DOCSLIB.ORG

Mangrove Mangrove Management Management As by Marta Vannucci Were Trained in the Techniques

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mangrove Mangrove Management Management As by Marta Vannucci Were Trained in the Techniques INTERNATIONAL NEWSLETTER OF COASTAL MANAGEMENT Narragansett, Rhode Island, U.S.A. • Special Edition # 1 • March, 1997 Supporting Appropriate Mangrove Mangrove Management Management As By Marta Vannucci were trained in the techniques. In Stewardship other parts of the world, mangroves ll cultures which border the sea were considered to be sacred forests, By Stephen B. Olsen, Editor A in the tropical belt of the world to be used only for the disposal of the have connections with mangroves in dead, as in the Solomon Islands, or for one way or another. These range from special rites. Elsewhere mangroves he collection of reports using mangrove wood for fuel or for have been valued for the beauty of T and essays in this issue of making simple rafts (as the aborigines their flowers or used to build impene- Intercoast Network demonstrate Highlights of the Timor Sea in northern Australia trable fences. The uses of this ecosys- that there is increasing conver- do), to the planting of seeds, propag- tem would fill an encyclopedia. gence among the diversity of 4 ules and saplings for coastal protec- Scientists were fascinated by the approaches as to how mangrove Mangrove tion. In New Zealand, for example, anatomy, histology, physiology and wetlands should be managed. The Decline in the there are remains of rows of mangrove chemicals of the plants and animals many voices and perspectives in Philippines bushes planted to stabilize the coast by adapted to such a demanding environ- this special issue reinforce that early generations of Maori people. In ment, and the noted Swedish botanist progress is indeed being made 6 other areas, such as Malaysia, Linnaeus clearly appreciated the value towards a stewardship ethic for Coastal Rhizophora was specifically planted of mangroves, naming Avicennia offici- these important and threatened Monitoring because of its resistance to rot and nalis after a famous Arab doctor and features of tropical coastlines. in Nicaragua boring animals, which makes it good the Latin word for medicinal: offici- The term stewardship presents for building houses and jetties. Nypa nalis. However, most of the Europeans great difficulties for translators 13 palms were encouraged to grow for who swarmed across the world follow- to many of the languages spoken Options for their fronds and sap, and later this ing the Age of Discoveries failed to where mangroves predominate. Abandoned species was grown in plantations, for recognize the benefits of this ecosys- It is therefore often useful to Shrimp Ponds example in Indonesia. The productive tem, other than for capture fisheries (continued page 43) waters surrounding mangroves have (continued page 3) 15 provided a range of fishery products, Aquaculture such as crustaceans and mollusks, in Madagascar which are harvested in a variety of ways. The waters are used for farming 20 fish and crabs, and even algae, for food Mangroves or chemicals. Taking one example, Around when the Portuguese first arrived in the World India, they learned from the indige- nous people how to use the mangroves 25 to create rice-fish-mangrove farms. The Role Much of this traditional knowledge of Ramsar was described in the letters of the Viceroys to the King of Portugal, and was later taken by Jesuit and Franciscan fathers to Angola and Mozambique where the local people WHY A SPECIAL ISSUE ON MANGROVES? Intercoast Network tries in each “Mangrove forests form a vital links to other coastal and non- issue to give a broad a range of link between terrestrial ecosystems coastal issues that affect coastal viewpoints, ideas and information and coral reefs,” said Michael Benge, ecosystems. By expanding our on coastal management issues as head of the USAID Center for the scope and looking outside our possible. So one might ask, “Why Environment’s Forestry/Global traditional readership to a wider do a special edition that focuses Climate team. “Mangroves are being range of experts, we hope to find only on mangroves?” destroyed very rapidly, mainly due to creative tools and techniques, and By doing a special edition, cutting for charcoal and building begin to forge the all-encompassing, Intercoast is able to go into depth ponds for shrimp mariculture–which “big picture” linkages that are so on a critical issue that cannot be has proven to be a very unsustainable vital to effective integrated coastal explored as widely or as deeply in use. This shortsighted exploitation management. a regular issue. Mangroves are an of mangroves endangers not only the “USAID’s global environmental essential component of estuarine mangrove forests, but also the inter- program well understands the issue systems, filtering inland water as acting environmental resources and of coastal management, and also it flows to the sea, and serving as local societies which rely upon their appreciates the value of mangroves a nursery and primary habitat for existence.” both environmentally and economi- abundant and diverse species. The By more closely examining this cally. It is essential to increase pub- principal funders of this issue, the resource within the entire coastal lic awareness of their value and vul- United States Agency for Inter- ecosystem, we hope to be able to nerability,” concludes Benge, “so a national Development (USAID) offer valuable and usable information balance among the uses of man- also took into account how a special for those addressing complex man- groves can be achieved and the ben- issue on mangroves could make the grove management problems in the efits they provide both environmen- bridge to other key areas in their field. tally and economically for future diverse portfolio of projects. Intercoast also works to create generations can be sustained.“ Mangrove Edition a Team Effort This expanded special edition of pages. Wells, a coastal management staff to identify key managers and Intercoast Network is the result of a professional, worked with Intercoast experts in the field of mangrove man- unique team effort among authors from staff at the Coastal Resources Center agement, and get them on board as all parts of the globe, editors on two (CRC) at the University of Rhode contributing writers. In November, she different continents and financial sup- Island as a guest editor. A native of left the U.S. to take on her position port from the United States Agency for England, Wells is currently marine with WWF-International. Despite Internation-al Development Forestry/ programme coordinator at World starting a new job, through the modern Global Climate Change Initiative in its Wildlife Fund International’s (WWF- miracles of E-mail and FAX machines, Bureau for Global Programs, Field International) office in Gland, Sue managed to stay in constant touch Support, and Research’s Center for Switzerland. She is active in a breadth with Intercoast staff and the authors of Environment. of integrated coastal management ini- articles, and helped guide the issue This increased financial support tiatives, though more often with a through to final publication. Her allowed us to expand the length of this focus on coral reefs than mangroves. expertise, extended network and hard edition to more comprehensively cover Wells arrived at CRC in the sum- work help make this edition one which the topic of mangroves and to secure a mer of 1996 to take on the challenge we believe will improve integrated technical editor–Susan Wells–who of putting out the biggest-ever issue of coastal management work with man- could help draw together leading prac- Intercoast, with its focus solely on one grove systems all over the world. We titioners with expertise involving man- topic–mangroves. She remained at thank all of those who contributed to grove eco-systems, and to share their CRC for three months, working close- this inspiring effort. experiences and viewpoints in these ly with editor Stephen Olsen and CRC – Chip Young, Managing Editor 2 Intercoast Network • Mangrove Edition Mangrove Management a range of habitat types that have little of the Caribbean and Central and South (continued from page 1) in common other than the fact that America, and for wood chips for the they are inundated by the sea at regu- rayon industry. Developers, guided by and fuel wood. Mangroves were usually lar intervals. Mangroves include a vast foreign investors, often totally disregard considered to be wastelands, unhealthy range of combinations of tidal regimes, legal obligations to replant or conserve for navigation and humans alike. Since climatic variations, species composition, buffer zones. The greatest numbers of the very early 16th century, they were and physical, chemical and microbio- offenders now are those who clear cut marked on Portuguese charts, often logical composition of soils and water, the mangroves to establish intensive using special symbols to indicate dan- resulting in widely varying growth, shrimp farming. Intensive and semi- ger for any craft larger than dugout reproduction and productivity. They intensive methods have been used indis- canoes, rafts and catamarans. must therefore be used and managed criminately with total disregard for their Apart from the management prac- according to these constraints, bearing suitability, resulting in major changes to tices used in India, the traditional tam- in mind the socio-economic needs of the ecology of the area. This, combined bak-sari system of Java, Indonesia and local people. with the inten- other scattered examples, large scale Well into the 20th century, scientif- sive inputs of intentional management of extensive ic research focused mainly on taxono- feed and fertiliz- Save The Mangroves? mangrove areas started, as far as we my and description, while the “dreaded er, and aeration, know, only in the 19th century. The swamps” were treated with indiffer- and the spread “Oh these mangroves. I never aims and goals varied with the needs ence or downright condemnation by of epidemic dis- saw one that looked as if it pos- and greed of the power game.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Salt Point State Marine Conservation Area North Central California Marine Protected Areas (Mpas), Established May 2010
    Salt Point State Marine Conservation Area North Central California Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), Established May 2010 Red abalone Blue rockfish Salt Point SMCA (Haliotis rufescens) (Sebastes mystinus) Photo by Brian Owens Photo by CDFW Photo by Kevin Joe Site Overview Photos are representative of the North Central Coast Region and may not be within this MPA. What is an MPA? MPAs are a type of marine managed area (MMA) where marine or estuarine waters are set aside primarily to protect or conserve marine life and associated habitats. California has a coastal network of 124 protected areas designed to help increase the coherence and effectiveness of protecting the state’s marine life, habitats, and ecosystems. The network includes three types of MPA: state marine reserve (SMR), state marine conservation area (SMCA), and state marine park (SMP); one MMA: state marine recreational management area (SMRMA); and special closures. There are 119 MPAs, 5 MMAs and 15 special closures, each with unique boundaries and regulations in the network. Non-consumptive activities, restoration, and permitted scientific research are allowed. What is an SMCA? An SMCA is a type of MPA that protects resources by allowing for only specific types of recreational and/or commercial take to occur. (Area restrictions are defined in Title 14, Section 632(a)(1)(C)). Salt Point SMCA Overview Salt Point SMCA Key Habitats MPA size: 1.84 square miles Beaches: 0.62 miles Depth range: 0 to 226 feet Rocky shores: 4.30 miles Along-shore span (shoreline): 2.40 miles Sand (all depths): 1.14 square miles Rock (all depths): 0.40 square miles Where is Salt Point SMCA? Average Kelp (1989 to 2008): 0.11 square miles Unidentified (all depths): 0.28 square miles Boundaries and Regulations Boundary: This area is bounded by the mean high tide line and straight lines connecting the following points in the order listed: 38° 35.600' N.
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Nature Conservation in the Pelagic Environment: a Case for Pelagic Marine Protected Areas?
    Marine nature conservation in the pelagic environment: a case for pelagic Marine Protected Areas? Susan Gubbay September 2006 Contents Contents......................................................................................................................................... 1 Executive summary....................................................................................................................... 2 1 Introduction........................................................................................................................... 4 2 The pelagic environment....................................................................................................... 4 2.1 An overview...................................................................................................................... 4 2.2 Characteristics of the pelagic environment ....................................................................... 5 2.3 Spatial and temporal structure in the pelagic environment ............................................... 6 2.4 Marine life....................................................................................................................... 10 3 Biodiversity conservation in the pelagic environment........................................................ 12 3.1 Environmental concerns.................................................................................................. 12 3.2 Legislation, policy and management tools...................................................................... 15
    [Show full text]
  • Pdf 325,34 Kb
    (Final Report) An analysis of lessons learnt and best practices, a review of selected biodiversity conservation and NRM projects from the mountain valleys of northern Pakistan. Faiz Ali Khan February, 2013 Contents About the report i Executive Summary ii Acronyms vi SECTION 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. The province 1 1.2 Overview of Natural Resources in KP Province 1 1.3. Threats to biodiversity 4 SECTION 2. SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS (review of related projects) 5 2.1 Mountain Areas Conservancy Project 5 2.2 Pakistan Wetland Program 6 2.3 Improving Governance and Livelihoods through Natural Resource Management: Community-Based Management in Gilgit-Baltistan 7 2.4. Conservation of Habitats and Species of Global Significance in Arid and Semiarid Ecosystem of Baluchistan 7 2.5. Program for Mountain Areas Conservation 8 2.6 Value chain development of medicinal and aromatic plants, (HDOD), Malakand 9 2.7 Value Chain Development of Medicinal and Aromatic plants (NARSP), Swat 9 2.8 Kalam Integrated Development Project (KIDP), Swat 9 2.9 Siran Forest Development Project (SFDP), KP Province 10 2.10 Agha Khan Rural Support Programme (AKRSP) 10 2.11 Malakand Social Forestry Project (MSFP), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 11 2.12 Sarhad Rural Support Program (SRSP) 11 2.13 PATA Project (An Integrated Approach to Agriculture Development) 12 SECTION 3. MAJOR LESSONS LEARNT 13 3.1 Social mobilization and awareness 13 3.2 Use of traditional practises in Awareness programs 13 3.3 Spill-over effects 13 3.4 Conflicts Resolution 14 3.5 Flexibility and organizational approach 14 3.6 Empowerment 14 3.7 Consistency 14 3.8 Gender 14 3.9.
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Biodiversity and International Law: Instruments and Institutions That Can Be Used to Conserve Marine Biological Diversity Internationally
    MARINE BIODIVERSITY AND INTERNATIONAL LAW: INSTRUMENTS AND INSTITUTIONS THAT CAN BE USED TO CONSERVE MARINE BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY INTERNATIONALLY SUZANNE IUDICELLO* MARGARET LYTLE† I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................. 124 A. What is Marine Biodiversity? ........................................ 124 B. The Threats to Marine Biodiversity ............................... 126 II. OVEREXPLOITATION ..................................................................... 127 A. International Framework for Fisheries Management .................................................................... 129 1. Early Efforts at Fishery Management ............... 130 2. The 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea ................................................... 131 B. Regional Fishery Organizations and Agreements ........ 134 C. Additional International Agreements Protecting Marine Mammals, Birds and Other Wildlife................. 136 1. Marine Mammal Conventions .......................... 136 2. Protection of Migratory Birds ........................... 138 3. Conservation of Overexploited Wildlife .......... 140 D. Domestic Strategies for Conserving Marine Biodiversity Globally ...................................................... 141 1. Trade and Economic Measures ......................... 141 2. Direct Regulation ............................................... 143 III. ALTERATION OF THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT .......................... 144 A. Coastal Development .....................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Geographic, Geological and Oceanographic Setting of the Indus River
    16 The Geographic, Geological and Oceanographic Setting of the Indus River Asif Inam1, Peter D. Clift2, Liviu Giosan3, Ali Rashid Tabrez1, Muhammad Tahir4, Muhammad Moazam Rabbani1 and Muhammad Danish1 1National Institute of Oceanography, ST. 47 Clifton Block 1, Karachi, Pakistan 2School of Geosciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK 3Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA 4Fugro Geodetic Limited, 28-B, KDA Scheme #1, Karachi 75350, Pakistan 16.1 INTRODUCTION glaciers (Tarar, 1982). The Indus, Jhelum and Chenab Rivers are the major sources of water for the Indus Basin The 3000 km long Indus is one of the world’s larger rivers Irrigation System (IBIS). that has exerted a long lasting fascination on scholars Seasonal and annual river fl ows both are highly variable since Alexander the Great’s expedition in the region in (Ahmad, 1993; Asianics, 2000). Annual peak fl ow occurs 325 BC. The discovery of an early advanced civilization between June and late September, during the southwest in the Indus Valley (Meadows and Meadows, 1999 and monsoon. The high fl ows of the summer monsoon are references therein) further increased this interest in the augmented by snowmelt in the north that also conveys a history of the river. Its source lies in Tibet, close to sacred large volume of sediment from the mountains. Mount Kailas and part of its upper course runs through The 970 000 km2 drainage basin of the Indus ranks the India, but its channel and drainage basin are mostly in twelfth largest in the world. Its 30 000 km2 delta ranks Pakiistan.
    [Show full text]
  • Policy Highlights Marine Protected Areas Economics, Management and Effective Policy Mixes
    Marine Protected Areas Economics, Management and Effective Policy Mixes Policy HIGHLIGHTS Marine Protected Areas Economics, Management and Effective Policy Mixes Progress in expanding the coverage of marine protected areas is underway. With a push from the Sustainable Development Goals their global coverage is expected to increase even further. But their effectiveness is uneven. It is one thing to draw a line on a map – it is another to effectively design, site, monitor and enforce them. We are starting to understand what works and what doesn’t. Adaptive management and improvements over time will be essential if marine conservation and sustainable use objectives are to be met. Simon Upton – OECD Environment Director POLICY HI G HLI G H T Pressures on marine ecosystems from human activities are already severe and the often S competing demands for marine space and resources are projected to rise. Costs of poor ocean management practices include environmental and social costs that are often not factored into decision-making processes. This undermines the resilience of the ecosystems upon which we depend, for food, for income, but also other less visible life-support functions such as coastal protection, habitat provisioning and carbon sequestration. Marine protected areas are one of the policy instruments available to help ensure the conservation and sustainable use of our vast yet vulnerable ecosystems. While progress is being made towards increasing the global coverage of marine protected areas, significantly greater efforts are needed to ensure these are also being located in areas that are under threat and can therefore yield greatest environmental benefits, and that they are effectively managed.
    [Show full text]
  • Makran Gateways: a Strategic Reference for Gwadar and Chabahar
    IDSA Occasional Paper No. 53 MAKRAN GATEWAYS A Strategic Reference for Gwadar and Chabahar Philip Reid MAKRAN GATEWAYS | 1 IDSA OCCASIONAL PAPER NO. 53 MAKRAN GATEWAYS A STRATEGIC REFERENCE FOR GWADAR AND CHABAHAR PHILIP REID 2 | PHILIP REID Cover image: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Buzi_Pass,_Makran_Coastal_Highway.jpg Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, sorted in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photo-copying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses (IDSA). ISBN: 978-93-82169-85-7 First Published: August 2019 Published by: Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses No.1, Development Enclave, Rao Tula Ram Marg, Delhi Cantt., New Delhi - 110 010 Tel. (91-11) 2671-7983 Fax.(91-11) 2615 4191 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.idsa.in Cover & Layout by: Vaijayanti Patankar MAKRAN GATEWAYS | 3 MAKRAN GATEWAYS: A STRATEGIC REFERENCE FOR GWADAR AND CHABAHAR AN OCEAN APART In 1955, Jawaharlal Nehru shared his perceptions with India’s Defence Minister, K.N. Katju, on what is now referred to as the ‘Indian Ocean Region’ (IOR), ‘We have been brought up into thinking of our land frontier during British times and even subsequently and yet India, by virtue of her long coastline, is very much a maritime country.’1 Eurasia’s ‘southern ocean’ differs in an abstract sense, from the Atlantic and Pacific basins, in so much as it has primarily functioned, since the late-medieval and early- modern eras, as a closed strategic space: accessible, at least at practical latitudes, by only a handful of narrow channels.
    [Show full text]
  • Final Project Report
    Oil & Natural Gas Technology DOE Award No.: DE-NT0005669 Final Scientific/Technical Report October 1 2008 toJune 30 2011 Heat Flow and Gas Hydrates on the Continental Margin of India: Building on Results from NGHP Expedition 01 Submitted by: College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Science Oregon State University Corvallis, OR 97331-5503 Principal Investigator: Anne Trehu Graduate Research Assistant: Peter Kannberg Prepared for: United States Department of Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory November 15, 2012 Office of Fossil Energy 2 Disclaimer: This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, expressed or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. 3 Abstract The Indian National Gas Hydrate Program (NGHP) Expedition 01 presented the unique opportunity to constrain regional heat flow derived from seismic observations by using drilling data in three regions on the continental margin of India. The seismic bottom simulating reflection (BSR) is a well-documented feature in hydrate bearing sediments, and can serve as a proxy for apparent heat flow if data are available to estimate acoustic velocity and density in water and sediments, thermal conductivity, and seafloor temperature.
    [Show full text]
  • Using Environmental DNA for Marine Monitoring and Planning
    Network of Conservation Educators & Practitioners What’s in the Water? Using environmental DNA for Marine Monitoring and Planning Author(s): Kristin E. Douglas, Patrick Shea, Ana Luz Porzecanski, and Eugenia Naro-Maciel Source: Lessons in Conservation, Vol. 10, Issue 1, pp. 29–48 Published by: Network of Conservation Educators and Practitioners, Center for Biodiversity and Conservation, American Museum of Natural History Stable URL: ncep.amnh.org/linc This article is featured in Lessons in Conservation, the official journal of the Network of Conservation Educators and Practitioners (NCEP). NCEP is a collaborative project of the American Museum of Natural History’s Center for Biodiversity and Conservation (CBC) and a number of institutions and individuals around the world. Lessons in Conservation is designed to introduce NCEP teaching and learning resources (or “modules”) to a broad audience. NCEP modules are designed for undergraduate and professional level education. These modules—and many more on a variety of conservation topics—are available for free download at our website, ncep.amnh.org. To learn more about NCEP, visit our website: ncep.amnh.org. All reproduction or distribution must provide full citation of the original work and provide a copyright notice as follows: “Copyright 2020, by the authors of the material and the Center for Biodiversity and Conservation of the American Museum of Natural History. All rights reserved.” Illustrations obtained from the American Museum of Natural History’s library: images.library.amnh.org/digital/
    [Show full text]
  • Physical Geography of the Punjab
    19 Gosal: Physical Geography of Punjab Physical Geography of the Punjab G. S. Gosal Formerly Professor of Geography, Punjab University, Chandigarh ________________________________________________________________ Located in the northwestern part of the Indian sub-continent, the Punjab served as a bridge between the east, the middle east, and central Asia assigning it considerable regional importance. The region is enclosed between the Himalayas in the north and the Rajputana desert in the south, and its rich alluvial plain is composed of silt deposited by the rivers - Satluj, Beas, Ravi, Chanab and Jhelam. The paper provides a detailed description of Punjab’s physical landscape and its general climatic conditions which created its history and culture and made it the bread basket of the subcontinent. ________________________________________________________________ Introduction Herodotus, an ancient Greek scholar, who lived from 484 BCE to 425 BCE, was often referred to as the ‘father of history’, the ‘father of ethnography’, and a great scholar of geography of his time. Some 2500 years ago he made a classic statement: ‘All history should be studied geographically, and all geography historically’. In this statement Herodotus was essentially emphasizing the inseparability of time and space, and a close relationship between history and geography. After all, historical events do not take place in the air, their base is always the earth. For a proper understanding of history, therefore, the base, that is the earth, must be known closely. The physical earth and the man living on it in their full, multi-dimensional relationships constitute the reality of the earth. There is no doubt that human ingenuity, innovations, technological capabilities, and aspirations are very potent factors in shaping and reshaping places and regions, as also in giving rise to new events, but the physical environmental base has its own role to play.
    [Show full text]
  • 60 Years of Coral Reef Fish Ecology: Past, Present, Future
    BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE. 87(4):727–765. 2011 CORAL REEF PAPER http://dx.doi.org/10.5343/bms.2010.1055 60 YEARS OF CORAL REEF FISH ECOLOGY: PAST, PRESENT, FUTURE Mark A Hixon ABSTRACT Revisiting the past 60 yrs of studies of the ecology of fishes on coral reefs reveals successive decadal trends that highlight many lasting contributions relevant to fisheries biology, conservation biology, and ecology in general. The Bulletin of Marine Science was founded in 1951, about the same time SCUBA was first used to study reef fishes, so the 1950s was a decade of initial subtidal exploration by early pioneers. Detailed natural-history investigations of the use of space, food, and time by reef fishes developed in the 1960s, including studies based from undersea habitats late that decade. The 1970s saw the first comprehensive observational studies of reef- fish communities, as well as initial breakthroughs in behavioral ecology, especially regarding cleaning symbiosis, mating systems, and sex reversal. In community ecology, the conventional wisdom—that interspecific competition structured reef-fish assemblages via equilibrium dynamics and resource partitioning—was called into question by the “lottery hypothesis,” which posited that coexistence of ecologically similar species was fostered by nonequilibrial dynamics. The 1980s, in turn, were dominated by debate regarding the relative importance of larval supply vs post-settlement interactions in determining the local abundance and diversity of reef fishes. The “recruitment limitation hypothesis” asserted that larval settlement was so low that subsequent population dynamics were not only unpredictable, but also density-independent. Population and community studies during the 1990s thus focused largely on detecting demographic density dependence in reef-fish populations and identifying the mechanisms underlying this ultimate source of population regulation.
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Protection in America's Ocean
    SeaStates 2021 Marine Protection in America’s Ocean MARINE PROTECTION ATLAS SeaStates 2021 Marine Protection in America’s Ocean SeaStates 2021 Marine Protection in America’s Ocean SeaStates 2021 is a rigorous, quantitative accounting of fully and words marine reserve or marine protected area are used. Protect- strongly protected MPAs in America’s ocean updated annually by ing biodiversity in marine reserves increases the abundance and Sardines swirl amongst giant kelp off Anacapa Island, part the team at MPAtlas.org. First published in 2013, our annual reports diversity of marine life inside the reserve and typically results in of the Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary. Federal are intended to measure US progress as a whole, and state prog- the export of marine life to surrounding areas4,5. In short, no-take and state authorities co-manage the MPA complex in the Channel Islands which includes a network of fully protected ress towards effective marine protection in their coastal waters. MPAs effectively protect marine life, can secure food resources areas surrounded by the highly protected sanctuary zone. Oceans are essential to human survival and prosperity, yet our for millions of people by exporting fish outside the MPA, and Marine Conservation Institute has recognized the Northern Channel Islands with a platinum-level Blue Parks award. activities are damaging many ecosystems and pushing numerous prevent loss of species. Strongly protected areas are those in (credit Robert Schwemmer, NOAA) critical marine species toward extinction1. Many marine biologists which extraction is quite limited and conservation benefits are high but not as high as fully protected areas.
    [Show full text]