Chemical Weapon Categorizations - Blank *

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CHEMICAL WEAPON CATEGORIZATIONS - BLANK *

AGENT AGENT LETHALIT Y M O D E O f S P EED O f TOXICITY PERSISTENCY WEAPONIZATION DIFFICULTY / DISPERSAL ADDITIONAL ACTION ACTION EASE OF CONSIDERATION1 TYP E (Volatility) (including Binary) PRODUCTION Chemical Weapon / COMMENTS A g e n t ( C W A )

Answers: How likely Answers: How will CWA Answers: How fast will the Answers: How Answers: How long will the Answers: How difficult is it Answers: How difficult Six (6) primary considerations: 1) temperatures, enter or attack a body? CWA act? is the CWA to lead to much of the CWA CWA last on the to manufacture/procure the is it to 2) wind, 3) altitude, 4) moisture [e.g., rain, death?” humidity], 5) sunlight (or lack thereof), 6 time of is needed to result “battlefield”? CWA? manufacture/acquire in the desired day (e.g., upcoming sunlight/darkness, upcoming the CW agent(s)? temperature, etc.). effect?

CHLORINE(CI) CHOKING First use: Germany on April 15, 1915. Near Ypres, Belgium

PHOSGENE (CG) CHOKING First use: 1915 by Germans

Done confuse with phosgene oxime

DIPHOSGENE CHOKING First use: 1916 by Germans

CHLOROPICRIN CHOKING (PS) (Vomiting Gas) First used by Russians in 1916

 Charles P Blair, Federation of American Scientists, last altered 01/30/2013

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Answers: How likely Answers: How will CWA Answers: How fast will the Answers: How Answers: How long will the Answers: How difficult is it Answers: How difficult Six (6) primary considerations: 1) temperatures, is the CWA to lead to enter or attack a body? CWA act? much of the CWA CWA last on the to manufacture/procure the is it to 2) wind, 3) altitude, 4) moisture [e.g., rain, death?” humidity], 5) sunlight (or lack thereof), 6 time of is needed to result “battlefield”? CWA? manufacture/acquire in the desired day (e.g., upcoming sunlight/darkness, upcoming the CW agent(s)? temperature, etc.). effect?

ʘ LEWISITE ─╦╦─ (L) BLISTER Japan likely used it again China in WWII

M U S T A R D ʘ ─╦╦─ SULFUR (HD) BLISTER (distilled s u l f u r m u s t a r d )

Appeared in 1915 Ypres. Hitler’s injury was due to this agent Mussolini in Ethiopia, Iraq against Iran in the 1980s. Libya against Chadian forces

M U S T A R D / ʘ ─╦╦─ LEWISITE (HL) BLISTER

N I T R O G E N ʘ ─╦╦─ MUSTARD (HN - 2) 2 BLISTER

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Answers: How likely Answers: How will CWA Answers: How fast will the Answers: How Answers: How long will the Answers: How difficult is it Answers: How difficult Six (6) primary considerations: 1) temperatures, is the CWA to lead to enter or attack a body? CWA act? much of the CWA CWA last on the to manufacture/procure the is it to 2) wind, 3) altitude, 4) moisture [e.g., rain, death?” humidity], 5) sunlight (or lack thereof), 6 time of is needed to result “battlefield”? CWA? manufacture/acquire in the desired day (e.g., upcoming sunlight/darkness, upcoming the CW agent(s)? temperature, etc.). effect?

http://www.sc P H O S G E N E ʘ ribd.com/doc/ OXIME (CX) ─╦╦─ 80521269/Deta BLISTER “nettle gas” because i l e d - F a c t s - its effects are like A b o u t - B l i s t e r - stinging nettle A g e n t - Not known to have P h o s g e n e - ever been used on the O x i m e battlefield

DECEMBER 1915

BLOOD H Y D R O G E N CYANIDE (AC)

BLOOD C Y A N O G E N CHLORIDE (CK)

BLOOD ARSINE (SA) (derived from arsenic) DRAFT Page 4 of 9

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H Y D R O G E N H Y D R O G E N SULFIDE SULFIDE (“Sour Gas”) (“Sour Gas”)

NERVE T A B U N - GA Developed in German in 1936. The first of the three G Series nerve agents. Used by Iraq against Iran (with sarin there were 45,000 – 120,000 casualties) DRAFT Page 5 of 9

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NERVE T A B U N - GA Developed in German in 1936. The first of the three G Series nerve agents. Used by Iraq against Iran (with sarin there were 45,000 – 120,000 casualties)

NERVE S A R I N - GB Binary sarin . With binary sarin (also referred to as “GB Developed in German binary” and “GB2”) a forward in 1938 container has methylphosphonic The 2nd “G Series” difluoride (DF), while a second, Agent rear container has an isopropyl alcohol and isopropylamine Used by Iraq against solution (OPA). The DF resides in Iran (with tabun there the munition prior to use. The were 45,000 – OPA is added just prior to launch. 120,000 casualties) After deployment of the weapon, the two canisters rupture, “the isopropyl amine binds to the hydrogen fluoride generated during the chemical reaction, and the chemical mixture produces GB.”3 Experts note that, “The final product of the weapon is of the same chemical structure as the original nerve agent. The term binary refers only to the storage and deployment method used, not to the chemical structure of the substance.”4 With regard to how long it takes the DF and OPA to mix before binary sarin is extant, Eric Croddy notes that, “as in any chemical reaction, a certain amount of time is required for the [binary] reaction to run its course. In the case of GB binary, this required about seven seconds.”5 DRAFT Page 6 of 9

Answers: How likely Answers: How will CWA Answers: How fast will the Answers: How Answers: How long will the Answers: How difficult is it Answers: How difficult Six (6) primary considerations: 1) temperatures, is the CWA to lead to enter or attack a body? CWA act? much of the CWA CWA last on the to manufacture/procure the is it to 2) wind, 3) altitude, 4) moisture [e.g., rain, death?” humidity], 5) sunlight (or lack thereof), 6 time of is needed to result “battlefield”? CWA? manufacture/acquire in the desired day (e.g., upcoming sunlight/darkness, upcoming the CW agent(s)? temperature, etc.). effect?

NERVE S O M A N – GD Developed in German Binary soman (also in 1944 referred to as “GD binary” and “GD2”). “With binary soman (GD binary, GD2): DF [methylphosphonic difluoride] is located in [one] canister, while a mixture of pinacolyl alcohol and an amine is in a second canister. After deployment of the weapon, the two canisters rupture and the chemical mixture produces binary soman.6

NERVE VX  VX binary (VX2): “O- Ethyl O-2-

diisopropylaminoethyl methylphosphonite (QL) is in 1 canister. The other canister contains elemental sulfur. When the weapon is fired, the canisters rupture and the chemical mixture produce VX.”  “Novichok agent ("Newcomer") : a series of nerve agents developed by the Soviet Union in the 1980s and 1990s, all in the "third generation nerve agent" category. Some of these agents (Novichok-5, Novichok-7) are binary agents.”7

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INCAPACITANTS BZ

INCAPACITANTS LSD

R C A s CS T E A R G A S (LACRIMATOR O R E Y E IRRITANT) ( Orthochlorobe n z y l i d e n e Malononitrile ) DRAFT Page 8 of 9

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R C A s C N

CHLOROACETOPHENONE M a c e ® (LACRIMATOR)

R C A s CR DIBENZOXAZEP INE

R C A s ADAMISTE (DM) (ARSENICAL) (Sometimes also sometimes l i s t e d a s a Blood Agent)

HERBICIDES DEFOLIANTS R a i n b o w H e r b i c i d e s … Agent Orange

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HERBICIDES P L A N T G R O W T H REGULATORS

HERBICIDES DESICANT

HERBICIDES S O I L STERILANTS

1 Eric Croddy, “Dilrour (DF, Delfuoromethyl-phosphonate,” in Eric A. Croddy and James J. Wirtz, eds., Weapons of Mass Destruction Encyclopedia, Volume One: Chemical and Biological Agents (ABC Clio: Santa Barbara, CA, 2005), 214. 2 Nitrogen mustard is similar yet has not been used in battle to date (via open-sources) 3 Larissa I Velez-Daubon, MD; Chief Editor: Robert G Darling, MD, “CBRNE - Nerve Agents, Binary - GB2, VX2,” Medscape, updated: June 7, 2012. Available at: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/831901-overview 4 Velez-Daubon and Darling, “CBRNE - Nerve Agents, Binary - GB2, VX2.” 5 Eric Eric Croddy, Weapons of Mass Destruction Encyclopedia, Volume 1(Santa Barbara: ABC Clio, 2005), 214, p. 117-118. 6 Velez-Daubon and Darling, “CBRNE - Nerve Agents, Binary - GB2, VX2.” 7 Ibid.