Animal/Dairy Science 434 Ovarian Differences Lec 2: Cow Mare Female comparative anatomy; History of Reproductive Physiology

Sow

Cow Sow Cow, Sow, Ewe, Human • Cortex on outside • Ovulation can occur on any point of the Mare Mare Preovulatory Blood vessels • Inversion of the cortex and Tertiary and connective medulla. Follicle tissue in medulla • Ovulation occurs at the Cow Ovulation Fossa

Internal CL

Mare

Uterine and Cervical Duplex Differences Oposum Rabbit, Mouse

2

2 Cow Mare Sow 2 1 Bicornuate Bicornuate Cow Sow Mare Ewe

Smaller 1 Vagina uterine Large uterine body Large 1 horns Smaller uterine horns 1 Vagina uterine 1 Uterine Body 1 Cervix horns 2 Uterine Horns 1 Uterine Body 2 Uterine Horns

Bicornuate Simplex

Woman Dog Cat 1 Vagina 1 Cervix 1 Uterine Body 2 Uterine Horns Large uterine body No uterine horns 1 Vagina 1 Cervix Small uterine body 1 Uterine Body Long uterine horns

Human Tract Human Tract Uterine Body COW

• Cervix is composed Internal Cervical Os of thick connective tissue • Mucus is secreted near the time of Cervix breeding and Cow has 4-5 ovulation. annular rings

A 47-year old woman underwent a hysterectomy External Cervical Os for excessively heavy menses. She had previously had four normal deliveries. This structure was removed, what is wrong? Vagina

Mare Sow Uterine Body Uterine Body Cervix

COW Longitudinal Internal Os No Folds obstacles Cervical Cervical Interdigitating Ring pads Ring Fornix Fornix No fornix Fornix Vagina vagina External Os EWE Fornix Vagina Anterior Vagina Anterior Vagina Vagina

Cervix External Genitalia Mare Cow Sow

Cervical Folds

FV Ewe IP

Sow Mare Human Tract

What is this?

External Genitalia Vagina Anterior Vagina Posterior Vagina (Vestibule) Cervix Fornix - Vaginal Sphincter ()

Stratified Columnar Squamous Epithelium Epithelium

Mucosa

Submucosa Submucosa

perivitelline Infundibulum Ovary membrane Chicken Tract Avian Ovary Female chalazae

Anatomy albumen

Magnum Oviduct shell membrane Magnum

Isthmus Shell Gland Intestine cleaving blastodisc

24 hrs 50K cells vagina Right Intestine Oviduct Shell Gland cloaca shell Left side of Reproductive Tract Develops!! Chicken Ovary Ovary with Hierarchal Follicles large follicles removed

Ruptured follicle

Chicken Reproductive Tract Infundibulum

Isthmus Infundibulum

Magnum

Shell Gland

Cloaca Follicles

Cloaca Cloaca of Chicken

Vagina

Vaginal opening

Intestine opening

Intestine opening Vagina opening Historical Development of The Age of Gross Anatomy Reproductive Physiology • Fallopius (1562) Aristotle 384-322 BC • Fetus arises from – Describes the oviduct menstrual blood • Coiter (1573) – Describes the Generation • Seminal plasma initiates • Regnier de Graff (1672) of Animals the conversion of menstrual blood – Describes the antral follicle (Graafian Follicle)

• Semen from all parts of body

Development of the Microscope What is the role of spermatozoa? • van Leewenhoek (1677) • Spallanzani (1780) – Describes spermatozoa – Sperm were the fertilizing agent in semen in semen – Successful artificial insemination of a dog • Dumas (1825) – Proves sperm the fertilizing agent

Modern Reprod. Physiology Approach to Applications • Gonads produce steroid • Develop basic knowledge of how • Regulation of estrous cycles in females system works • Radioimmunoassay (RIA) • Investigate methods that can perturb • Artificial Insemination the system • Cryopreservation • Manipulate the system to improve reproduction • Prostaglandin used to control estrous – Estrus Synchronization cycles • Biotechnology Enhancing Reproduction Current Trends

• Small improvements have profound effects on production Metabolic – 3% improvement in birth rate results in an Production and Reproduction additional: Physiologic • 1 million beef calves/year Changes • 3.2 million pigs/year • 3.7 million gallons of milk/year • Continuing need to: – improve reproductive performance – understand how to apply new technology • Ovsynch • Clonning

Limiting Reproduction Pets

Insects

Humans

Wildlife