DOCSLIB.ORG

Animal/Dairy Science 434 Ovarian Differences Uterine and Cervical Differences Duplex

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Animal/Dairy Science 434 Ovarian Differences Uterine and Cervical Differences Duplex Animal/Dairy Science 434 ! Ovarian Differences! Lec 2: ! Cow! Mare! Female comparative anatomy; ! History of Reproductive Physiology! Sow! Cow! Sow! Cow, Sow, Ewe, Human! • Cortex on outside! • Ovulation can occur on any point of the ovary! Mare! Mare! Preovulatory ! Blood vessels! • Inversion of the cortex and Tertiary! and connective! medulla. ! Follicle! tissue in medulla! • Ovulation occurs at the Cow! Ovulation Fossa! Internal! CL! Mare! Uterine and Cervical Duplex! Differences! Oposum Rabbit, Mouse 2 Uterine Horns 2 Cervixes Cow! Mare! Sow! 2 Vaginas 1 Vagina Bicornuate! Bicornuate! Cow Sow Mare Ewe Smaller 1 Vagina uterine Large uterine body Large 1 Cervix horns Smaller uterine horns 1 Vagina uterine 1 Uterine Body 1 Cervix horns 2 Uterine Horns 1 Uterine Body 2 Uterine Horns Bicornuate! Simplex! Woman Dog Cat 1 Vagina 1 Cervix 1 Uterine Body 2 Uterine Horns Large uterine body No uterine horns 1 Vagina 1 Cervix Small uterine body 1 Uterine Body Long uterine horns Human Tract! Human Tract! Uterine Body! COW! • Cervix is composed Internal Cervical Os! of thick connective tissue! • Mucus is secreted near the time of Cervix! breeding and Cow has 4-5! ovulation.! annular rings! A 47-year old woman underwent a hysterectomy External Cervical Os! for excessively heavy menses. She had previously had four normal deliveries. This structure was removed, what is wrong? Vagina! Mare! Sow! Uterine Body Uterine Body Cervix! COW! Longitudinal Internal Os! No Folds obstacles Cervical! Cervical! Interdigitating Ring! pads Ring! Fornix! Fornix! No fornix Fornix Vagina vagina External Os! EWE! Fornix! Vagina Anterior Vagina! Anterior Vagina! Vagina Cervix! External Genitalia! Mare! Cow! Sow! Cervical! Folds! FV! Ewe! IP! Sow! Mare! Human Tract! What is this? External Genitalia! Vagina! Anterior Vagina! Posterior Vagina (Vestibule)! Cervix! Fornix! Vulva- Vaginal Sphincter! (Hymen)! Stratified! Columnar! Squamous! Epithelium! Urethra! Epithelium! Mucosa! Submucosa! Submucosa! perivitelline! Infundibulum! Ovary! membrane! Chicken Tract! Avian Ovary Female chalazae! Anatomy! albumen! Magnum! Oviduct! shell membrane! Magnum Isthmus! Shell Gland! Uterus! Intestine! cleaving blastodisc! 24 hrs 50K cells vagina! Right! Intestine Oviduct! Shell Gland cloaca! shell! Left side of Reproductive Tract Develops!!! Chicken Ovary! Ovary with Hierarchal Follicles large follicles removed! Ruptured follicle Chicken Reproductive Tract! Infundibulum! Isthmus Infundibulum Magnum Shell Gland Cloaca Follicles Cloaca! Cloaca of Chicken! Vagina Vaginal opening Intestine opening Intestine opening Vagina opening Historical Development of The Age of Gross Anatomy! Reproductive Physiology! •! Fallopius (1562) ! Aristotle 384-322 BC! • Fetus arises from –! Describes the oviduct! menstrual blood" •! Coiter (1573)! –! Describes the corpus luteum! Generation ! • Seminal plasma initiates •! Regnier de Graff (1672)! of Animals! the conversion of menstrual blood" –! Describes the antral follicle (Graafian Follicle)" • Semen from all parts of body" Development of the Microscope! What is the role of spermatozoa?! •! van Leewenhoek (1677)! •! Spallanzani (1780)! –! Describes spermatozoa –!Sperm were the fertilizing agent in semen! in semen! –!Successful artificial insemination of a dog! •! Dumas (1825)! –!Proves sperm the fertilizing agent" Modern Reprod. Physiology! Approach to Applications! •! Gonads produce steroid hormones! •! Develop basic knowledge of how •! Regulation of estrous cycles in females! system works! •! Radioimmunoassay (RIA)! •! Investigate methods that can perturb •! Artificial Insemination! the system! •! Cryopreservation! •! Manipulate the system to improve reproduction! •! Prostaglandin used to control estrous –!Estrus Synchronization" cycles! •! Biotechnology" Enhancing Reproduction! Current Trends! •! Small improvements have profound effects on production! Metabolic! –!3% improvement in birth rate results in an Production! and! Reproduction! additional:! Physiologic! •! 1 million beef calves/year! Changes •! 3.2 million pigs/year! •! 3.7 million gallons of milk/year" •! Continuing need to: –!improve reproductive performance –!understand how to apply new technology •! Ovsynch" •! Clonning" Limiting Reproduction! Pets! Insects! Humans! Wildlife!.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Reference Sheet 1
    MALE SEXUAL SYSTEM 8 7 8 OJ 7 .£l"00\.....• ;:; ::>0\~ <Il '"~IQ)I"->. ~cru::>s ~ 6 5 bladder penis prostate gland 4 scrotum seminal vesicle testicle urethra vas deferens FEMALE SEXUAL SYSTEM 2 1 8 " \ 5 ... - ... j 4 labia \ ""\ bladderFallopian"k. "'"f"";".'''¥'&.tube\'WIT / I cervixt r r' \ \ clitorisurethrauterus 7 \ ~~ ;~f4f~ ~:iJ 3 ovaryvagina / ~ 2 / \ \\"- 9 6 adapted from F.L.A.S.H. Reproductive System Reference Sheet 3: GLOSSARY Anus – The opening in the buttocks from which bowel movements come when a person goes to the bathroom. It is part of the digestive system; it gets rid of body wastes. Buttocks – The medical word for a person’s “bottom” or “rear end.” Cervix – The opening of the uterus into the vagina. Circumcision – An operation to remove the foreskin from the penis. Cowper’s Glands – Glands on either side of the urethra that make a discharge which lines the urethra when a man gets an erection, making it less acid-like to protect the sperm. Clitoris – The part of the female genitals that’s full of nerves and becomes erect. It has a glans and a shaft like the penis, but only its glans is on the out side of the body, and it’s much smaller. Discharge – Liquid. Urine and semen are kinds of discharge, but the word is usually used to describe either the normal wetness of the vagina or the abnormal wetness that may come from an infection in the penis or vagina. Duct – Tube, the fallopian tubes may be called oviducts, because they are the path for an ovum.
    [Show full text]
  • Preparation for Your Sex Life
    1 Preparation for Your Sex Life Will every woman bleed during her first sexual intercourse? • Absolutely not. Not every woman has obvious bleeding after her first sexual intercourse. • Bleeding is due to hymen breaking during penetration of the penis into the vagina. We usually refer it as "spotting". It is normal and generally resolves. • Some girls may not have hymen at birth, or the hymen may have been broken already when engaging in vigorous sports. Therefore, there may be no bleeding. Is it true that all women will experience intolerable pain during their first sexual intercourse? • It varies among individuals. Only a small proportion of women report intolerable pain during their first sexual intercourse. The remaining report mild pain, tolerable pain or painless feeling. • Applying lubricants to genitals may relieve the discomfort associated with sexual intercourse; however, if you experience intolerable pain or have heavy or persistent bleeding during or after sexual intercourse, please seek medical advice promptly. How to avoid having menses during honeymoon? • To prepare in advance, taking hormonal pills like oral contraceptive pills or progestogens under doctor's guidance can control menstrual cycle and thereby avoid having menses during honeymoon. Is it true that women will get Honeymoon Cystitis easily during honeymoon? • During sexual intercourse, bacteria around perineum and anus may move upward to the bladder causing cystitis. Symptoms include frequent urination, difficulty and pain when urinating. • There may be more frequent sexual activity during honeymoon period, and so is the chance of having cystitis. The condition is therefore known as "honeymoon cystitis". • Preventive measures include perineal hygiene, drinking plenty of water, empty your bladder after sexual intercourse and avoid the habit of withholding urine.
    [Show full text]
  • MR Imaging of Vaginal Morphology, Paravaginal Attachments and Ligaments
    MR imaging of vaginal morph:ingynious 05/06/15 10:09 Pagina 53 Original article MR imaging of vaginal morphology, paravaginal attachments and ligaments. Normal features VITTORIO PILONI Iniziativa Medica, Diagnostic Imaging Centre, Monselice (Padova), Italy Abstract: Aim: To define the MR appearance of the intact vaginal and paravaginal anatomy. Method: the pelvic MR examinations achieved with external coil of 25 nulliparous women (group A), mean age 31.3 range 28-35 years without pelvic floor dysfunctions, were compared with those of 8 women who had cesarean delivery (group B), mean age 34.1 range 31-40 years, for evidence of (a) vaginal morphology, length and axis inclination; (b) perineal body’s position with respect to the hymen plane; and (c) visibility of paravaginal attachments and lig- aments. Results: in both groups, axial MR images showed that the upper vagina had an horizontal, linear shape in over 91%; the middle vagi- na an H-shape or W-shape in 74% and 26%, respectively; and the lower vagina a U-shape in 82% of cases. Vaginal length, axis inclination and distance of perineal body to the hymen were not significantly different between the two groups (mean ± SD 77.3 ± 3.2 mm vs 74.3 ± 5.2 mm; 70.1 ± 4.8 degrees vs 74.04 ± 1.6 degrees; and +3.2 ± 2.4 mm vs + 2.4 ± 1.8 mm, in group A and B, respectively, P > 0.05). Overall, the lower third vaginal morphology was the less easily identifiable structure (visibility score, 2); the uterosacral ligaments and the parau- rethral ligaments were the most frequently depicted attachments (visibility score, 3 and 4, respectively); the distance of the perineal body to the hymen was the most consistent reference landmark (mean +3 mm, range -2 to + 5 mm, visibility score 4).
    [Show full text]
  • Uterus – Dilation
    Uterus – Dilation Figure Legend: Figure 1 Uterus - Dilation of the uterine lumen in a female B6C3F1/N mouse from a chronic study. There is dilation of the uterine horn. Figure 2 Uterus - Dilation in a female B6C3F1/N mouse from a chronic study (higher magnification of Figure 1). The endometrial epithelium is cuboidal. Figure 3 Uterus - Dilation in a female B6C3F1/N mouse from a chronic study. There is dilation of the uterine lumen, which contains flocculent, eosinophilic material. Figure 4 Uterus - Dilation in a female B6C3F1/N mouse from a chronic study (higher magnification of Figure 3). There is flattened epithelium and eosinophilic material in the uterine lumen. Comment: Dilation of uterine horns (Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 3, and Figure 4) is commonly observed at necropsy, and frequently these uteri have accumulations of excessive amounts of fluid within the 1 Uterus – Dilation lumen. Uterine dilation is relatively commonly seen in both rats and mice and may be segmental. Luminal dilation may be associated with stromal polyps or occur secondarily to hormonal imbalances from ovarian cysts or to a prolonged estrus state after cessation of the estrus cycle in aged rodents. Administration of progestins, estrogens, and tamoxifen in rats has been associated with uterine dilation. Luminal dilation is normally observed at proestrus and estrus in cycling rodents and should not be diagnosed. Increased serous fluid production is part of the proestrus phase of the cycle judged by the vaginal epithelium (which shows early keratinization covered by a layer of mucified cells) and should not be diagnosed. With uterine dilation, the endometrial lining is usually attenuated or atrophic and the wall of the uterus thinned due to the increasing pressure, but in less severe cases the endometrium can be normal (Figure 2).
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding
    Evaluation of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding Christine M. Corbin, MD Northwest Gynecology Associates, LLC April 26, 2011 Outline l Review of normal menstrual cycle physiology l Review of normal uterine anatomy l Pathophysiology l Evaluation/Work-up l Treatment Options - Tried and true-not so new - Technology era options Menstrual cycle l Menstruation l Proliferative phase -- Follicular phase l Ovulation l Secretory phase -- Luteal phase l Menstruation....again! Menstruation l Eumenorrhea- normal, predictable menstruation - Typically 2-7 days in length - Approximately 35 ml (range 10-80 ml WNL - Gradually increasing estrogen in early follicular phase slows flow - Remember...first day of bleeding = first day of “cycle” Proliferative Phase/Follicular Phase l Gradual increase of estrogen from developing follicle l Uterine lining “proliferates” in response l Increasing levels of FSH from anterior pituitary l Follicles stimulated and compete for dominance l “Dominant follicle” reaches maturity l Estradiol increased due to follicle formation l Estradiol initially suppresses production of LH Proliferative Phase/Follicular Phase l Length of follicular phase varies from woman to woman l Often shorter in perimenopausal women which leads to shorter intervals between periods l Increasing estrogen causes alteration in cervical mucus l Mature follicle is approximately 2 cm on ultrasound measurement just prior to ovulation Ovulation l Increasing estradiol surpasses threshold and stimulates release of LH from anterior pituitary l Two different receptors for
    [Show full text]
  • Left Vaginal Obstruction and Complex Left Uterine Horn Communication in a 12 Year Old Female Barry E
    Perlman et al. Obstet Gynecol cases Rev 2015, 2:7 ISSN: 2377-9004 Obstetrics and Gynaecology Cases - Reviews Case Report: Open Access Left Vaginal Obstruction and Complex Left Uterine Horn Communication in a 12 Year Old Female Barry E. Perlman*, Amy S. Dhesi and Gerson Weiss Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women’s Health, Rutgers - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, USA *Corresponding author: Barry E. Perlman DO, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women’s Health, Rutgers - New Jersey Medical School, MSB E-506, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07101-1709, USA, Tel: 732 233 0997, E-mail: [email protected] Transabdominal pelvic sonogram revealed two prominent uterine Abstract cornua with an endometrial thickness of 3 mm in each horn. The Obstructive Müllerian duct anomalies are an infrequently right cornu measured 11.4 x 2.0 x 3.6 cm and the left cornu measured encountered clinical problem. The use of imaging and surgical 10.4 x 2.8 x 4.1 cm. A 7 cm mass in the endocervical canal, concerning exploration allowed for diagnosis and treatment of symptoms of a for hematocolpos, represented an occlusion extending to the left complex obstructive müllerian anomaly. We present a case of a 12 vagina (Figure 1). year old female with a history of intermittent lower abdominal pain and absent left kidney who was found to have an obstructed left She underwent further imaging with two MRI studies that were vagina and complex left uterine horn communications resulting in mutually inconclusive and inconsistent in regards to her pelvic hematocolpos, hematometra, and endometriosis.
    [Show full text]
  • 39Th Annual Residents Paper Day and 32Nd Annual Philip J. Disaia Society Symposium Friday, May 7, 2021
    Proudly presents the 39th Annual Residents Paper Day and 32nd Annual Philip J. DiSaia Society Symposium Friday, May 7, 2021 Visiting Professor and Moderator Richard J. Paulson, MD Professor of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Alia Tutor Chair in Reproductive Medicine, Chief of the Division Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, and Director of USC Fertility, Keck School of Medicine of USC Table of Contents CME Activity Statement ....................................................................................................................................................... 3 Disclosure Statement ........................................................................................................................................................... 4 Welcomes Our Visiting Professor and Moderator ........................................................................................................... 5 Previous Annual Residents Paper Day Visiting Professors and Moderators .................................................... 6 Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................................................................. 7 Agenda ................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 Junior Residents ...............................................................................................................................................8
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Ultrasound Monitoring of Embryonic, Follicular, and Uterine
    Ultrasound Monitoring of Embryonic, Follicular, and Uterine Dynamics of Early Pregnancy in the Alpaca Sara Brunsden Introduction: The alpaca, Vicuna pacos, is a member of the Camelidae family, along with llamas, guanacos, vicunas, and Bactrian and Dromedary camels. Traditionally found in the altiplano of South America, the popularity of the alpaca has caused it to spread all over the world, including here in the United States. In South America, they are predominantly used for their fleece, while the industry here revolves mainly around breeding. However, relatively little is known about the reproduction of the alpaca. It is the overall goal of this study to discover more about the gestation of the female, specifically the embryonic stage from conception to forty days of pregnancy. Like the rabbit and cat, the alpaca is an induced ovulator, meaning that the act of copulation triggers the female to ovulate. Differing information has been presented on whether alpacas have waves of follicular development similar to other mammalian species. According to studies by Bravo (1991) and Sumar (2000), the follicles grow, mature, and regress in a distinct pattern. However, a study by Donovan (2011) at the University of Massachusetts Amherst did not find a pattern of definitive follicular waves. Alpacas are considered to have a low fertility rate compared to other domesticated mammals, with the highest rate of early embryonic death (EED) occurring within the first month of pregnancy, possibly due to weak maternal fetal tissue associations (Olivera 2003). The rate of EED has been suggested to be as high as 58% (Fernandez-Baca 1970), with 44% occurring before Day 27 (Ratto 2011).
    [Show full text]
  • The Ovarian and Uterine Arteries in the Chinchilla (Chinchilla Lanigera)
    Article — Artikel The ovarian and uterine arteries in the chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera) A Çevik-Demirkana*, V Özdemira and I Demirkanb from the Center for Experimental Medi- ABSTRACT cine, Research and Application, Afyon The purpose of this study was to describe arteries supplying the ovaries and uterus in the chinchilla. Five healthy adult female chinchillas were used. In order to reveal the arterial Kocatepe University, Turkey, were used network by dissecting under a stereoscopic microscope, latex coloured with red ink was in this study. The live body weight of injected through the common carotid artery. The ovaries of the chinchilla are supplied by chinchillas varied between 450 g and the arteriae ovaricae which formed end-to-end anastomoses with the cranial termination of 500 g. The animals were euthanased by 7 the arteria uterina. Soon after leaving the aorta abdominalis, the arteriae ovaricae extended the methods described by Flecknell . 2–3 mm caudolaterally, then released 1 branch and extended caudally and bifurcated into 2 Regulations of the ethical committee further branches. One of these supplied branches to fat tissue. The other branch coursed of Afyon Kocatepe University were fol- caudally and anastomosed with the arteria circumflexa ilium profunda and dispersed into fat lowed. Following euthanasia, 1 m of tissue. The arteria ovarica further subdivided into 2 rami ovaricae. The origins of the uterine heparine sodium (Nevparin, Mustafa arteries were exclusively from the left arteria iliaca externa. The arteria uterina gave a branch Nevzat, Istanbul, Turkey) was imme- to the arteria umbilicalis and consecutive branches which supplied to the ureter, urinary diately injected via the jugular vein to pre- bladder and cranial aspects of the vagina.
    [Show full text]
  • Hymen Variations
    Hymen Variations What is the hymen? The hymen is a thin piece of tissue located at the opening of the vagina. Hymens come in different shapes, the most common shapes are crescent or annular (circular). The hymen needs to be open to allow menstrual blood and normal secretions to pass through the vagina. Anatomic variations of the normal hymen. (A) normal, What is an imperforate hymen? (B) imperforate, (C) microperforate, (D) cribiform, and If there is an imperforate hymen, the hymen tissue (E) septate. completely covers the vaginal opening. This prevents Reprinted with permission from Laufer MR. Office Evaluation of the Child and menstrual blood and normal secretions from exiting the Adolescent. In Emans SJ, Laufer MR, editors. Pediatric and adolescent gynecology. 6th ed. Philadelphia [PA]: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & vagina. Wilkins; 2012. P. 5 An imperforate hymen may be diagnosed at birth, but more commonly, it is found during puberty. If noted at birth and it is not causing any issues with urination, the How are hymen variations treated? imperforate hymen can be managed after puberty Treatment of extra hymen tissue (imperforate, begins. When the hymen is imperforate, the vagina microperforate, septate, or cribiform hymens) is a becomes filled with a large amount of blood, which may minor outpatient procedure, called a“ hymenectomy” – cause pain or difficulty urinating. during which the excess tissue is removed. The hymen tissue does not grow back. Once it is removed, the vaginal opening is an adequate size for What are other hymen variations? the flow of menstrual blood and normal vaginal secretions, tampon use, and vaginal intercourse.
    [Show full text]
  • Ovarian Differences Cow Mare
    Animal/Dairy Science 434 Female comparative anatomy; History of Reproductive Physiology Ovarian Differences Cow Mare Sow Cow Cow, Sow, Ewe, Human Sow • Cortex on outside • Ovulation can occur on any point of the ovary Preovulatory Tertiary Follicle Mare Blood vessels and connective tissue in medulla • Inversion of the cortex and medulla • Ovulation occurs at the Ovulation Fossa Internal CL Cow Mare Rabbit, Oposum Duplex Mouse 2 Uterine Horns 2 2 Cervixes 1 Vaginas Vagina Uterine and Cervical Differences Cow Sow Mare Cow Bicornuate Sow Ewe Smaller uterine horns 1 Vagina 1 Cervix Large 1 Uterine Body uterine 2 Uterine Horns horns Bicornuate Mare Large uterine body 1 Vagina Smaller uterine horns 1 Cervix 1 Uterine Body 2 Uterine Horns Bicornuate Bitch (Canine) Queen (Feline) 1 Vagina 1 Cervix 1 Uterine Body 2 Uterine Horns Small uterine body Long uterine horns Simplex Woman Large uterine body 1 Vagina No uterine horns 1 Cervix 1 Uterine Body Human Tract Human Tract A 47-year old woman underwent a hysterectomy for excessively heavy menses. She had previously had four normal deliveries. This structure was removed, what is wrong? COW Uterine Body Internal Cervical Os • Cervix is composed of thick connective tissue • Mucus is secreted near the time of Cow has 4-5 breeding and annular rings ovulation. Cervix External Cervical Os Vagina Uterine Body Uterine Body Longitudinal Mare Folds Sow No obstacles Interdigitating pads No fornix vagina Fornix Vagina Vagina Vagina Cervical Folds Cervix FV IP Sow Mare External Genitalia Sow Mare Cow Ewe What
    [Show full text]
  • Womena Faqs: Do Menstrual Cups Affect Hymens/Virginity?
    WOMENA FAQS: DO MENSTRUAL CUPS AFFECT HYMENS/VIRGINITY? WOMENA SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS1 Many people believe that - girls are born with a hymen in the form of a solid membrane covering the vaginal opening. - the hymen can be identified through physical or visual examination. - the hymen is always broken at first vaginal sexual intercourse, causing bleeding. - therefore, a lack of blood on the wedding night proves the bride is not a virgin. However, there is increasing evidence and awareness that none of these beliefs are correct. Usually there is no solid membrane covering the vagina. Instead, there is folded mucosal tissue inside the vagina. Some now call it a ‘hymenal ring/rim’ or ‘vaginal corona’. The appearance of the hymen/corona varies among individuals, and may change over time. Hormones make the corona more elastic in puberty. Daily activities (such as cycling, sports, inserting tampons or menstrual cups) may affect appearance. It is impossible to test whether a girl or woman is a virgin by inspecting her corona, either visually, or by inserting two fingers into the vagina (the ‘two-finger test’). The UN strongly recommends against these “virginity tests” as they are inaccurate, and harmful. Bleeding at first vaginal intercourse does not always happen. There are only few studies, but estimates range from around 30% to around 70%. Virginity before marriage is an important value in many religions and cultures. The definition of ‘virginity’ varies between communities and among religious leaders. Many agree that virginity is defined by first vaginal intercourse, not by bleeding. WoMena believes in providing best available evidence, so that women and girls, and their communities, can make informed choice.
    [Show full text]