DOCSLIB.ORG

Effect of Cansjera Rheedii J. Gmelin (Opiliaceae) on Diuretic Activity in Rats Varadarassou Mouttaya Mounnissamy*1, Subramanian Kavimani1, Gnanapragasam Sankari1,S

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Effect of Cansjera Rheedii J. Gmelin (Opiliaceae) on Diuretic Activity in Rats Varadarassou Mouttaya Mounnissamy*1, Subramanian Kavimani1, Gnanapragasam Sankari1,S Research Article Varadarassou M M et al. / Journal of Pharmacy Research 2009, 2(10),1627-1628 ISSN: 0974-6943 Available online through http://jprsolutions.info Effect of Cansjera rheedii J. Gmelin (Opiliaceae) on diuretic activity in rats Varadarassou Mouttaya Mounnissamy*1, Subramanian Kavimani1, Gnanapragasam Sankari1,S. Dhayalamurthi1 Sabarimuthu Darlin Quine2, K. Subramani3 1College of Pharmacy, Mother Theresa Post Graduate and Research Institute of Health Sciences (MTPG&RIHS), (A Govt. of Puducherry Institution), Gorimedu, Indira Nagar, Puducherry-605 006. India. 2School of Chemical and biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thirumalaisamudhram,Thanjavour-613 412. Tamil Nadu, India. 3Department of Chemistry, Kanchi Mamunivar Centre for Post-Graduate Studies (KMCPGS), Lawspet, Puducherry-605 008, India. Received on: 20-05-2009; Accepted on:15-07-2009 ABSTRACT In the present study ethanol extract of Cansjera rheedii 250mg/kg, p.o. and 500mg/kg, p.o. were tested for diuretic activity in normal rats. The activity was compared with frusemide (10mg/kg, p.o.) as standard drug. Results revealed that both concentration of the extracts exhibited significant diuretic activity as evidenced by increased total volume of urine and urine concentration of Na+, K+ and Cl-. The result thus supports the use of C. rheedii as diuretic agent. Keywords: Diuretic activity, Cansjera rheedii, Frusemide. INTRODUCTION Diuretics play an important role in situation of fluid over- were collected in and around Auroville, Puducherry in the month of load, like acute and chronic renal failure, hypercalciurea, cirrhosis of June 2006 and it was identified and authenticated by Auro Herbarium liver and also as an anti-hypertensive agent. A number of diuretics Sakthi Botanical Survey Department, Auroville. A voucher speciman like mannitol, thiazides, frusemide, ethacrinic acid are used in prac- has been kept in our laboratory for future reference (VS-12). The tice. Still there is a need for more effective and less toxic diuretic. aerial parts of the plants of Cansjera rheedii were cut into small pieces, Many indigenous drugs have been claimed to have diuretic effect in shade dried and powdered. The coarse powder was subjected to Ayurvedic system of medicine but they were not properly investi- continuous hot extraction in a soxhlet by using ethanol (95% V/V). gated. Among the several plants, Tribulus terrestris, Dendrophthoe The ethanol was removed by distillation under reduced pressure. falcate, Boerhaavia diffusa, Hormonia riparia have shown excellent This extract was dissolved in normal saline and used for the experi- diuretic activity [1]. In our earlier studies, we have reported diuretic ment. activity of Orthosiphon thymiflorus [2] and Azima tetracantha[3]. The presence study was taken up to evaluate diuretic activity of Animals aerial parts of ethanol extract of Cansjera rheedii J. Gmelin The study was conducted on Wister rats (100-160g) of both (Opiliaceae). sex were procured from Adhiparasakthi College of Pharmacy, Cansjera rheedii (Family:Opiliaceae) is a climbing shrub, Melmaruvathur, Chengalpet district, Tamil Nadu, South India. They sometimes armed, commonly known as Kalimanakeerai in Tamil is were fed on commercial diet (Hindustan Lever Ltd, Bangalore) and generally found in India through Malaya to Hong Kong and North water ad libitum. All the animals acclimatized for a week before use. Australia [4-5]. The tribes of Nilgiris in Tamil Nadu, India using the The room temperature was maintained at 22 ± 2°C. The Institutional plant extract for the treatments of Post-natal pain [6] and Intermittent Animal Ethical Committee had approved the experimental protocol. fever [7]. The extract of Cansjera rheedii has been reported to have Acute Toxicity Study [15] hepatoprotective effect [8], Cytotoxic effect [9], Anthelminthic activ- Acute Toxicity study was performed according to organiza- ity [10], Anti-inflammatory and membrane stabilizing properties [11], tion for economic co-operation and development (OECD) guidelines Antipyretic activity [12] and Hypnotic activity [13]. Preliminary phy- 425. No adverse effect (or) mortality was detected in swiss albino tochemical screening of the ethanolic extract of C. rheedii reveals the mice up to 2g/kg, p.o, of the extract during the 24h observation pe- presence of saponins, flavonoids, glycosides, phenolic compounds riod. and tannins [14]. The literature survey revealed that there are no Assessment of Diuretic activity: scientific studies carried out regarding diuretic activity on the aerial The method of Lipschitz et al [16] was employed for the parts of c.rheedii to substantiate its therapeutic claim. Hence in the evaluation of diuretic activity. The animals were divided into four present study the ethanol extract of aerial parts was examined for its groups (six in each) deprived of food and water for 18hrs prior to the diuretic property. experiment. On the day of experiment, the group I animals received MATERIALS AND METHODS normal saline (25ml/kg, p.o.). The group II animals received frusemide Collection of Plant Materials (10mg/kg, p.o.) the group III and IV animals received ethanol extract The aerial parts of the plant Cansjera rheedii (Opiliaceae) of C.rheedii (250mg/kg, p.o. & 500mg/kg, p.o.) respectively. Immedi- ately after the administration, the animals were kept in metabolic cages (two per cage) specially designed to separate urine and feacal matter *Corresponding author. and kept at room temperature. The total volume of urine was col- Tel.: + 91-9442288084 lected at the end of 24h. During this period no water and food was Telefax: +91-413-2220910 E-mail: [email protected] Journal of Pharmacy Research Vol.2.Issue 9.October 2009 1627-1628 Varadarassou M M et al. / Journal of Pharmacy Research 2009, 2(10),1627-1628 Table- 1.Diuretic activity of ethanol extract of Cansjera rheedii J. Gmelin (Opiliaceae) Group Treatment Vol. of urine Sodium Potassium Chloride (n=6) (ml/24hrs) (meq/24hrs) (meq/24hrs) (meq/24hrs) I Control 4.4 ± 0.04 8.3 ± 0.33 23.8 ± 0.54 0.23 ± 0.040 (25ml/kg, p.o) II Frusemide 8.0 ± 0.05* 17.7 ± 0.62* 28.8 ± 0.19* 0.35 ± 0.081* (10mg/kg, p.o) III C.rheedii 8.4 ± 0.05* 19.5 ± 0.07* 32.3 ± 0.20* 0.43 ± 0.044* (250mg/kg, p.o) IV C.rheedii 9.4 ± 0.05* 26.5 ± 0.07* 55.3 ± 0.38* 0.58 ± 0.018* (500mg/kg, p.o) Values are mean ± SEM, *p<0.001 when compared to control. laya Gupta, Diuretic activity of aqueous extract of Orthosiphon thymiflorus in rats, Indian J Pharm Sci, 1997, 59, 96-98. made available to the animals. The parameters accounted for ascer- 3. Senthamarai R, Kavimani S, Jaykar B, Jayalakshmi A, Jayasakthi S, taining the diuretic activity are total volume of urine and urine con- Sethuramani A, Diuretic activity of Azima tetracantha in rats, Indian centrations of Na+, K+ and Cl-. The Na+ and K+ were measured by Drugs, 1996, 33(9), 479-479. - 4. Gamble J.S, Flora of Presidency of Madras, Botanical Survey of India, flame photometry [17] and Cl concentration was estimated by titra- Calcutta. 1981, 137-138. tion [18] with silver nitrate solution using potassium chromate as 5. Matthew K.M, An Excursion flora of Central Tamil Nadu, India, Oxford and IBH Publications, New Delhi, 1991, 647-648. indicator. 6. Ravikumar K, Vijaya Sankar R, Ethanobotany of Malayali tribes in Statistical Analysis: Melpattu village, Javvadhu hills of Eastern Ghats, Tiruvannamalai All values are expressed as mean ± SEM. The values ob- district, Tamil Nadu, J Econ. Taxon Bot, 2003, 27, 715-726. tained for the above parameters in case of the extracts were compared 7. Hosagoudar VB, Henry AN, Ethanobotany of tribes irular, kurumban with standard drug and control group by using One-Way ANOVA and pariyan of Nilgiris in Tamil Nadu, Southern India, J.Econ. Taxon. Bot, 1996,12, 272-283. followed by student “t” test. P<0.001(compared to control) was con- 8. Mounnissamy VM, Kavimani S, Balu V, Darlin Quine S, Effect of sider significant [19]. ethanol extract of Cansjera rheedii J.Gmelin (Opiliaceae) on Hepato- RESULT AND DISCUSSION toxicity, J.Pharmacol Toxicol., 2008, 3(2), 158-162. 9. Mounnissamy VM, Kavimani S, Balu V, Darlin Quine S, Cytotoxic The results of the present study revealed that the ethanolic effect of various extracts of Cansjera rheedii J.Gmelin (Opiliaceae) extract of C. rheedii aerial parts posses a potent diuretic activity. The on human cancer cell lines, Amala Res. Bulletin, 2007, 27, 252-253. diuretic potency was comparable to that of standard drug frusemide. 10. Mounnissamy VM, Kavimani S, Balu V, Darlin Quine S, Anthelmin- thic activity of Cansjera rheedii J. Gmelin (Opiliaceae), J. Biol. Sci, Here, the ethanolic extract of C.rheedii increases the total volume of 2008, 8(4), 831-833. urine and excretion of Na+, K+ and Cl- (Table-1). 11. Mounnissamy VM, Kavimani S, Balu V, Darlin Quine S, Evaluation of The diuretic effect of both concentration of the extract are anti-inflammatory and membrane stabilizing properties of ethanol extract of Cansjera rheedii J.Gmelin (Opiliaceae), Iranian J. Pharmacol. indicated by increase in both water excretion and excretion of sodium, Therapeutics, 2007, 6, 235-237. potassium and chloride. The active principles responsible for the 12. Mounnissamy VM, Kavimani S, Balu V, Darlin Quine S, Potentiation of pentobarbital hypnosis by ethanol extract of Cansjera rheedii J. diuretic effect of the extract of this plant have not yet been elucidated Gmelin (Opiliaceae) in mice, Adv. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 2008, 9(2), but the preliminary phytochemical analysis showed the presence of 91-93. flavonoids, glycosides, tannins and saponins. It may by suggest 13. Mounnissamy VM, Kavimani S, Balu V, Darlin Quine S, Antipyretic activity of ethanol extract of Cansjera rheedii J. Gmelin (Opiliaceae), that these substances might be responsible, at least in part, for the J. Pharmacol. Toxicol, 2008, 3(5), 378-381.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Family Farming Has Played in About the Contributors Addressing One of the Pressing Challenges of Our Age—Reducing Hunger
    CONTENTS MSSRF Brilliantly written and well-grounded in real life examples, this collection of Science for Sustainable Development List of Tables, Figures and Boxes research papers explores in a concise form the role family farming has played in About the Contributors addressing one of the pressing challenges of our age—reducing hunger. Foreword — Dr. Daniel Ruiz de Garibay Asia-Pacific Sector Coordinator, World Rural Forum. MSSRF 1. Sustainabiity of Small Family Science for Sustainable Development Farms in Asia-Pacific Countries: Challenges and Opportunities T. HAQUE Family farms produce the majority of Asia’s food using, on average, a hectare of 2. Families, Farms and Changing land or less a piece. As populations grow, living standards rise, and as populations Gender Relations in Asia migrate into cities from rural areas, they will be under more pressure than ever to AMIT MITRA • NITYA RAO improve their yields and to withstand climactic and market shocks. At IFAD, we Family 3. Sustaining and Enhancing Small invest in these smallholder and family farms because we have seen, over and over Family Farm Productivity in an Era of again, that it is possible for them to meet these challenges. Family farming has Emerging Challenges proven its potential to be an efficient, lucrative, and environmentally sound busi- Farming AJAY PARIDA Farming Family Meeting the Zero Hunger Challenge ness. This publication provides a fresh and much-welcomed perspective on how 4. Economics of Family Farming: A Study of Returns from Crop we can better ensure that the business of family farming sustains inclusive rural Production in India development for generations to come.
    [Show full text]
  • Santalales: Opiliaceae) in Taiwan
    Biodiversity Data Journal 8: e51544 doi: 10.3897/BDJ.8.e51544 Taxonomic Paper First report of the root parasite Cansjera rheedei (Santalales: Opiliaceae) in Taiwan Po-Hao Chen‡, An-Ching Chung§, Sheng-Zehn Yang| ‡ Graduate Institute of Bioresources, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu Township, Pintung, Taiwan § Liouguei Research Center, Taiwan Forest Research Institute, Liouguei District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan | Department of Forestry, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu Township, Pintung, Taiwan Corresponding author: Sheng-Zehn Yang ([email protected]) Academic editor: Yasen Mutafchiev Received: 27 Feb 2020 | Accepted: 08 Apr 2020 | Published: 10 Apr 2020 Citation: Chen P-H, Chung A-C, Yang S-Z (2020) First report of the root parasite Cansjera rheedei (Santalales: Opiliaceae) in Taiwan. Biodiversity Data Journal 8: e51544. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.8.e51544 Abstract Background The family Opiliaceae in Santalales comprises approximately 38 species within 12 genera distributed worldwide. In Taiwan, only one species of the tribe Champereieae, Champereia manillana, has been recorded. Here we report the first record of a second member of Opiliaceae, Cansjera in tribe Opilieae, for Taiwan. New information The newly-found species, Cansjera rheedei J.F. Gmelin (Opiliaceae), is a liana distributed from India and Nepal to southern China and western Malaysia. This is the first record of both the genus Cansjera and the tribe Opilieae of Opiliaceae in Taiwan. In this report, we provide a taxonomic description for the species and colour photographs to facilitate identification in the field. © Chen P et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
    [Show full text]
  • BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION on the TIWI ISLANDS, NORTHERN TERRITORY: Part 1. Environments and Plants
    BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION ON THE TIWI ISLANDS, NORTHERN TERRITORY: Part 1. Environments and plants Report prepared by John Woinarski, Kym Brennan, Ian Cowie, Raelee Kerrigan and Craig Hempel. Darwin, August 2003 Cover photo: Tall forests dominated by Darwin stringybark Eucalyptus tetrodonta, Darwin woollybutt E. miniata and Melville Island Bloodwood Corymbia nesophila are the principal landscape element across the Tiwi islands (photo: Craig Hempel). i SUMMARY The Tiwi Islands comprise two of Australia’s largest offshore islands - Bathurst (with an area of 1693 km 2) and Melville (5788 km 2) Islands. These are Aboriginal lands lying about 20 km to the north of Darwin, Northern Territory. The islands are of generally low relief with relatively simple geological patterning. They have the highest rainfall in the Northern Territory (to about 2000 mm annual average rainfall in the far north-west of Melville and north of Bathurst). The human population of about 2000 people lives mainly in the three towns of Nguiu, Milakapati and Pirlangimpi. Tall forests dominated by Eucalyptus miniata, E. tetrodonta, and Corymbia nesophila cover about 75% of the island area. These include the best developed eucalypt forests in the Northern Territory. The Tiwi Islands also include nearly 1300 rainforest patches, with floristic composition in many of these patches distinct from that of the Northern Territory mainland. Although the total extent of rainforest on the Tiwi Islands is small (around 160 km 2 ), at an NT level this makes up an unusually high proportion of the landscape and comprises between 6 and 15% of the total NT rainforest extent. The Tiwi Islands also include nearly 200 km 2 of “treeless plains”, a vegetation type largely restricted to these islands.
    [Show full text]
  • OPILIACEAE 山柚子科 Shan You Zi Ke Qiu Huaxing (邱华兴 Chiu Hua-Hsing, Kiu Hua-Xing)1; Paul Hiepko2 Evergreen Trees, Shrubs, Or Lianas, Root Parasites
    Flora of China 5: 205-207. 2003. OPILIACEAE 山柚子科 shan you zi ke Qiu Huaxing (邱华兴 Chiu Hua-hsing, Kiu Hua-xing)1; Paul Hiepko2 Evergreen trees, shrubs, or lianas, root parasites. Stipules absent. Leaves alternate, simple, margin entire, penninerved. Inflo- rescences axillary or cauliflorous, spikes, racemes, or panicles [or umbels, in Africa]; bracts narrowly ovate or scale-like. Flowers small, actinomorphic, (3–)5-merous, bisexual or unisexual and plants then dioecious or gynodioecious (in Champereia). Perianth free or tepals partly united, valvate. Stamens as many as and opposite tepals, free or filaments inserted on tepals; anthers 2-loculed, introrse, dehiscence longitudinal. Disk intrastaminal, lobed, annular, or cupular. Ovary superior or semi-sunken in disk, 1-loculed; ovule 1, pendulous, unitegmic, tenuinucellar; placentation free-central. Style short or none; stigma entire or shallowly lobed. Fruit a drupe. Seed coat thin; endosperm oily; embryo terete, with 3 or 4 linear cotyledons. Ten genera and 33 species: widespread in tropical and subtropical regions; five genera and five species in China. Chen Pang-yu. 1988. Opiliaceae. In: Kiu Hua-shing & Ling Yeou-ruenn, eds., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 24: 46–52. 1a. Inflorescences panicles, sometimes axillary, usually on branches and trunk ............................................................. 5. Champereia 1b. Inflorescences spikes or racemes, axillary, rarely on old branches or trunk. 2a. Flowers in spikes; bracts triangular, persistent ........................................................................................................... 1. Cansjera 2b. Flowers in racemes; bracts broadly ovate to ovate, caducous. 3a. Lianas, sometimes shrubs; rachis of racemes tomentose; drupe 2.5–3 cm .............................................................. 2. Opilia 3b. Trees or shrubs; rachis of racemes glabrous; drupe 1–1.8 cm. 4a.
    [Show full text]
  • Isolation Anti-Diabetic and Antioxidant Evaluation of Aqueous Extract Of
    Vol 6, Issue 3, 2013 ISSN - 0974-2441 Research Article ISOLATION ANTI-DIABETIC AND ANTIOXIDANT EVALUATION OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF CANSJERA RHEEDII LEAVES RAMJITH.U.S1*, ROOPITHA P1, CYRIL MATHEW JACOB2 1Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Crescent College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Madayipara, Payangadi (R.S), Kannur, Kerala- 670358, India.,2Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Nanda College of Pharmacy, Perundurai Main road, Erode, Tamil Nadu- 638052,India.,Email: [email protected] Received: 7 May 2013, Revised and Accepted: 3 June 2013 ABSTRACT The plant Cansjera rheedii belonging to the family Opiliaceae was selected and various studies such as phytochemical and pharmacological activities were carried out.Plant leaves were collected and was shade dried for 15 days, until it was dry enough for extraction. It was then powdered in a grinder and extracted with solvents such as hexane, ethanol, and water.The extracts were subjected to various preliminary phytochemical tests and the results indicated the presence of flavanoids, in the aqueous and alcoholic extract. The compounds were identified by TLC and isolated by column chromatography.The spectral studies were carried out for the aqueous extract of Cansjera rheedii leaves and were subjected for purity testing. The purified fractions were subjected to IR (Infra red spectroscopy), 1H NMR(Nuclear Magnetic resonance spectroscopy), MASS Spectroscopy studies for the confirmation of the functional groups, number of protons and molecular weight.The results obtained from the chemical tests, IR, 1HNMR, MASS spectroscopy gave the conclusion that Quercetin-3-O-β-rutinoside was present in the extract.The anti-diabetic activity of the aqueous extract of Cansjera rheedii leaves were compared with that of standard drugs.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Flora of Australia
    L'IBRARY'OF THE GRAY HERBARIUM HARVARD UNIVERSITY. BOUGHT. THE FLORA OF AUSTRALIA, ITS ORIGIN, AFFINITIES, AND DISTRIBUTION; BEING AN TO THE FLORA OF TASMANIA. BY JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER, M.D., F.R.S., L.S., & G.S.; LATE BOTANIST TO THE ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION. LONDON : LOVELL REEVE, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN. r^/f'ORElGN&ENGLISH' <^ . 1859. i^\BOOKSELLERS^.- PR 2G 1.912 Gray Herbarium Harvard University ON THE FLORA OF AUSTRALIA ITS ORIGIN, AFFINITIES, AND DISTRIBUTION. I I / ON THE FLORA OF AUSTRALIA, ITS ORIGIN, AFFINITIES, AND DISTRIBUTION; BEIKG AN TO THE FLORA OF TASMANIA. BY JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER, M.D., F.R.S., L.S., & G.S.; LATE BOTANIST TO THE ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION. Reprinted from the JJotany of the Antarctic Expedition, Part III., Flora of Tasmania, Vol. I. LONDON : LOVELL REEVE, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN. 1859. PRINTED BY JOHN EDWARD TAYLOR, LITTLE QUEEN STREET, LINCOLN'S INN FIELDS. CONTENTS OF THE INTRODUCTORY ESSAY. § i. Preliminary Remarks. PAGE Sources of Information, published and unpublished, materials, collections, etc i Object of arranging them to discuss the Origin, Peculiarities, and Distribution of the Vegetation of Australia, and to regard them in relation to the views of Darwin and others, on the Creation of Species .... iii^ § 2. On the General Phenomena of Variation in the Vegetable Kingdom. All plants more or less variable ; rate, extent, and nature of variability ; differences of amount and degree in different natural groups of plants v Parallelism of features of variability in different groups of individuals (varieties, species, genera, etc.), and in wild and cultivated plants vii Variation a centrifugal force ; the tendency in the progeny of varieties being to depart further from their original types, not to revert to them viii Effects of cross-impregnation and hybridization ultimately favourable to permanence of specific character x Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection ; — its effects on variable organisms under varying conditions is to give a temporary stability to races, species, genera, etc xi § 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Acute and Sub-Acute Toxicity of Ethanol Extracts of Cansjera Rheedii J
    Journal of Brewing and Distilling Vol. 1(1), pp. 011-014, March 2010 Available online http://www.academicjournals.org/JBD ©2010 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Evaluation of acute and sub-acute toxicity of ethanol extracts of Cansjera rheedii J. Gmelin (Opiliaceae) Varadarasou Mouttaya Mounnissamy1*, Subramanian Kavimani1, Gnanapragasam Sankari1, Sabarimuthu Darlin Quine2 and Kuppuswamy Subramani3 1College of Pharmacy, Mother Theresa Post Graduate and Research Institute of Health Sciences (MTPG and RIHS), (A Government of Puducherry Institution), Indira Nagar, Gorimedu, Puducherry-605 006, India. 2School of Chemical and biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thirumalaisamudhram, Thanjavour-613 412, Tamil Nadu, India. 3Department of Chemistry, KMCPGS, Lawspet, Puducherry-605 008, India. Accepted 6 October, 2009 Acute and subacute toxicity of ethanol (95% v/v) extract of aerial parts of Cansjera rheedii J. Gmelin (Opiliaceae) was evaluated in Swiss mice and Wistar albino rats. The acute toxicity studies were conducted as per the OECD guidelines 420, where the limit test dose of 2000 mg/kg used. Observations were made and recorded systemically on 1, 2, 4 and 24 h after dose administration for skin changes, morbidity, aggressivity, sensitivity of the sound and pain, as well as respiratory movement. For the sub acute toxicity, four groups of 6 rats (3 male and 3 female) were received, distilled water (control) 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg of extracts every 24 h orally for 28 days. No significant variation (p < 0.05) in the body and organ weights between the control and the treated group was observed after 28 days of treatment. Haematological analysis and clinical blood chemistry revealed no toxic effects of the extract.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Biodiversity Science, Discovery, and Conservation: Case Studies from Australasia and the Pacific
    Plant Biodiversity Science, Discovery, and Conservation: Case Studies from Australasia and the Pacific Craig Costion School of Earth and Environmental Sciences Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Adelaide Adelaide, SA 5005 Thesis by publication submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology July 2011 ABSTRACT This thesis advances plant biodiversity knowledge in three separate bioregions, Micronesia, the Queensland Wet Tropics, and South Australia. A systematic treatment of the endemic flora of Micronesia is presented for the first time thus advancing alpha taxonomy for the Micronesia-Polynesia biodiversity hotspot region. The recognized species boundaries are used in combination with all known botanical collections as a basis for assessing the degree of threat for the endemic plants of the Palau archipelago located at the western most edge of Micronesia’s Caroline Islands. A preliminary assessment is conducted utilizing the IUCN red list Criteria followed by a new proposed alternative methodology that enables a degree of threat to be established utilizing existing data. Historical records and archaeological evidence are reviewed to establish the minimum extent of deforestation on the islands of Palau since the arrival of humans. This enabled a quantification of population declines of the majority of plants endemic to the archipelago. In the state of South Australia, the importance of establishing concepts of endemism is emphasized even further. A thorough scientific assessment is presented on the state’s proposed biological corridor reserve network. The report highlights the exclusion from the reserve system of one of the state’s most important hotspots of plant endemism that is highly threatened from habitat fragmentation and promotes the use of biodiversity indices to guide conservation priorities in setting up reserve networks.
    [Show full text]
  • Rubiaceae of the Bukit Timah Nature Reserve
    Rain Forest in the City: Bukit Timah Nature Reserve Singapore CONTENTS Chapter 1 Introduction ................................................................................... 1 Richard T. Corlett Chapter 2 History ............................................................................................ 7 Richard T. Corlett Chapter 3 Flowering Plants ......................................................................... 11 Richard T. Corlett Chapter 4 Rubiaceae ..................................................................................... 29 Hugh T. W. Tan, K.S. Chua & Ian M. Turner Chapter 5 Pteridophytes ............................................................................... 61 Y.C. Wee Chapter 6 Bryophytes ................................................................................... 71 Y.C. Wee & Haji Mohamed Chapter 7 Algae ............................................................................................. 77 Y.C. Wee Chapter 8 Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizae .......................................... 81 I. Louis Chapter 9 Mammals ..................................................................................... 93 Richard T. Corlett & Peter W. Lucas Chapter 10 Long-Tailed Macaques ............................................................. 105 Peter W. Lucas Chapter 11 Birds ........................................................................................... 121 N. Kang & Christopher J. Hails Chapter 12 Amphibians and Reptiles ........................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The First Mistletoes: Origins of Aerial Parasitism in Santalales
    Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 47 (2008) 523–537 www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev The first mistletoes: Origins of aerial parasitism in Santalales Romina Vidal-Russell, Daniel L. Nickrent * Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901-6509, USA Received 16 April 2007; revised 11 October 2007; accepted 17 January 2008 Available online 26 January 2008 Abstract Past molecular phylogenetic work has shown that aerial parasites have evolved five times independently in the sandalwood order (Santalales), but the absolute timing of these diversifications was not addressed. DNA sequences from nuclear SSU and LSU rDNA, and chloroplast rbcL, matK and trnL-F from 39 santalalean taxa were obtained. Separate and combined data partitions were analyzed with maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference. Time estimates were performed with Bayesian relaxed molecular clock and penalized likelihood methods using published fossil data. Both methods gave comparable divergence dates for the major clades. These data confirm five origins of aerial parasitism, first in Misodendraceae ca. 80 Mya and subsequently in Viscaceae (72 Mya), ‘‘Eremolepidaceae” (53 Mya), tribe Amphorogyneae in Santalaceae (46 Mya), and Loranthaceae (28 Mya). The rapid adaptive radiation and speciation in Loranthaceae coincides with the appearance of savanna biomes during the Oligocene. In all clades except Misodendraceae, it appears that aerial parasites evolved from ancestors that were polymorphic for either root or stem parasitism—a condition here termed amphi- phagous. Convergences in morphological features associated with the mistletoe habit have occurred such as the squamate habit, seed attachment structures, unisexual flowers, and loss of chlorophyll. Ó 2008 Elsevier Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Cansjera and Opilia) Are
    Opiliaceae P. Hiepko Berlin) Small evergreen trees, shrubs or lianas; two genera (Cansjera and Opilia) are known to be root-parasites. Leaves distichous, simple, usually extremely var- iable in form and size, entire, exstipulate, pinnately veined; dried leaves mostly finely tubercled by cystoliths located in the mesophyll. Inflorescences axillary or cauliflorous, panicle-like, racemose, umbellate (in Africa) or spicate; bracts narrowly ovate or scale-like, in Opilia peltate, often early caducous. Flowers small, (3—) 4—5) (—6)-merous, mainly bisexual, sometimes unisexual and plants then dioecious (Gjellerupia, Melientha, and Agonandra) or gynodioecious Perianth with free or sometimes united (Champereia) . valvate, partly tepals (in flowers of Gjellerupia wanting). Stamens as many as and opposite to the tep- als (in flowers only small staminodes); anthers introrse, 2-celled, longitu- dinally dehiscent. Disk intrastaminal, lobed (lobes alternating with the sta- mens), annular, or cupular. Ovary superior, 1-celled; style short or none, stigma entire or lobed. Ovule from the of central shallowly 1, pendulous apex a placen- ta, anatropous, unitegmic and tenuinucellar. Fruit drupaceous, pericarp rather thin, mesocarp ± fleshy-juicy, endocarp woody or crustaceous. Seed large, conform the without hilum to drupe, testa; basal, often in a funnel-shaped cavi- ty. Embryo terete, embeddedin rich, oily endosperm, nearly as long as the seed or shorter, with 3—4 linear cotyledons, radicle often very short. Distribution. There 9 with about 30 in the are genera spp., widespread tropics. Rhopalopilia is restricted to Africa and Madagascar, Agonandra to South and Central America. In Malesia: 7 5 these known from the Old World New genera, of only eastern (1 endemic: Gjellerupia in Gui- nea); Opilia and Urobotrya occur also in tropical Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Cansjera Rheedii Leaves Extract on Mild Steel in Natural Sea Water
    © IJEDR 2018 | Volume 6, Issue 4 | ISSN: 2321-9939 Effect of Cansjera Rheedii leaves extract on mild steel in Natural Sea Water 1Rama . V, 2I. Malarvizhi, 3Dr.S.Selvaraj 1,2Research scholar, 3Associate Professor Sriparamakalyani college, Alwarkurichi Affliated to Manonmaniam Sundranar university _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Abstract - Cansjera Rheedii leaves has shown excellent inhibition effect on Mild Steel in Natural Sea Water environment. The inhibition efficiency increased with the increase of inhibitor concentration and attain, maximum of 96%. This is due to the adsorption of active inhibitor molecules such as oxygen, hetero atom present in the phytochemical constituent may bind with the metal atom, present on the surface. However, the inhibition efficiency gradually decreased with the rise in temperature and suggests the physisorption process. The various thermodynamic parameters viz activation energy (Ea), enthalpy of adsorption (ΔHads) and free energy changes (ΔGads) indicates that the adsorption of inhibitor on metal surface follows physisorption, endothermic and spontaneous process respectively. The inhibitor is found to obey Langmuir adsorption isotherms. The morphological studies may confirmed by SEM images. The corrosion products formed on the metal surface also characterised by FT-IR, and EDX spectroscopy. Key Words - Mild Steel, Green inhibitor, Natural Sea Water, Mass Loss, Adsorption, Spectral studies. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1.0 Introduction Mild steel is most familiar material widely employed in a variety of industries in world wide. But the main problem of using this material undergoes dissolution in acidic solutions. In various industrial processes, acid solutions are commonly used for removal of rust and scale. Use of inhibitor is one of the best method to prevent metal dissolution is very common [1, 3].
    [Show full text]