchange in Mexico, from pre-Columbian and colonial times to the present. Ironically, the term "guelaguetza" was appropriated by the Mexican government in the twentieth century to promote an annual dance festival in the city of Oaxaca that has little to do with the actual meaning of the indigenous tradition. My analysis of Zapotec-language alphabetic sources from the Central Valley of Oaxaca, written from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries, reveals that Zapotecs actively participated in the sharing system during this long period of transformation. My project demonstrates that the Zapotec sharing economy functioned to build and reinforce social networks among households in Zapotec communities. I argue that guelaguetza enabled communities of the Central Valley of Oaxaca to survive the trauma of conquest, depopulation, and external demands for local resources. Zapotecs relied on the system to maintain control of valuable community resources, such as property, labor, and ii agricultural goods.
    [Show full text]