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Alternatives to Synthetic Pesticides for the Management of the Banana Borer Weevil (Cosmopolites Sordidus) (Coleoptera: Curculioniidae)

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Alternatives to Synthetic Pesticides for the Management of the Banana Borer Weevil (Cosmopolites Sordidus) (Coleoptera: Curculioniidae) CAB Reviews 2020 15, No. 026 Alternatives to synthetic pesticides for the management of the banana borer weevil (Cosmopolites sordidus) (Coleoptera: Curculioniidae) N.J. Okolle1,2*, C. Ngosong3, L.T. Nanganoa4 and L.L. Dopgima5,6 Address: 1Entomology-Nematology Unit, Institute of Agricultural Research for Development (IRAD), Ekona, Southwest Region, Cameroon. 2Laboratory of Entomology & Nematology, African Research Centre on Bananas and Plantains (CARBAP), Njombe, Littoral Region, Cameroon. 3Department of Agronomy and Applied Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, University of Buea, Buea, South West Region, Cameroon. 4Soils Unit, Institute of Agricultural Research for Development (IRAD), Ekona, South West Region, Cameroon. 5Biotechnology Unit, Institute of Agricultural Research for Development (IRAD), Ekona, South West Region, Cameroon. 6Research Service, Delegation of Scientific Research & Innovations, Buea, South West Region, Cameroon. *Correspondence: Justin Okolle. Email: [email protected] Received: 5 November 2019 Accepted: 20 March 2020 doi: 10.1079/PAVSNNR202015026 The electronic version of this article is the definitive one. It is located here: http://www.cabi.org/cabreviews © CAB International 2020 (Online ISSN 1749-8848) Abstract Bananas and plantains are important staple crops for many people in developing countries, but these crops are severely affected by biotic constraints that reduce productivity. A major biotic stress is the banana corm borer weevil (C. sordidus) whose larvae eat corm/pseudostem tissues that eventually weaken the plants and cause toppling. To manage these borer weevils, most farmers use synthetic pesticides with active ingredients from different pesticide groups. Over reliance and abusive use of pesticides result in detrimental effects on the environment and human health. These effects together with ecological backlashes such as development of resistance by the pest have led to numerous advocacies to minimize the use of these chemicals. To achieve this, there has been increasing number of researches to seek sustainable alternatives that could be used to replace these synthetic pesticides or be integrated with less toxic chemicals to effectively manage the pest. This review summarizes global research on the use of synthetic pesticides and alternative management techniques such as the use of appropriate cultural practices (e.g., clean planting materials, fallowing, mulching, intercropping, and trapping), botanical pesticides (e.g., from Solanaceae, Asteraceae, and Meliaceae), entomopathogens, predators/parasitoids, and the use of resistant crop varieties, as well as possibilities of engineering phytocystatins to produce transgenic varieties that will be harmful to weevil. The review ends with conclusions, limitations/gaps, and recommendations for future research for the different alternative options. Keywords: musa, pest, integrated pest management Review methodology: To successfully carry out this review, we collected lots of information from different sources including internet search engines, libraries, consultation of experts from different parts of the world via individual emails, yahoo groups (e.g., pestnet@ yahoogroups.com), and Whatsapp groups. The information collected were mainly primary research (peer-reviewed manuscripts published in journals) as well as scientific reports or articles in conference proceedings or annual reports. Secondary literature especially from news bulletins, magazines, and books were also consulted. Focus on all these was on the banana borer weevil (C. sordidus) and the different management options that have been tested or implemented in the laboratory and/or on the field. The information collected was categorized to form a table of content that guided the write up. Aspects of the content focused on general information on pests of bananas and plantains, bioecology of C. sordidus, and management options (use of synthetic pesticides, cultural practices, biotechnological options—genetic engineered plants/use of resistant varieties, botanicals, microbials, predators/predators, mass trapping/ pheromones, and use of cystatins). http://www.cabi.org/cabreviews 2 CAB Reviews Introduction Distribution and dispersal Bananas and plantains (Musa spp.) are cultivated in many The borer weevils occur in fields throughout the year and countries in the world, especially in tropical developing adults are free-living. Among the 28 borer pests associated countries. According to Ploetz et al. [1], these crops rank with bananas and plantains worldwide [23, 24], banana among the world’s most valuable primary agricultural corm weevil borers are most widely distributed [6, 7, 25]. commodities. According to FAO [2], bananas and plantains Generally, adults are negatively phototropic, and are active together serve as a staple food for at least 400 million in the night and are not commonly seen in the fields unless people globally. These food crops have therefore been caught in traps. The adults are usually found in soil around rated as the fourth most valuable food after rice, wheat, mats, within leaf sheaths of living pseudostems and and milk [3]. Bananas and plantains provide about 25% of harvested stumps/corms [8, 17, 26, 27]. Messiaen [26] food-energy requirements for about 70 million people in suggested that movement from and to adjacent fields by Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and since the fruits are produced walking is limited. However, Rannestad et al. [28] showed all year round, these crops play an important role in food that the migration potential of banana weevil is greater security and income generation to many resource-poor than previously reported and this should be taken into farmers especially during low production periods of local account when new banana fields are established with clean cash crops like cocoa, coffee, and oil palms [4]. These crops planting materials. are mainly cultivated in backyard gardens, smallholder farms, and commercial plantations that represent a valuable Damage and damage signs/symptoms source of employment to thousands of peoples [5]. Worldwide, the production of Musa spp. is usually Even though adults feed on decomposed corms in banana constrained by biotic factors such as pests and diseases. fields, the larvae usually cause damage. The economic The common pests are corm borer weevils (Cosmopolites importance of borer weevils varies with agroecological sordidus), stem borer weevils (Odoiporus longicollis and region, cultivars, production system, and level of Metamasius spp.), skippers (Erionota thrax and Erionota implementation of crop protection practices. Corm damage torus), lesion nematodes (e.g., Radopholus similis), mealy and percentage of plants attacked in the fields is usually bugs (Pseudococcus spp. and Dysmicoccus spp.), thrips, aphids assessed or estimated using Coefficient of Infestation (CI) (Pentalonia nigronervosa), huntsman spider, red spider mites, of Vilardebo [29] or Percentage Coefficient of Infestation white flies, snails (Limacolaria spp.) while common diseases [26]. Damage is usually assessed by observing the periphery are black sigatoka (Mycosphaerella fijiensis), banana wilt of corms (external damage) and/or the cross section of (Xanthomonas spp.), fusarium wilt (tropical race 4), banana corms, that is, cortex and central cylinder (internal damage). streak viruses, and banana bunchy top [4, 6–13]. Borer Damage in the central cylinder showed greater effect on weevil is the most important pests with serious damage on yield than damage in the cortex in highland cooking banana plantains and usually found in most banana/plantain in Uganda [16]. In addition, corm damage is common in producing zones [4, 14–20]. farms with poor soil nutrient status, inappropriate agronomic practices, and poor phytosanitary measures, with severe damage reported on small-scale plantain farms Brief on the bioecology of C. sordidus compared to commercial plantations [4, 15, 30, 31]. Larvae are the most destructive stage, using their strong mandibles Morphology and life cycle to escavate and create tunnels or galleries in the rhizome (corm) and sometimes extending to the pseudostem. Larval There are three main species of borer weevils that affect feeding usually results in weak growth, poor anchorage and Musa spp. including Cosmopolites sordidus, Metamasius toppling especially during windy periods and infestation is sericeus, and Pollytus mellerborgii, although C. sordidus is the usually low in the first cycle, but increases significantly most economically important. Young adults of C. sordidus during older cycles [32, 33]. Infested plants show stunted are reddish-brown in color while the older ones are dark growth, delayed maturation [34], reduced bunch weight, or black, and adults are slow walkers. The insect undergoes and can snap or topple [35–37]. holometabolous development and after mating, females use their rostrum to create tiny holes and then lay a single egg in each hole [21]. These eggs are white, oval in shape Population dynamics and may hatch within 5–8 days. Larvae from these eggs pass through 5–6 instars lasting 30–50 days. A mature larva Generally, population dynamics involves changes in is about 10–12 mm long, apodous, creamy white, has dark numbers of an organism as well as the biological and brown and well developed mandibles, as well as a curved environmental processes influencing such changes [38–40]. body [21]. After intense feeding, the larvae undergo a Concerning C. sordidus, the main method
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