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Red Rooster Black Hen.Pdf The exhibition Red Rooster Black Hen – Fertility Cults: Rituals, Customs and Beliefs, prepared in collaboration with my associates from the Museum of Macedonia and the Archaeological Museum in Skopje, reveals only a small portion of the fertility cults practiced on the territory of Macedonia from prehistory until today. Several institutions, as well as researchers, my dear colleagues and co-workers, unselfishly contributed to its fulfillment. The exhibition was part of a project, set up for the first time in 2015, during the”White Night“event, organized by the city of Skopje. Material manifestation of the cults and fertility rituals in this exhibition are represented through prehistoric female figurines, vessels and lamps from the classical antiquity, as well as the gear of masked characters, Easter eggs and traditional Macedonian woman`s garments from the 19 and 20 centuries. Contemporary photographs and video documentaries illustrate the intangible side of the fertility cults. Throughout the history, each culture and community had distinct symbols and manifestations of the fertility cult. The prehistoric fertility cults are represented by numerous finds of clay figurines and zoomorphic sacrificial altars from Macedonia supposedly used in some kind or fertility rituals. During the classical antiquity, sexuality was interwoven with the everyday life of people, as presented on erotic scenes and motifs appearing on the ordinary utilitarian objects such as lamps and vessels. The erotic topics and motifs have been transferred for centuries through the traditional folk oral forms. Hence, the chosen songs, stories, sayings and puzzles are just a part of the erotic folklore that were practiced in the past, but also actively created and transmitted to present day. The rituals with masks that celebrate the end of winter and revival of the nature encompass symbolic ritual activities that should secure the fertility of people, livestock and crops. These archaic customs and rites are presented through photographs and the documentaries Dzolomari and Govedar Kamen. Twisted fringes and tassels adorning the aprons of Macedonian women from the 19th and 20th centuries could be considered changed later forms of the prehistoric string skirts. The fringes, as well as the entire ensemble of the traditional dress of Macedonian women with its ornaments represent the biological readiness of women for reproduction. They were also a strong symbolic agent to incite fertility and served as a magical protector from the invisible evil forces that could take away the women’s ability to reproduce. Combining together the objects from the prehistoric past and antiquity with the folk dress from the last century and the visual presentation of the fertility rituals from the present, was a challenge for the authors of this exhibition. I believe that collaboration and interdisciplinary approach is the best way to present various themes is that will attract the museum audience. Jovan Šurbanoski The survival of the mankind has always been closely related with the The primary role of the fertility cults is to stimulate the semiotic unpredictability of the nature. In order to provide a stable subsistence, mechanisms, by performing rituals for effective realization of people initiated a number of actions that could help to confront certain natural phenomena. In Macedonia, the rituals with masks are the droughts, the lack of food, diseases and death. The perpetual performed in the transitional periods at the end of the old and the repetition of such symbolic activities fostered the appearance of beginning of the new year or season. They are very important for the various rites and cults. Rites are ritualized choreography of the cults community, as they are believed to improve the fertility of humans, often worshipping particular mythical characters, ancestors, gods, life stock and vegetation and chase away the evil forces. Important spirits or totemic animals. Some of them are focused on the vital part of those rituals, as well as of the wedding ceremonies, are folk functions of the human body, such as the fertility cults, based on the songs, proverbs and puzzles as verbal magic enhancing the fertility on the essential biological reproduction. of humans, but also as informal sexual education. In biology, fertility denotes the ability of the living organisms to Photographs, documentaries and excerpts from folk literature reproduce and create offspring. In ethnology and cultural anthropology, illustrate the intangible expression of the fertility cults in this fertility is associated with the fertility cult as an integral part of the exhibition, while the archeological and ethnographic artifacts practices and beliefs within the cultural and traditional models of the represent their material manifestation. Being so essential for the world and the life. existence and survival of the people, the ancient fertility cults from the deep past have survived until the present, and are still The first evidence of this cult go as far as the Paleolithic Venus actively practiced through the rituals, ceremonies and festivities figurines and the figurines of women and anthropomorphic altars from throughout Macedonia. the Neolithic and the Eneolithic Period. Some of those figurines wear string skirts as a signal of their fertility. The fringes that embellish the traditional garments of the girls eligible for marriage, the brides and young women from Macedonia announced to the community that they are able to bear children, but they also stimulated and protected their fertility. The fertility cult encompasses a number of beliefs and rituals for maintaining the balance in nature, as a precondition for the fertility and reproduction of humans, animals and plants. There are numerous rituals that help people to survive: invoking the rain – Dodole; insuring a rich harvest, by putting an egg, as a symbol of fertility and life force, in the first furrow; gaining the affection of supernatural forces that affect fertility by honoring the spirit of the wheat and corn, as well as the rites for providing health, fertility and offspring performed at the sacred places. ARCHAEOLOGICAL MANIFESTATIONS RELATED TO THE FERTILITY RITUALS AND THE REPRESENTATIONS OF EROTIC SCENES The symbols of fertility had distinct manifestations during the history, closely connected to the characteristics of each specific culture and community. At the Neolithic sites in Republic of Macedonia, numerous clay figurines, anthropomorphic as well as zoomorphic, dated to the 6th and 5th millennium BC, testifies that even in the ancient prehistory, the fertility cults were omnipresent. There are different interpretations of the anthropomorphic models of houses, popularly known as Magna Mater, regarding 1 2 their meaning and function. The current ones explain these objects as fertility altars. Magna Mater is an expression of the skillful Neolithic craftsman who artistically represented the basic perceptions of the fertility cult, authentically making it more familiar and placing it in a function of the basic needs of the community. This object is made of two separate finely joined halves - anthropomorphic and architectonic. The upper half of the altar, a hollow cylindrical body, ending in a circular opening at the top of the head, represents a woman. The facial expression is stylized and archaic, with the coiffure and jewelry around the neck. The elements that represent fertility are emphasized, such as the breasts and the stomach. Her arms are bent at the elbows and the palms positioned on the lower part, which actually renders a model of a house, decorated with two openings, one across the other. This object symbolizes the cosmogonal connection Earth - house - mother - fertility - space. This iconographic concept is an expression of the basic 3 4 idea of cults and beliefs in the Neolithic communities. It is presumed that Magna Mater is a representation of a guardian of the home and the family with strong apotropaic properties. But, she could also have a cosmogonal role, as well as many other divine functions. As she is depicted with her hairstyle and bracelets, we can also see how the women of that period looked like. One of the most outstanding and authentic expressions of the contact with the occult in the Neolithic and the Eneolithic are the female figurines and quite rarely the male figurines. Those miniature objects are considered by different archaeologists, to represent humans, ancestors or deities. It is presumed that some of the female figurines were used during the rites associated to some fertility cults. The figurines artistically represent the idea of the woman and her role in the community. Every depiction is unique, they women are mostly naked, but some of them have clothes, sometimes only lightly emphasized with a bone tool. These figurines are larger and were always discovered in the central areas of the houses, near the hearth, positioned as they were placed on a pedestal, 5 with an idea to protect the home and the family. Their presence in the settlements and sanctuaries from the Eneolithic period, indicates that people worshipped deities and used the figurines in fertility rituals. Some archaeologists assume that they are connected to the fertility cult, as, presumably, in the prehistory it was believed that life originated in the fertile soil or it was the woman who procreated the humanity. She occupies the central place between the sky and the underworld, representing the female element giving birth, while the male element is the sky above it. The representations of pregnant women were adored as crucial for the procreation of the new generations. Some of the figurines were broken during the rituals, sending a message for the fertility of the human mothers and the Mother - Earth. At the same time, they represent the symbol of beauty, an idea of how the woman was adorned with numerous details of her clothes and jewelry. 6 The lower halves of their bodies are decorated with incised concentric lines, accentuating the female attributes.This may support the theory that for they tattooed their bodies.
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