Report on Baseline Survey in Project Woredas of Afar, Somali, Oromia and SNNP Regions of Ethiopia

Enabling Pastoral Communities to Adapt to Climate change

and Restoring Rangelands Environment Programme

Baseline Study in project Woredas of Afar, Somali,

Oromiya and SNNP Regions of Ethiopia

Food and Agricultural Organization and Ministry of Agriculture Kebede Dhuga-National Consultant Addis Ababa December, 2011

Report on Baseline Survey in Project Woredas of Afar, Somali, Oromia and SNNP Regions of Ethiopia

Table of Contents Acknowledgement ...... 1 Acronyms ...... 2 List of Tables ...... 3 List of Figures ...... 5 Executive Summary ...... 6 1. Backgrounds ...... 8 1.1 General/Introduction ...... 8 1.2 Objectives/Purposes of the Baseline Survey ...... 13 1.3 Methodology ...... 15 2 Findings of the Baseline Survey ...... 19 2.1 Demographic characteristics of respondents/households ...... 19 2.2 Socio-economic status analysis and food self-sufficiency of households ...... 20 2.3 Analysis of climate change risk and shock sensitive factors of pastoral areas ...... 24 2.4 Community awareness on climate change mitigation, adaptation and local institutions ... 28 2.5 Analysis of Baseline Survey Data on Water Resources ...... 33 2.5.1 Overview ...... 33 2.5.2 Intervention based analysis ...... 43 2.6 Analysis of Baseline Survey Data on Feed Resources Bases ...... 44 2.6.1 Overview ...... 44 2.6.2 Intervention based analysis ...... 50 2.7 Analysis of Baseline Survey Data on Livestock Production, Productivity and Marketing 51 2.7.1 Overview ...... 51 2.7.2 Intervention based analysis ...... 63 2.8 Analysis of Baseline Survey Data on Income Generating Activities (IGAs) ...... 64 2.8.1 Overview ...... 64 2.8.2 Intervention based analysis ...... 64 3 Concluding Remarks ...... 66 4 Annexes ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.1 Data Collection Tools ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.2 MandE Framework ...... 86 4.3 Project Planning Framework (PPF) - Project Outcome Matrix ...... 89

Report on Baseline Survey in Project Woredas of Afar, Somali, Oromia and SNNP Regions of Ethiopia

Acknowledgement

During the implementation of the survey, the Consultant received a number of supports from Sub Regional Office for Eastern Africa and Food and Agriculture Organization Representation in Ethiopia to AU and ECA (FAO Ethiopia) (Mr. Getachew Felleke - Project Focal Person and Mr. Workicho Jateno – Programme Officer), and Mr. Mesfin Brehanu, Programme Coordinator of Enabling Pastoral Communities to adapt to Climate Change and Restoring Rangelands Environ- ment Project in MoA; they have provided valuable proposal and comments in the process of the survey works and report writing on the same.

Expertise from Ministry of Agriculture, namely: Mr. Mesfin Berhanu; Dr. Tilahun Tekle; Mr. Sertse Sebuh; Mr. Wubishet Kassa; Mr. Gessese Yimer; Mr. Mekonnen Getachew and Mr. Yid- nekachew Gebremariam; Project Focal persons from the four regions and project officers and data collectors form the six project Districts and government officials from Peasant Associations to Federal levels contributed a lot for the successful completion of data collection process and in turn to the final write up of the baseline survey report without any reservation. The consultant likes to express sincere thanks to them all for their contributions and supports, upon data collection and write up.

Report on Baseline Survey in Project Woredas of Afar, Somali, Oromia and SNNP Regions of Ethiopia

Acronyms

EPA Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority FGD Focused Group Discussions GTP Growth and Transformation Plan KII Key Informant Interviews HOUSEHOLDHOLD Households PPF Project Planning Framework/Logical Framework Analysis MOA Ministry of Agriculture PA Pastoral Association UNDP United Nations Development Programme FAO Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations SNNPR South Nations, Nationalities and Peoples’ Region PCDP Pastoral Community Development Project PSNP Productive Safety Net Programme CC Climate Change PCDO Pastoral Communities Development Office PASDEP Plan for Accelerated and Sustained Development to End Poverty WaSHCo Water Sanitation and Hygiene Committee WaSH Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene

Report on Baseline Survey in Project Woredas of Afar, Somali, Oromia and SNNP Regions of Ethiopia

List of Tables

Table 1: Description of Study Areas 5 Table 2: Project Objective Indicators Covered by the Baseline Survey 9 Table 3: FGD (Committees, Coops, Women and Elders) Conducted 11 Table 4: Survey Sample Composition (household Head) 11 Table 5: Household Head types in the baseline sample 12 Table 6: KII (One Male and One Female Independently) Conducted 12 Table 7: House Hold Size and Dependency Ratio 13 Table 8: Settlement Pattern 15 Table 9: Application of irrigation for crop/fruit/vegetable production 16 Table 10: The most important sources of household income at the survey areas 16 Table 11: Level of household food shortage within last 12 months 17 Table 12: household food self sufficiency condition of the study area 17 Table 13: Shocks for the food insecurity experienced within the last 12 months 18 Table 14: Discussions at District level with concerned sectoral offices/Taltelle District 19 Table 15: Discussions at District level with concerned sectoral offices/Selamago District 19 Table 16: Discussions at District level with concerned sectoral offices/Adaar District 20 Table 17: Discussions at District level with concerned sectoral offices/Talalak District 20 Table 18: Discussions at District level with concerned sectoral offices/Harshin District 20 Table 19: Discussions at District level with concerned sectoral offices/Ayisha District 21 Table 20: Existence of natural resources based conflicts 22 Table 21: Levels of knowledge on climate change mitigation and adaptation-at District level 23 Table 22: Levels of knowledge on climate change mitigation and adaptation-at Survey areas 23 Table 23: Presence of institutions/local dev’t committees for pastoral issues-at District level 24 Table 24: Presence of institutions/local dev’t committees for pastoral issues-at Survey areas 24 Table 25: Existing Developed Water Supply Schemes (Water Sources) of Study Districts and their Statuses (Functional/Non-functional) 29 Table 26: household’s main source of water for human consumption 31 Table 27: Whether the water supply is within the PA/Village or not for survey areas 32 Table 28: Whether the water supply is within the PA/Village or not 32 Table 29: Time spent for fetching/collecting water for human consumption every day 32 Table 30: Adequacy of water supply for human and livestock consumption 33 Table 31: Seasonality of the water supply for human consumption 34 Table 32: Statuses of management of water supply schemes 36 Table 33: Knowhow about water borne diseases in the village/elsewhere 37 Table 34: Natural Resources (Feed/Pasture) Mean Score of PAs of Survey Districts 38 Table 35: Sufficiency and accessibility of grazing lands for livestocks 39 Table 36: Statuses of management of grazing land of the study districts 40 3

Report on Baseline Survey in Project Woredas of Afar, Somali, Oromia and SNNP Regions of Ethiopia

Table 37: Problems with regards to range/pasture/browse land 42 Table 38: Mitigation Strategies of the above feed resource base problems 44 Table 39: Natural Resources (Feed/Pasture) Mean Score of PAs of Survey Districts 46 Table 40: Main livestock diseases that affect your herd/flock this year 48 Table 41: Accessibility of veterinary services for your livestock 49 Table 42: Staffing and equipment status (drugs and material) of livestock health posts 50 Table 43: Functionality/status of the animal health post 51 Table 44: Reason(s) for non-functionality of the animal health post 52 Table 45: Availability of Community Animal Health Workers (CAHWS) in the village 53 Table 46: Factor(s) affecting production and productivity of livestock at household levels 54 Table 47: Factor(s) affecting production and productivity of livestock at survey areas 55 Table 48: Main constraints to low production and productivity of your Crops/vegetables/ fruits 56 Table 49: Livestock marketing problems in the project areas 56 Table 50: Markets of Livestock (Ls) and Livestock Products (LPs) Mean Score of PAs of Survey Districts 58 Table 51: IGA Mean Score of PAs of Survey Districts (Only Taltelle and Ayisha) 60

Report on Baseline Survey in Project Woredas of Afar, Somali, Oromia and SNNP Regions of Ethiopia

List of Figures

Fig. 1: Location Map of Survey Distrcits 6 Fig. 2: Religion composition of the study area 14

Fig. 3: Educational back ground of the surveyed household in the study area 15

Fig. 4: Status of water supply schemes (F/NF) 35

Report on Baseline Survey in Project Woredas of Afar, Somali, Oromia and SNNP Regions of Ethiopia

Executive Summary

The Enabling Pastoral Communities to Climate Changes and Restoring Rangelands Environment Programme is a three years project with a total cost of 4.0 million USD provided by Spanish Government through MDG-F. the project is executed by UNDP, FAO and as UN participating Agencies and MoA, EPA and the four pilot regions as implementing with the overall objective of enhancing the enabling policy environment to effectively plan and execute pastoralist related climate change adaptation and mitigation measures at federal, regional and district levels and pilot measures to enable the pastoral communities develop capacity for managing climate change risks and shocks in six districts. This overall objective is supported by three specific objectives/outcomes: Mainstreaming Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Options for Pastoral- ists in National Development Frameworks (Development Plans, Strategies, and Policies), Strengthening Government and Pastoral Institutional Capacities to Effectively Respond to the Climate Change Risks and Challenges and Enhancing Pastoral Community Coping Mechanism /Sustainable Livelihood. The project operates in six Woredas from Oromiya, Somali, Afar and SNNP..

This report presents the findings of a baseline survey executed to facilitate project monitoring and evaluation. It is based on the findings of a quantitative household survey of 765 households (77% male headed and 23% female headed), 34 Key Informant Interviews at households levels and 17 Focused Group Discussions at community levels. In the main body of the report, results are disaggregated by the Regions and Woredas in tabular form. The baseline survey focused on indicators set in the project document

Average family size of the households in the survey areas is 6, where the result indicated that 50% of the household members are economically dependent and about 80% and 90% of the surveyed Households are not food self sufficient and illiterate respectively. 61% and 24% of the surveyed households are sedentary and transhumant respectively and the remaining ones are returnee and temporarily displaced from their permanent areas. The most important sources of income for the house hold is livestock, livestock products and crop production. Cash for work (PSNP) is also the other source of income. Drought, insecurity/conflicts and Livestock and crop 6

Report on Baseline Survey in Project Woredas of Afar, Somali, Oromia and SNNP Regions of Ethiopia diseases epidemic, and others (like flood, wind, crop failures, pests and insects attack) are shocks for in the food insecurity in the survey area.

Labour selling, desaving (selling/making use of the existing assets), displacement, reducing meal amount and number per day, and reducing livestock watering frequency are mechanisms adopted by the community as copying strategies of the shocks in the area. The climate change risk and shock sensitive factors of pastoral areas (in the study areas) are with poor level of availability and accessibility, inadequate, with less alternatives/ options/substitutes, with fair potential to be worked on, and relatively good traditional mamanegemnt, specifically for natural resources. At FGD, the respondents stressed that water for human and livestock consumption is extremely inadequate, which holds true for livestock feed/pasture land.

As the surface and ground water availability and potential varies among the study districts, the main sources/supplies of water vary from ponds to deep well/shallow well/hand dug well among the districts of the four regions. Majority of the pastoral communities of the survey districts, (97%), accessed the water supply within their own village. Only 3% go for it out of their village. Daily the survey indicated that the Households spend an hour to half a day to fetch the water for human consumption, and also for livestock.

Moreover, the local development committees pinpointed that production and productivity of livestocks is poor as a result of inadequacy of water and feed resources, poor veterinary services, poor marketing facilities, and under developed infrastructures. To complement the major pastoral economic activities (livestock rearing), as a community, they do have potential IGAs but they lack capacity (technical and financial capacitates). Parallel with these, the results indicated presence of conflicts over natural resources (water and feeds) among bordering regions occasionally (when shortage comes, for instance: Taltelle district and SNNP, Afar districts with Oromiya and among Somali districts).

Report on Baseline Survey in Project Woredas of Afar, Somali, Oromia and SNNP Regions of Ethiopia

1. Backgrounds

1.1 General/Introduction The challenges for development are already considerable, and there is now general concern that climate change and increasing climate variability will compound these challenges. Developing countries are generally considered most vulnerable to the effects of climate change than more developed countries, largely because of their often limited capacity to adapt. It is still the case that there is only limited knowledge about the interactions of climate with other drivers of change in agricultural systems and on broader development trends. One approach to making sense of the interactions of broad development drivers, with the added burdens of climate change, is scenario building and analysis. Such work is very difficult, given that the future is relatively unknown, but it is increasingly important as one method to evaluate how farming systems may evolve in the future, sometimes very rapidly. Part of this work necessarily involves trying to understand the likely impacts of climate change on vulnerable people through its effects in and on other sectors. These include impacts on water resources and other ecosystems goods and services, and human health and nutrition.

1.1.1 Project Background Climate change is rapidly emerging as one of the most serious threats that humankind may ever face. Although no country is immune from climate change impacts, poor countries which contributed least to the problem are the most vulnerable and least adaptive to its impacts. In Ethio- pia, climate change and variability poses particular risks to poor farmers and pastoralists who have an immediate daily dependence on climate sensitive livelihoods and natural resources. The limited economic, infrastructure and institutional capacity of the country to mitigate and adapt to climate change and variability exacerbates the vulnerability of farmers and pastoralists to climate change-induced hazards. The impacts of climate change and variability range from recurrent drought and loss of biodiversity, ecological disturbances, loss of rangelands and soil nutrients, to catastrophic floods and declining crop production and livestock, thereby deteriorating the livelihood of the communities. Enhanced understanding is needed of the likely impacts of climate change on the vulnerability of the resource-poor, so that resilience to current climate variability

Report on Baseline Survey in Project Woredas of Afar, Somali, Oromia and SNNP Regions of Ethiopia as well as to the risks associated with longer-term climate change can be gauged, and appropriate actions set in place to increase or restore resilience where this is threatened.

The Ethiopian Government through the PASDEP has committed to address these challenges through policy reform and targeted programmes focusing on improving pastoral livelihoods and asset base, management of rangelands and encouraging livelihoods diversification. To contribute to efforts being made to lessen adverse effects of climate change, the Enabling Pastoral Commu- nities to Adapt to Climate Change and Restoring Rangelands Environment Project was initiated with the assistance provided by the Spanish Government through MDFG Achievement Fund. The project with a three years term and total cost of USD 4,000.000.00 is under implementation with UNEP, UNDP and FAO as UN participating agencies and at Federal, Regional and Woreda level of the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA), and Environment Protection Authority (EPA) and line bureaus and offices in six Woredas of Oromiya, SNNP, Somali and Afar regions as execut- ing government bodies.

The core objective of the JP is to enhance the enabling policy environment to effectively plan and execute pastoralist related climate change adaptation and mitigation measures at federal, regional and district levels and pilot measures to enable the pastoral communities develop capacity for managing climate change risks and shocks in six districts. In other words, the overall objective Enabling Pastoral Communities in Taltelle, Selamago, Adaar, Talalak, Harshin and Ayisha districts to Adapt to Climate Change and Restoring Rangelands Environment is supported by three specific objectives/outcomes: -

Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Options for Pastoralists Mainstreamed in Na- tional Development Frameworks (Development Plans, Strategies, and Policies) Government and Pastoral Institutional Capacities Strengthened to Effectively Respond to the Climate Change Risks and Challenges Pastoral Community Coping Mechanism/Sustainable Livelihood Enhanced The target groups for the project are pastoralist communities in six Districts (Taltelle, Selamago, Adaar, Talalak, Harshin and Ayisha), in four regions (Oromiya, SNNP, Somali and Afar regions, Federal and Woreda institutions where by all districts and the selected Kebeles are charac-

Report on Baseline Survey in Project Woredas of Afar, Somali, Oromia and SNNP Regions of Ethiopia terized by vulnerability of climate change, ecological fragility, human and livestock population and poverty among pastoral communities. Table 1 describes some features of the study areas.

Table 1: Description of Study Areas S/N Regions Districts Pastoral Association/Villages Name Name Population Name Population (PAs) Households Total 1 Oromiya Taltelle 71219 Saba 448 2,850 2 Sarite 775 3,004 3 SNNP Selamago 33327 Geyo 430 1,714 4 Gura 420 1,677 5 Omorambe 436 1,790 6 Afar Adaar 64570 Ladi 827 4,960 7 Jaldi 885 5,310 8 Sayilu 986 5,920 9 Talalak 83827 Kulile and Deta 1,526 9,153 10 Wayidalelina 1,500 9,004 11 Adalile and Dawe 1,539 9,234 12 Somali Harshin 90000 Afufle 1,500 7,500 13 Madawayine 1,515 7,875 14 Farahaliban 1,340 7,000 15 Ayisha 63289 Dagago 1,631 8,156 16 Elahaley 848 4,387 17 Dawale 1,733 10,400

Report on Baseline Survey in Project Woredas of Afar, Somali, Oromia and SNNP Regions of Ethiopia

Fig. 1: Location Map of Survey Distrcits

Report on Baseline Survey in Project Woredas of Afar, Somali, Oromia and SNNP Regions of Ethiopia

1.1.2 Project Area Background

Pastoralism is an important livelihood strategy in Ethiopia, yet pastoralist communities are particularly vulnerable to food insecurity due to climate change, livestock production infrastructure/facilities problems, market limitations, underdeveloped IGAs, price fluctuations and policy environment that often neglects the specific needs and potential contribution of pastoralist communities. Assessments in Taltelle District, Borana Zone of Oromiya; Selamago District, Debub Omo Zone of SNNP; Harshin and Aysha Districts, Jijiga and Shinille Zone respectively of So- mali region; Adaar and Talalak Districts of Awsi Rasu (Zone 1) and Carsi Rasu (Zone 5) respectively of Afar region indicate that deteriorating feature of climate, which directly affect water supply for both human and livestock consumption, feed resource base, works of income generating activities, production, productivity and marketing of livestock.

Pastoralists largely depend on livestock and their by-products for food and income, and in order to maximize production and income generation from livestock sources it is essential that livestock are healthy and well fed. Recurrent drought and inadequate water resource management resulted in water is a very scarce resource. Unsustainable rangeland management practices and bush encroachment results in limited grazing land available to livestock producers. Livestock diseases including Trypanasomiasis, Contagious bovine Pleuro-pneumonia (CBPP), Contagious caprine Pleuro-pneumonia (CCPP), Anthrax, Sheep and goat pox, Parasite and Barbarossa infes- tation are commonly affecting the production and productivity of livestock. Livestock producers are dependent on water supply, feeds, and also on markets to sell their livestock and milk/livestock products. Problems associated with water supply for both human and livestock consumption, and feed resource base result in disorder of socio-economic set up, beyond issue of food security. Lack of access to up to date market information, absence/inefficiency of cooperatives, poor access to markets due to absence of accessible market place, poor transportation facilities; lack of seed money and technical back up to be engaged in IGAs, and other basic facilities limit trading to the very local level and ultimately stifles income generation. In lump sum, these factors trim down capacities of Pastoral Communities to Adapt to Climate Change and Restoring Rangelands Environment and therefore heighten household food insecurity.

Report on Baseline Survey in Project Woredas of Afar, Somali, Oromia and SNNP Regions of Ethiopia

1.2 Objectives/Purposes of the Baseline Survey

The overall output of the baseline survey is to produce data that describes the situation to be ad- dressed by the project on identification of climate change assessment and adaptation strategies, inventory of potential, accessibility, management, availability and alternatives in water schemes, livestock feed resource base, livestock marketing (related to veterinary infrastructure and market services) and income generating activities in selected six Woreda of Afar, Somali, SNNP and Oromiya Regions to serve as a starting point for measuring changes in the situation and performance of the project and as tool based on identified indicators for improved livestock productivity and enhanced livelihood development.

In the other words, the primary reason for conducting a baseline survey is to facilitate impact assessment at the end of the intervention or to facilitate end evaluation and monitoring in the course of project implementation, with particular focus to the project’s main objectives. The baseline survey has been designed to ensure that changes in these objectives and indicators can be measured over the course of the project. The data presented can be used in two ways. This being a baseline survey, its first function is to serve as the benchmark against which future changes can be tracked and the data can, secondly, be used for project planning, by identifying areas of intervention for the work of development of pastoral communities. Table 2 below shows a project indicator specified in project document and briefly puts the basic project objective indicators covered by the baseline survey. The detailed and specific project objective indicators covered by the baseline survey are stated in annex 4.3.

Report on Baseline Survey in Project Woredas of Afar, Somali, Oromia and SNNP Regions of Ethiopia

Table 2: Project Objective Indicators Covered by the Baseline Survey Indicators Specified in Project Document Basic Indicators covered by the baseline

Specific Objective 1: Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Options for Pastoralists Main- streamed in National Development Frameworks (Development Plans, Strategies and Policies)

1.1. improved National/Regional/local development Plans, key sector policies, strategies and partnerships to mainstream climate change mitiga- tions and adaptation options into policy framework - CC policy and strategy gaps identi- a. Existence of Federal/regional development plans/strategic doc- fied and ument for pastoralist that mainstreamed CC mitigation and adaptation analyzed b. CC policy and strategy gaps identified and analyzed at Federal and Four Regional States levels - Action plan for communication c. Federal, four regional states and six districts CC adapta- strategy, adaptation/mitigation tion/mitigation strategy, communication strategy, action plan pre- strategy prepared pared 1.2 tools guidelines for mainstreaming CC adaptation and mitigation into - Manuals for promotion works at the Federal Regional and district development planning system developed pastoralists level on CC adaptation - Existence of tools/manuals for mainstreaming CC adaptation and miti- and mitigation formulated gation for the pastoralist Specific Objective 2: Government and Pastoral Institutional Capacities Strengthened/Enhanced to Effectively Respond to the Climate Change Risks and Challenges - Five Federal, 20 Regional, 30 District practitioners and 180 pastoral community members trained to plan/manage CC adaptation and resource based conflicts - Increased satisfaction of pastoral communities for services delivered by gov’t bodies to respond to their needs and also satisfac- - Pastoral communities institutional tion of gov’t bodies capacities to respond to CC risks - Five from environment, 5 from the pastoralist standing committee and resource based conflicts im- parliamentarians, 5 from each regional council 12 civil servants proved from each six district, 18 pastoral community leaders sensitized to make them responsive to the CC adaptation needs of pastoral - Pastoral communities from the six communities target districts awareness level on - Ten practitioners from Federal sector institutions, 20 practitioners from the four regions trained TOT and 180 community members CC adaptation, organization, mgt from the six target districts trained on CC adaptation, organiza- and early warning and response tion, mgt and early warning and response systems mechanism improved - Six districts specific CC coordination mechanism established - Six districts used/applied friendly adaptation, early warning and - Pastoral communities perception to response mechanisms on indicators, manuals, working procedures the services delivered by gov’t bod- for information exchange ies to their needs developed

Objective 3: Pastoral Community Coping Mechanism/Sustainable Livelihood Enhanced

Report on Baseline Survey in Project Woredas of Afar, Somali, Oromia and SNNP Regions of Ethiopia

Indicators Specified in Project Document Basic Indicators covered by the baseline

3.1 climate sensitive needs identified, assessed and priority interventions agreed Baseline data generated on potential, accessibility, management, availability and alternatives in water, livestock, feed resource base, IGAs/market in 18 selected PAs/villages of the 6 districts 3.2. Integrated rangelands management practices promoted in the • Access to natural resource/water targeted Woredas for better livelihoods and copping with adverse source improved climatic effects • Access to natural resource/feed resource improved Eighteen PAs/villages from 6 districts accessed water sup- • Production and productivity of ply livestock increased Eighteen PAs/villages from 6 districts secured feed re- • Promotion on and access to d/t sources IGAs for pastoral Vet posts and market facilities constructed and made func- Communities improved tional in the six districts • Diversification of sources of 3.3. System that enhances income generating capacity of the pasto- HOUSEHOLDHOLD income estab- ral communities to cope up with climate change related livelihood lished risks established. • Better access to market place and Community members in 18 selected PAs/villages from 6 information realized districts benefited from IGAs • Efficiency of markets for food and Six community dev’t fund established & made functional livestock realized in the 6 districts • Perceptions of efficiency of man- Alternative IGAs or schemes designed and implemented in agement of six districts natural resources developed Three Hundred Sixty target community members acquire • Incidence with which Households income diversification skills are affected by shocks decreased

1.3 Methodology

Data was collected in August 2011 as part of wider survey to generate a baseline report for the ‘Enabling Pastoral Communities to Adapt to Climate Change and Restoring Rangelands Envi- ronment Project’. Proportional sample size was considered for each of data collection tools for all project areas. The sampled households were randomly selected within the selected seventeen PAs of targeted six Woredas of Oromiya, Somali, Afar and SNNP, and others targeted data sources such as local development committees for FGD (Focused Group Discussion), and key informants for KII (Key Informant Interviews) were purposively set. However, as with most surveys of this kind, the sample size was determined to a large extent by time and resource limitations: 4% (765/18,339) of the targeted population was surveyed. It is assumed for the purpose

Report on Baseline Survey in Project Woredas of Afar, Somali, Oromia and SNNP Regions of Ethiopia of this survey that all households are ‘non-beneficiaries’ – i.e. they have yet to realize any impact on the livelihoods / food security status, etc. from this particular intervention.

Household data was collected by Ministry of Agriculture and Regional Staff and locally- recruited enumerators, all of whom were trained in the use of the questionnaire by the consultant and/or team deployed for this survey purpose from Ministry of Agriculture in August 2011. Data was collected through the application of a five-page questionnaire which largely enabled answers to be recorded in code form (see annex). This coded format eased the data entry process – which was done directly into SPSS by the consultant. All data was cleaned and analyzed by the consultant. Community level data was collected by MoA staff through Focused Group Discussions and KII. The FGDs and KIIs were designed to garner community level perceptions of various local-level institutions/committees and prominent individuals (one female and one male) within the community. A major advantage of this approach was that qualitative information was recorded in quantitative form, enabling quantitative analysis tools to be used.

To complement these primary data gathered making use of the abovementioned tools, secondary data were also collected from Pastoralist Associations (17), Districts (6), Regions (4) and Na- tional levels, by making use of the set checklists/guidelines. The average number of respondents at each of the FGD is ten, total number of respondents for the households survey is 765 (M586 and F179), and for KII is 34 respondents; the total number of respondents for the primary data collection is 969. Table 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 describe this total number of respondents (households heads, and local development committee members).

Table 3: FGD carried (Committees, Coops, Women and Elders) S/N Districts/Woredas No of FGD Conducted 1 Taltelle 2 2 Selamago 3 3 Harshin 3 4 Ayisha 3 5 Adaar 3 6 Talalak 3 Total 17

Report on Baseline Survey in Project Woredas of Afar, Somali, Oromia and SNNP Regions of Ethiopia

Table 4: Survey Sample Composition (HOUSEHOLDHOLD Head)

Region District Number Percent Oromiya Taltelle Male Headed households 77 85.6 Female Headed households 13 14.4 Total 90 100.0 SNNP Selamago Male Headed households 129 95.6 Female Headed households 6 4.4 Total 135 100.0 Afar Adaar Male Headed households 108 80.0 Female Headed households 27 20.0 Total 135 100.0 Talalak Male Headed households 132 97.8 Female Headed households 3 2.2 Total 135 100.0 Somali Harshin Male Headed households 54 40.0 Female Headed households 81 60.0 Total 135 100.0 Ayisha Male Headed households 86 63.7 Female Headed households 49 36.3 Total 135 100.0 Total 765 100

Table 5: Household Head types in the baseline sample S/N households Type Description M households F households Total 1 Number 586 179 765 2 % 77 23 100

Table 6: KII carried (One Male and One Female Independently) S/N Districts No of KII Conducted 1 Taltelle 4 2 Selamago 6 3 Harshin 6 4 Ayisha 6 5 Adaar 6 6 Talalak 6 Total 34

Report on Baseline Survey in Project Woredas of Afar, Somali, Oromia and SNNP Regions of Ethiopia

Moreover, these primary data were complemented by secondary data collected at PAs, Districts, Zone, Regions and National levels, being guided by the set check lists for each of the targeted group for data collection.

Report on Baseline Survey in Project Woredas of Afar, Somali, Oromia and SNNP Regions of Ethiopia

2 Findings of the Baseline Survey

2.1 Demographic characteristics of respondents/households

Average family size of the surveyed households (765) is 6 with minimum and maximum size of 1 to 23 respectively. In reference to age group the households members with less than 18 years old and those households members more than 65 years old ranges from 0 to 10; while those households members with age of between 18 and 65 ranges from 0 to 15. These indicate that out of the 765 contacted Households, there are Households with only 1 member and also with 23 members. On average, family size and productive family members of the survey area is 5.90 and 2.88 respectively with dependency ratio calculated as the proportion of household members less than 18 years old and older people from the age of 65 years from the active population is of

(# HOUSEHOLDHOLD members aged <18 + # HOUSEHOLDHOLD members aged >65) (# HOUSEHOLDHOLD members aged 18 – 65)

= (2.84 + 0.16)/2.88 = 1.04

Labour availability is important factor that constraint productivity in Pastoral dependant households. In this case, on average the dependency ratio is approximately equal to one. This implies that 50% population is economically dependent in a family that has 1 to 23 members per family.

Table 7: House Hold Size and Dependency Ratio of the study area by age group

Households N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation

Total households Members 765 1.00 23.00 5.8954 2.95774 households Members less 18 yrs 765 .00 10.00 2.8392 2.05781 households Members more than 65 yrs 765 .00 10.00 0.1621 0.63069 households B/n 18 and 65 yrs 765 .00 15.00 2.8797 1.94994

N.B: N is the total HOUSEHOLDHOLD heads interviewed.

Report on Baseline Survey in Project Woredas of Afar, Somali, Oromia and SNNP Regions of Ethiopia

2.2 Socio-economic status analysis and food self-sufficiency of households

As it holds true for the horn of Africa, pastoral communities at the survey areas are predominantly (72.7%) are Muslims. The other community members are followers of Waaqeffataa, Christian and other religions, the population in Afar and Somali are followers of muslims while that of Oromiya and SNNP are followers of Waaqeffataa and other religion (Figure 2).

Fig. 2: Religion composition of the study area As it is indicated in Fig.3, 88.9% of the surveyed households heads are found to be illiterate with 8.5% in high school, 1.6% are on junior high school and .8% Preparatory and .3% in colleges. This has also its own impact on labour production and productivity in turn on climate change mitigation/adaptation and food security/ food self sufficiency.

Report on Baseline Survey in Project Woredas of Afar, Somali, Oromia and SNNP Regions of Ethiopia

Fig. 3: Educational Back Ground

Majority of Households (60.9%) of the survey areas are sedentary pastoralists characterized by fixed residence in a locality for long period of time, which is convenient social set up to under- take any development activities, followed by transhumant (24.2%), mobile Households with availability of natural resources). Returnees and temporarily displaced Households from permanent area cover the remaining 14.9 % (Table 8).

Table 8: Settlement Pattern

Settlement Frequency Percent Sedentary 466 60.9 Transhumant 185 24.2 Returnee 58 7.6 Temporarily Displaced from Permanent Area 56 7.3 Total 765 100.0 Results from the study as indicated in Table 9 exhibit that there are some pocket irrigation potentials in the survey areas (5.1%); Secondary data collected at District levels also confirmed that there are small springs/swampy areas or rivers with small scale irrigation potentials, which do

Report on Baseline Survey in Project Woredas of Afar, Somali, Oromia and SNNP Regions of Ethiopia have their own contribution for food security/food self sufficiency efforts and climate change adaptation efforts, but are capital intensive and need investment.

Table 9: Application of irrigation for crop/fruit/vegetable production Application of irrigation No of respondents Percent Yes 39 5.1 No 726 94.9 Total 765 100.0

As it is indicated in Table 10 livestock and livestock product sales supplemented with cash for work (as daily labourers and participating in PSNP) are the main sources of income for 73.3% of the Households followed by livestock and livestock sales (20.3%) and crop sales (1.4%) . The daily milk production of the surveyed Households of the survey area ranges up to 40 liters from all milk giving livestocks, being 4.4 liters per day on average. The survey indicated that the daily milk production of about 45% of the surveyed households is less or equal to one liter and only about 3% of the surveyed pastoral Households produce more than 20 liters per day at households level (Table ). This indicates that even though livestock population in the survey areas is high, issue of productivity and milk handling needs attention. In other words the survey depicted that there are potentials for other sources of households income like crop production, income generating activities (petty trades, coops, soap, gum and incense production etc), which are with possibilities of diversifying income source, which in turn do have contribution for food self sufficiency and climate change adaptation.

Table 10: The most important sources of HOUSEHOLDHOLD income at the survey areas House Hold Income Sources No of respondents Percent Livestock and livestock products sales 155 20.30 Crop sale 18 2.40 Remittance 7 .90 Natural resources (gum, incense, salt) 2 .30 Cash for work programme 5 .70 Others (sale of firewood, daily labourers, petty trade) 2 .30 Livestock and livestock products sale and Cash for work 576 75.30

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House Hold Income Sources No of respondents Percent Total 765 100.00

Survey results indicated that 82% of surveyed Households reported food insufficiency while 86.3% experience food shortage within the last 12 months indicating low level of livelihood to avail food for the family and there are seasons respectively when food is in short supply and family members lack resources to supply food for the family (Table 11). . This indicates that the study areas are characterized by food security problem

Table11: Level of HOUSEHOLDHOLD food shortage within last 12 months Food shortage No of respondents Percent Yes 660 86.3 No 105 13.7 Total 765 100.0

The survey indicates (Table 12) that more than 80% of the surveyed Households responded that they have faced food shortage within the last 12 months. As to the respondents the food security problems have emanated from prevalence of pastoral areas hazards like drought, livestock diseases, rain fall variability and uncertainty, flood, pests/insects attack, wind and conflicts. This vividly indicates that the communities/areas are in need of interventions, with more investigation of some causative factors and mode of interventions.

Table 12: HOUSEHOLDHOLD food self sufficiency condition of the study area

Food Self Sufficiency No of respondents Percent Yes 138 18.0 No 627 82.0 Total 765 100.0

The survey showed that drought (22.6%), conflicts over natural resources, livestock diseases epidemic (76.3%), and flood, crop failures, pests and insects attacks (1%) are shocks that end up with food insecurity experienced in the last 12 months (Table 13). The study depicted that the community adopted the following mechanisms as copying strategies of these shocks: Labour selling 23

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Resaving of resources (selling/making use of the existing assets) Displacement from usual residence area Reducing meal amount and number per day Reducing livestock watering frequency

Table 13: Shocks for the food insecurity experienced within the last 12 months

Types of Shocks for food insecurity No of respondents Percent Drought 173 22.6 Others (like flood, wind, crop failures, pests and insects attack) 8 1 Drought, Insecurity/conflicts and Livestock diseases epidemic 584 76.3 Total 765 100

2.3 Analysis of climate change risk and shock sensitive factors of pastoral areas Issues of water sources, livestock feed resources, livestock marketing (veterinary infrastructure and market services) and income generating activities are basic factors that determine the level of livelihood of the pastoral communities in the study areas in particular and in all pastoral communities in general. As it is indicated in the following (Tables 14 to 19), which summarizes the discussion points in each of the six project Woredas, the FGD made on potential, accessibility, management, availability and alternatives of the water resources, livestock feed, livestock marketing and income generating activities respectively at each District display that climate change risk and shock sensitive factors of pastoral areas are with poor level of availability and accessibility, inadequate, with less alternatives/ options/substitutes, with fair potential to be worked on, and relatively good traditional mamanegemnt, specifically for natural resources. However there are differences with Weredas as refered in Tables 14 to 19 respectively for Woreda Teltele, Selamago, Adaar, Telalak, Harshin and Ayisha.

At FGD, the respondents stressed that water for human and livestock consumption is extremely inadequate, which holds true for livestock feed/pasture land. Moreover, the local development committees pinpointed that production and productivity of livestocks is poor as a result of inadequacy of water and feed resources, poor veterinary services, poor marketing facilities, and under developed infrastructures. FGD attendants also indicated that to complement pastoral economic

Report on Baseline Survey in Project Woredas of Afar, Somali, Oromia and SNNP Regions of Ethiopia activities (livestock rearing), as a community, they do have potential IGAs but they lack capacity (technical and financial). As a common factor the study indicates that the indicated elements and socio-economic problems of pastoralists of the survey areas are significantly affecting their livelihoods, climate change adaptation/mitigation potential/capacity and in turn food security issues of the pastoral communities.

These imply that these climate change risk and shock sensitive factors of pastoral areas are poorly accessed and managed but with potentials to be worked on, which needs to be improved. Moreover all factors are indicated to be scarce and inefficient in the area, which needs more work on the same. Livestock marketing in all study districts indicated to poor, fair and good not more than these ranks for potential, accessibility, management, availability, alternatives; this implies that livestock marketing is serious problem in the areas. It must pull attentions of all stake- holders to work on it. Because there are possible intervention areas that can be drawn from the tables themselves (Tables 14-19) with regards to resources, IGA and livestock marketing as well.

Table 14: Summary points on discussions at District level with concerned sectoral offices/Taltelle District

S/N Scoring Criteria Water Sources IGA Livestock Feed Livestock Marketing

1 Potential Fair Fair Fair Fair

2 Accessibility Fair Fair Fair Poor (100km travel)

3 Management Good Fair Good Fair

4 Availability Poor Poor Good Poor

5 Alternatives Poor Good Good Good

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Table 15: Summary points on discussions at District level with concerned sectoral offices/Selamago District

S/N Scoring Criteria Water Sources IGA Livestock Feed Livestock Marketing

1 Potential V. Good V. Good V. Good Poor

2 Accessibility Good Excellent V. Good Poor

3 Management Poor Poor Poor Poor

4 Availability Good V. Good V. Good Poor

5 Alternatives Poor V. Good Poor Poor

Table 16: Summary points on discussions at District level with concerned sectoral offices/Adaar District S/N Scoring Criteria Water Sources IGA Livestock Feed Livestock Marketing

1 Potential V. Good V. Good Good V. Good

2 Accessibility Fair Fair Fair Fair

3 Management Poor Poor Poor Poor

4 Availability Fair Fair Fair Fair

5 Alternatives Poor Fair Poor Fair

Table 17: Summary points on discussions at District level with concerned sectoral offices/Talalak District

S/N Scoring Criteria Water Sources IGA Livestock Feed Livestock Marketing

1 Potential Good Good Good Good

2 Accessibility Fair Fair Good Good

3 Management Poor Fair Fair Poor

4 Availability Good Good Fair Good

5 Alternatives Fair Good Poor Good

Table 18: Summary points on discussions at District level with concerned sectoral offices/Harshin District

Report on Baseline Survey in Project Woredas of Afar, Somali, Oromia and SNNP Regions of Ethiopia

S/N Scoring Criteria Water Sources IGA Livestock Feed Livestock Marketing

1 Potential Poor Poor Good Poor

2 Accessibility Poor Poor Good Fair

3 Management Poor Good Good Good

4 Availability Poor Good Good Poor

5 Alternatives Poor Good Good Poor

Table 19: Summary points on discussions at District level with concerned sectoral offices/Ayisha District

S/N Scoring Criteria Water Sources IGA Livestock Feed Livestock Marketing

1 Potential Poor Poor Poor Poor

2 Accessibility Good Poor Good Poor

3 Management Good Good Poor Poor

4 Availability Poor Poor Poor Poor

5 Alternatives Poor Poor Poor Poor

Conflicts over natural resources among localities, regions and sometimes among communities of the same clan that may end up with unbalanced and less optimal use natural resources like water and dry season grazing area and extends to loss of human live and other properties like livestock raid, destruction of residential houses. Existence of natural resources based conflicts were reported by all Woredas with minimum being in Selamago (3%) followed by Ayisha (6%), Harshin (35.1%), Teltale (62.9%), Telalak (64.4%) and Adaar (99.3%). In the study areas, the survey indicated presence of conflicts over natural resources (water and feeds) among bordering regions occasionally when shortage comes - like Taltelle district and SNNP, Afar districts with Oromiya, which holds true for Somali (Table 20).

Report on Baseline Survey in Project Woredas of Afar, Somali, Oromia and SNNP Regions of Ethiopia

Table 20: Existence of natural resources based conflicts Region District No of respondents Percent Valid Percent Oromiya Taltelle Valid Yes 56 62.2 62.9 No 33 36.7 37.1 Total 89 98.9 100.0 Missing System 1 1.1 Total 90 100.0 SNNP Selamago Valid Yes 4 3.0 3.0 No 131 97.0 97.0 Total 135 100.0 100.0 Afar Adaar Valid Yes 134 99.3 99.3 No 1 .7 .7 Total 135 100.0 100.0 Talalak Valid Yes 87 64.4 64.4 No 48 35.6 35.6 Total 135 100.0 100.0 Somali Harshin Valid Yes 46 34.1 35.1 No 85 63.0 64.9 Total 131 97.0 100.0 Missing System 4 3.0 Total 135 100.0 Ayisha Valid Yes 8 5.9 6.0 No 126 93.3 94.0 Total 134 99.3 100.0 Missing System 1 .7 Total 135 100.0

2.4 Community awareness on climate change mitigation, adaptation and local institutions

Levels of knowledge of climate change mitigation and adaptation: As to climate change adaptation, its management, and early warning and response systems, about 85% of pastoralists of survey districts responded that they do not have know how on the issue. This implies that the community does not have knowledge about climate change adaptation, its management, and early warning and response systems; this case is confirmed by other data collection tools (FGD, KII and checklists/guidelines for secondary data). The implication of this is that the pastoralists have institutional capacity gaps for Climate Change Adaptation, Risk Management, Early Warning and Response Systems; which are disclosed in the courses of the survey to be lack of trained man power, organizational problem in handling the climate change adaptation, mitigation, risk man-

Report on Baseline Survey in Project Woredas of Afar, Somali, Oromia and SNNP Regions of Ethiopia agement, early warning and response system, material and equipment problem, and coordination and leadership gaps (Table 21 and 22).

Table 21: Levels of knowledge on climate change mitigation and adaptation-at District level Region District No of respondents Percent

Oromiya Taltelle Valid Yes 18 20.0

No 72 80.0

Total 90 100.0

SNNP Selamago Valid Yes 52 38.5

No 83 61.5

Total 135 100.0

Afar Adaar Valid No 135 100.0

Talalak Valid No 135 100.0

Somali Harshin Valid Yes 51 37.8

No 84 62.2

Total 135 100.0

Ayisha Valid Yes 31 23.0

No 104 77.0

Total 135 100.0

Table 22: Levels of knowledge on climate change mitigation and adaptation-at survey areas level Responses No of respondents Percent Valid Percent Yes 185 24.2 24.2 No 580 75.8 75.8 Total 765 100.0 100.0

Existence of local institutions for pastoral issues: As it is indicated in Table 23 and 24 below, about 21% of respondents to survey questionnaires (even though it varies among districts) responded that they know the presence of institutions/local development committees at community level accountable for pastoral issues. These include: Social, religious, savings, security, water, feed resource base, agricultural production coop, marketing coop, unions and others. As working capacities, they replied no, this implies that the institutions are lacking the working capacities (trained man power, equipments and other material to run and work as an institution). 29

Report on Baseline Survey in Project Woredas of Afar, Somali, Oromia and SNNP Regions of Ethiopia

Table 23: Presence of institutions/local dev’t committees for pastoral issues-at District level Region District No of respondents Percent Valid Percent

Oromiya Taltelle Valid Yes 14 15.6 15.7

No 75 83.3 84.3

Total 89 98.9 100.0

Missing System 1 1.1

Total 90 100.0

SNNP Selamago Valid Yes 105 77.8 78.9

No 28 20.7 21.1

Total 133 98.5 100.0

Missing System 2 1.5

Total 135 100.0

Afar Adaar Valid Yes 1 .7 .7

No 134 99.3 99.3

Total 135 100.0 100.0

Talalak Valid No 135 100.0 100.0

Somali Harshin Valid Yes 40 29.6 31.7

No 86 63.7 68.3

Total 126 93.3 100.0

Missing System 9 6.7

Total 135 100.0

Ayisha Valid No 132 97.8 100.0

Missing System 3 2.2

Total 135 100.0

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Table 24: Presence of institutions/local dev’t committees for pastoral issues-at survey areas level No of respondents Percent Valid Percent Yes 160 20.9 21.3 No 590 77.1 78.7 Total 750 98.0 100.0 Missing System 15 2.0 Total 765 100.0

Secondary Data: To complement primary data collected by making use of households survey, KII and FGD at households and community levels, series of discussions were made on the current situation of pastoral communities in relation to climate change risks/vulnerabilities and adaptation/mitigation and some existing secondary data were collected from project targets 17PAs, 6Districts, from 4 regions’ and from federal levels as well. The discussion up on gathering the secondary data and the gathered secondary data indicated the followings.

Pastoral communities’ CC risks/vulnerabilities include recurrent drought, rainfall shortage and uncertainty, range land degradation, conflicts over resources among regions, salinity, lowering down of water table, livestock and human diseases outbreak, flood, wind, pests and insect attacks, and loss of livelihood. CC adaptation/mitigation and communication strategy/policy is not available at all levels (regions, districts and PAs). The policy/strategy is supposed to be based on awareness creation, CC adaptation/mitigation plan designing, identification of pastoral communities mode of production and indigenous knowledge, preserving, upgrading/strengthening and mainstreaming the existing traditional copying mechanisms in to the conventional ones, conservation of natural resources, enhancing traditional conservation mechanisms and management systems, linking safety net programme to natural resource conservation and align with CC adaptation and mitigation, develop regional CC adaptation/mitigation, communication and advocacy strategy, mainstream it in to the PASDEP/GTP, establishing well organized network/communication and information flow system in all sectors. CC risks/vulnerabilities copying mechanisms being practiced include being displaced in search of water and feed, selling out unproductive animals, enclosing milking cows and 31

Report on Baseline Survey in Project Woredas of Afar, Somali, Oromia and SNNP Regions of Ethiopia

calves, moving to higher altitude to escape the flood, decreasing watering frequency for livestocks, and labour selling. Policy and strategic gaps on CC risks/vulnerabilities include not well articulated policy and strategy in particular for Pastoralism, at all levels, but for crop production, and absence of action plan on the same. Moreover, gap in advocating and communicating policy and strategy at all levels, from regions up to district and PAs. In regions like Oromiya, Afar only land use policy and strategy is communicated well with technical backstopping from federal gov’t (for Afar). Capacity gaps (skill and knowledge, trained man power, commitment, outlook problem) at all levels on how to plan (formulate Strategic Plan) for CC adaptation programme, risk management, early warning and response systems and institutional capacity gaps (coordination and integration/leadership, equipment/material/facilities/infrastructure) on the same are prevailing. But it is found to be serious at district and PAs levels. Gap in information package on CC mitigation and adaptation, early warning and response system at all levels, particularly at the four regions and six project districts levels. For CC adaptation and adaptation regions and project districts stressed its absence, even though there are information, which can be obtained when need arises, but are not organized and not in package level.

Report on Baseline Survey in Project Woredas of Afar, Somali, Oromia and SNNP Regions of Ethiopia

2.5 Analysis of Baseline Survey Data on Water Resources

2.5.1 Overview

Water scarcity has become globally significant over the last 40 years or so, and its effect is ac- celerating to have impact on living condition and livelihood development for 1-2 billion people worldwide. Population growth, level of economic development and climate change impacts will undoubtedly will have substantial effect on global water availability in the future. Studies state that if today's food production and environmental trends continue into the future, they will lead to crises in food production and livelihood in many parts of the world.

Climate change has significant impacts on water supplies, creating or exacerbating chronic shortages, and on water quality. There is already existence of widespread acceleration of glacial retreat and in many areas stream flow is shifting from spring to winter peaks. If continued, these shifts could affect the availability of water for agriculture and other uses (human and livestock consumption).

The main water sources in pastoral areas include ponds wells and rivers. The pastoralist’s perception and indigenous knowledge on availability of water in a locality is rich and can be measures of their survival in such harsh climate where water scarcity is a major factor that determines their livelihood, livestock keeping. They can indicate the availability of water with presence of some type and density of trees which indicate presence of underground water. Good quality water for livestock is perceived as that which contains some salts and with moderate col- or. Clear and tasteless water is considered as not ideal for livestock because it does not provide minerals required by animals for better performance in rangeland. In pastoral areas water is assessed based on the following features: Color - slightly colored water is acceptable but milky colored water is not preferred Taste - Salty taste is considered good for livestock as compared to tasteless water Turbidity - muddy water is considered not suitable for livestock and blamed as source of diseases Odor - muddy smell water is not acceptable

Report on Baseline Survey in Project Woredas of Afar, Somali, Oromia and SNNP Regions of Ethiopia

Wild animals - presence of healthy wild animals around water source indicates availability of suitable water for livestock Parasites - presence of large number of swimming insects lead to rejection of water source Algae - presence of floating algae indicates unsuitable water for livestock

Drinking water in a pond is quantified by marking the level of water on the animals' body when they enter the pond during watering session. Usually water level above hock joint is most preferred. The rate at which wells refill after a drinking session determines the persistence of the particular water source during the dry season.

Status of existing water sources/supplies: In the study areas there are water sources/supplies which include ponds, traditional wells (birkas/ellas), cisterns, springs, Hand Dug Wells, Shallow Wells and Deep Wells with functionality of the schemes ranges from 28% (Telalak), 33% (Harshin), 40% (Teltale), 41% (Selamago) and 49% (Adaar and Ayishia) which varies tremendously with the type of water source and seasonality of the potential resource. Sources of water for both human and livestock are basically from these sources.. in most instances livestock mainly dry cows, male cattle and camels depend on rivers for dry season watering. Are Telltale and Harshin has large number of Birkas and ellas but most are not managed well and miss located from the potential residence areas (Table 21).

Table 25: Existing Developed Water Supply Schemes (Water Sources) of Study Districts and their Status (Functional/Non-functional)

Districts

S.No Water Supply Schemes Taltelle Selamago Adaar Talalak Harshin Ayisha

1 Cisterns (Runoff Catchments) 11 8 7 4

Status (F/NF): Functional 2 4 4 1

2 Cisterns (Roof catchments) 30

Status (F/NF): Functional 7

3 Traditional well (Birkas/Ellas) 63 10 14 71 2

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Districts

S.No Water Supply Schemes Taltelle Selamago Adaar Talalak Harshin Ayisha

Status (F/NF): Functional 33 10 6 25 1

4 Ponds 28 3 4 2 5 15

Status (F/NF): Functional 16 2 4 0 5 15

5 Spring on the spot 1 1

Status (F/NF): Functional 1 1

6 Spring with gravity 2

Status (F/NF): Functional Not com- pleted

7 Motorized spring

Status (F/NF): Functional

8 Hand dug well with no hand pump

Status (F/NF): Functional

9 Hand dug well fitted with hand 37 14 15 28 pump

Status (F/NF): Functional 27 10 7 27

10 Shallow wells 7

Status (F/NF): Functional 7

11 Deep wells 21 4 3 4

Status (F/NF): Functional 15 2 0 3

Percentage of Functional WS Schemes 0.47 0.41 0.49 0.28 0.39 0.49

Household survey and KII conducted at HH levels in all project areas to assess potential, accessibility, management, availability and alternatives of water for human and livestock consumption, and the FGD and secondary data collected on the same from PAs, Districts, Regions and Federal levels indicate surface and ground water availability and potential variations among the study Woredas. The main sources/supplies of water vary from ponds to Deep/Shallow/Hand Dug Wells and availability by type differs among the districts of the four regions. As it is indicated in Table 22, Ayisha of Shinnille zone and Adaar of zone 1 are found to be rich with underground water supplies (deep and hand dug wells), and about 74% and 71% of the respondents of the dis-

Report on Baseline Survey in Project Woredas of Afar, Somali, Oromia and SNNP Regions of Ethiopia tricts respectively are accessing water supplies from deep and hand dug wells, and traditional well + ponds comprises 10% and 16% for the two Districts respectively: Where as ponds and traditional wells are the sources of water supplies for Taltelle and Harshin districts; Ponds, underground water supplies and river for Selamago districts; Underground water supplies and traditional well for Talalak district. Moreover the seasonality of availability of water supplies are the hazards for pastoral communities in the survey districts, which implies that there is a need of intervention in these areas.

.Table 26: HOUSEHOLDHOLD’s main source of water for human and livestock consumption No of Region District respondents Percent Oromiya Taltelle Valid Ponds 68 75.6 Ponds and traditional well (El- 22 24.4 la) Total 90 100.0 SNNP Selamago Valid Ponds 76 56.3 River 51 37.8 Ponds and river 8 5.9 Total 135 100.0 Afar Adaar Valid Ponds 1 .7 Traditional well (Ella) 22 16.3 Cisterns 16 11.9 Deep well/SW/HDW 96 71.1 Total 135 100.0 Talalak Valid Traditional well (Ella) 82 60.7 Cisterns 2 1.5 Deep well/SW/HDW 51 37.8 Total 135 100.0 Somali Harshin Valid Ponds 7 5.2 Ponds and traditional well (El- 128 94.8 la) Total 135 100.0 Ayisha Valid Ponds 2 1.5 Traditional well (Birka) 12 8.9 Deep well/SW/HDW 100 74.1 Ponds and traditional well 21 15.6 (Birka) Total 135 100.0

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Majority (97.4%) of the surveyed HHs responded that they are accessing the water for consumption within their PAs/villages though there are differences with regions/Woredas (Table 24). But they stressed that the water supplies for consumption are not adequate and still are far from their residence area. The survey indicated that the HHs spend an hour to half a day daily to fetch the water for human consumption (Table 23). The maximum travel is six hours exercised by 36.7%. This has got its own impact on production and productivity of labour along with time specifically for women who had burden to take care of the family and household management (Table 27, 28, and 29).

Table 27: Existence of water supplies within the PA/Village or not-at study areas level No of respondents Percent Valid Percent Valid Yes 745 97.4 97.4 No 20 2.6 2.6 Total 765 100.0 100.0

Table 28: Existence of the water supply within the PA/Village or not-at District level No of respond- Region District ents Percent Oromiya Taltelle Valid Yes 89 98.9 No 1 1.1 Total 90 100 SNNP Selamago Valid Yes 134 99.3 No 1 0.7 Total 135 100 Afar Adaar Valid Yes 131 97 No 4 3 Total 135 100 Talalak Valid Yes 121 89.6 No 14 10.4 Total 135 100 Somali Harshin Valid Yes 135 100 Ayisha Valid Yes 135 100

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Table 29: Time spent for fetching/collecting water for human consumption every day No of respondents Percent Less or equal to an hour 346 45.2 Three hours 124 16.2 Five hours 14 1.8 Six hours 281 36.7 Total 765 100.0

Adequacy and seasonality of water supply for consumption: In addition to requiring much time spent to fetch water for consumption, in adequacy of the water supply for both human and livestock consumption is major factor for both production and health of the human and livestock population. As it is indicated in Table 26, adequacy of water supply and water supply coverage of Ayisha district is relatively in better situation as conven- tionally the two (water supply adequacy and coverage) coincide (68%). To the contrary, communities in Harshin district are at the worst situation (10%). Seasonality of water supply for human and livestock consumption as indicated in Table 27 where Ayisha is at relatively better situation (84.4%) and Telltale and Harshin are at the worst situation (5.6% and 4.4% respectively). Pastor- alists (more than 75%) at survey areas are accessing water supplies for different consumption purposes seasonally, the access is not year round. The survey displayed that the patterns of water supply for livestock consumption is similar to that of human consumption, since the sources for both are similar, but treated separately, ponds for human and livestock are different.

Table 30: Adequacy of water supply for human and livestock consumption Water SS Cov- Region District No of respondents Percent erage (%) Oromiya Taltelle Yes 16 17.8 37.5 No 84 82.2 Total 90 100 SNNP Selamago Yes 39 28.9 16.8 No 96 71.1 Total 135 100 Afar Adaar Yes 11 8.1 37 No 124 91.9 Total 135 100 Talalak Yes 73 54.1 35

Report on Baseline Survey in Project Woredas of Afar, Somali, Oromia and SNNP Regions of Ethiopia

Water SS Cov- Region District No of respondents Percent erage (%) No 62 45.9 Total 135 100 Somali Harshin Yes 9 6.7 10 No 126 93.3 Total 134 100 Ayisha Yes 115 85.2 68 No 20 14.8 Total 135 100

Table 31: Seasonality of the water supply for human and livestock consumption District Region No of respondents Percent

Oromiya Taltelle Year round 5 5.6

Seasonal 85 94.4

Total 90 100.0

SNNP Selamago Year round 34 25.2

Seasonal 101 74.8

Total 135 100.0

Afar Adaar Year round 11 8.1

Seasonal 124 91.9

Total 135 100.0

Talalak Year round 57 42.2

Seasonal 78 57.8

Total 135 100.0

Somali Harshin Year round 6 4.4

Seasonal 129 95.6

Total 135 100.0

Ayisha Year round 114 84.4

Seasonal 21 15.6

Total 135 100.0

Report on Baseline Survey in Project Woredas of Afar, Somali, Oromia and SNNP Regions of Ethiopia

Status and management of water sources/supplies Data obtained and discussions carried with respective district sectoral offices and elderly obtained from the survey a supplement one another. There are water supply schemes/sources which are not functional. Some studies show that about 30% of water supply schemes at high lands of the country are non-functional, unlike that of pastoral areas which is about 40% or more. In here, parallel with developing new water supply schemes, operation and maintenance (O&M) is in need of great attention. In the survey areas, the surveyed households responded that the responsible body for O&M and water supply schemes management are water management committees, user communities themselves and government. But in the course of the survey it was realized that strengthening the capacities of local institution (water management committees) is vital. As it is indicated in Figure 4, there are water supply schemes that are being managed by traditional water management committees. These traditional committees require technical back up to perform their duties more properly; this include cross visits, institutionalizing and equipping them. Moreover, the survey depicted that there are water sources which do not have water committees, these needs committees, training the committees, and institutionalizing.

Fig. 4: Statuses of water supplies/sources (F/NF)

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The survey result indicated that (Table 32) about 50% of water supply schemes (water sources) for pastoralists are with no strong water management committees. Including the existing water management committees, be strengthened and established committees need to be capacitated (human and material), so as to improve water management levels of the pastoralists. Thanks to its strong traditional natural resource management committees in Taltelle district of Borana zone, natural resources are relatively being managed properly, in which the approach is found to be reflected in Somali region with insignificant coverage; in both regions still the institution lacks capacity and technical backstopping.

Table 32: Statuses of management of water supply schemes

No of Region Statuses respondents Percent Oromiya Properly managed, since it has got water committee 10 11.1 Not properly managed, since it has no water committee 42 46.7 Properly managed, even though it has no water committee- there is inbuilt proper water mgt tradition with in the com- 38 42.2 munity Total 90 100.0 SNNP Properly managed, since it has got water committee 52 38.5 Not properly managed, since it has no water committee 83 61.5 Total 135 100.0 Afar Properly managed, since it has got water committee 81 30.0 Not properly managed, since it has no water committee 189 70.0 Total 270 100.0 Somali Properly managed, since it has got water committee 133 49.3 Not properly managed, since it has no water committee 93 34.4 Properly managed, even though it has no water committee- 44 16.3 there is inbuilt proper water mgt tradition with in the community Total 270 100.0

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Water borne diseases and awareness of communities: In the survey, Households who responded that they know water borne diseases (66%), indicated that amoeba, and diarrhea are the most frequent human water borne diseases. The other portion of the respondent Households (34%) responded that they do not know water borne diseases; this is critical point where intervention is needed. Moreover about 85% of the respondents who know about water born diseases do not know about WaSH (Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene) and do not take any exposure training on the same; this implies that the communities at the study areas are highly exposed to water borne diseases, which has got direct impact on production and productivity of the societies.

Table 33: Knowhow about water borne diseases in the village/elsewhere Region District No of respondents Percent Oromiya Taltelle Yes 60 66.7 No 30 33.3 Total 90 100.0 SNNP Selamago Yes 120 88.9 No 15 11.1 Total 135 100.0 Afar Adaar Yes 119 88.1 No 16 11.9 Total 135 100.0 Talalak Yes 125 92.6 No 10 7.4 Total 135 100.0 Somali Harshin Yes 13 9.6 No 122 90.3 Total 135 100.0 Ayisha Yes 40 29.6 No 95 70.3 Total 135 100.0

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2.5.2 Intervention based analysis

FGDs indicated that the communities are highly in need of existence of good management of natural resources (specifically water sources); as a result they established natural resources management committees to manage water sources traditionally, (Taltelle District of Oromiya and in- significantly Harshin and Ayisha districts of Somali) , even though these traditional committee members lack technical capacities to manage the resources more properly. At FGD, the respondents stressed that water for human and livestock consumption is extremely inadequate, conflicts over natural resources like water are (up on shortage) common. Adherence/devotion of By-laws of use of resources (water) is found to be poor at Selamago and better at Taltelle and Harshin districts. Communities at the survey districts relatively appreciate the existing natural resources management system, but it is not backed by modern technical capacities (Table 34).

Table 34: Natural Resources (Water) Mean Score of PAs of Survey Districts

S/N Scoring Criteria Water Sources (0=Lowest, 5=Highest) Taltelle Selamago Adaar Talalak Harshin Ayisha 1 Availability 2 3 1 1 4 2

2 Access 2 4 1 1 2 2

3 Adequacy for human use 1 3 1 2 2 2

4 Adequacy for livestock use 1 2 1 2 2 1

5 Appropriateness of Mgt Structure 4 3 2 2 4 2

6 Conflict over Resources 1 1 3 3 2 1

7 Adherence/devotion of By-laws 4 1 3 3 4 2 of Use of Resource

8 Extent to which good mgt of the 5 4 5 4 5 5 resource is a priority for the community

Report on Baseline Survey in Project Woredas of Afar, Somali, Oromia and SNNP Regions of Ethiopia

2.6 Analysis of Baseline Survey Data on Feed Resources Bases

2.6.1 Overview

One of the most evident and important effects of climate change on livestock production is me- diated through changes in feed resources. Although indirect, effects on feed resources can have a significant impact on livestock productivity, the carrying capacity of rangelands, the buffering ability of ecosystems and their sustainability, prices of grasses and grains, trade in feeds, changes in feeding options, greenhouse gas emissions, and grazing management. The main pathways in which climate change can affect the availability of feed resources for livestock are as follows: Land use and systems changes; Changes in the primary productivity of crops, forages and rangelands; Changes in species composition; Quality of plant species/nutritional value, toxicity, productivity, opportunity cost-encroaching nature of the plant species.

Household Survey Result:

Household Survey has been conducted at household levels in all project areas to assess potential, accessibility, management, availability and alternatives of feed resource bases. The survey result indicated that there are fair potential for feed resources base, but there are problems of sufficiency and accessibility of the resources coupled by problems improved/proper management style. The survey result indicated that accessibility of grazing land for livestock is fair, especially at rainy season. As Table 35 depict, 62% of the surveyed Households responded that they do have access to the feeds/pastures/browses, and only 28% reacted that they do have adequate feeds/pastures/browses for their livestocks. However during the dry season lack of forage and browse affect the feed available and migration in search of herbage occurs. Only milking cows and small ruminants are kept around the homestead to supply the food required for the family feeding around the settlement area.

Report on Baseline Survey in Project Woredas of Afar, Somali, Oromia and SNNP Regions of Ethiopia

Table 35: Sufficiency and accessibility of grazing lands at household levels for the study areas Sufficiency Accessibility Valid Frequency Percent Percent Frequency Percent Valid Percent Valid Yes 213 27.8 28.2 465 60.8 61.7 No 542 70.8 71.8 289 37.8 38.3 Total 755 98.7 100 754 98.6 100 Missing System 10 1.3 11 1.4 Total 765 100 765 100

Status of management of grazing land: The pasture/grazing lands are mainly managed by traditional way of management, and the lands are communally utilized, there is no strong structure of management and the management is poor/inefficient. As it is indicated in Table 36, the role of user communities and the local government in the management of the grazing land is dominating in the survey districts.

Table 36: Statuses of management of grazing land in the study districts Region District No of respondents Percent Valid Percent

Oromiya Taltelle Valid Gov't. NGOs, and User Communities 83 92.3 96.5

Gov't, NGOs, User Communities and 3 3.3 3.5 Traditional Rangeland Mgt Committee

Total 86 95.6 100.0

Missing System 4 4.4

Total 90 100.0

SNNP Selamago Valid Government 1 .7 .8

User communities 76 56.3 58.5

Traditional rangeland mgt committee 44 32.6 33.7

Gov't. NGOs, and User Communities 8 5.9 6.2

Gov't, NGOs, User Communities and 1 .7 .8 Traditional Rangeland Mgt Committee

Total 130 96.3 100.0

Missing System 5 3.7

Total 135 100.0

Afar Adaar Valid User communities 16 11.9 26.7

Traditional rangeland mgt committee 44 32.6 73.3

Total 60 44.4 100.0 45

Report on Baseline Survey in Project Woredas of Afar, Somali, Oromia and SNNP Regions of Ethiopia

Missing System 75 55.6

Total 135 100.0

Talalak Valid Government 72 53.3 60.5

User communities 2 1.5 1.7

Traditional rangeland management 45 33.3 37.8 committee

Total 119 88.1 100.0

Missing System 16 11.9

Total 135 100.0

Somali Harshin Valid Government 13 9.6 9.7

NGOs 5 3.7 3.7

User communities 70 51.9 52.2

Traditional rangeland mgt committee 29 21.5 21.6

Gov't. NGOs, and User Communities 17 12.6 12.7

Total 134 99.3 100.0

Missing System 1 .7

Total 135 100.0

Ayisha Valid Government 11 8.1 8.2

NGOs 3 2.2 2.2

User communities 24 17.8 17.9

Traditional rangeland mgt committee 51 37.8 38.1

Gov't, NGOs, and User Communities 45 33.3 33.6

Total 134 99.3 100.0

Missing System 1 .7

Total 135 100.0

Problems associated to pasture land: It is indicated that in the survey districts, problems with regards to range/pasture/browse land are of different types and interrelated. These include: management problems (not well organized local development committees), free/communal grazing, bush encroachment (physically protective and chemically toxic), degradation of range lands, degradation of traditional range land management, over grazing, conflicts with adjacent districts/regions and moisture stress. The survey indicates that the conflicts among pastoralists of the survey districts are as result of competition over natural resources, mainly water and range

Report on Baseline Survey in Project Woredas of Afar, Somali, Oromia and SNNP Regions of Ethiopia lands. Details on management characteristics and significance of the problem for each of the Woredas are indicated in Table 37.

Table 37: Problems with regards to range/pasture/browse land No of Valid Region District respondents Percent Percent

Oromiya Taltelle Valid Management problem, too many livestock, Distance from 88 97.8 97.8 homestead, Grazing/pasture land shortage and Bush encroachment

Management problem, too many livestock, Distance from 2 2.2 2.2 homestead, Grazing/pasture land shortage, Bush encroachment and Low forage/browse yield

Total 90 100.0 100.0

SNNP Selamago Valid Management problem 1 .7 .8

Low forage and browse yield 1 .7 .8

Management problem, too many livestock, Distance from 97 71.9 72.9 homestead, Grazing/pasture land shortage and Bush encroachment

Management problem, too many livestock, Distance from 34 25.2 25.6 homestead, Grazing/pasture land shortage, Bush encroachment and Low forage/browse yield

Total 133 98.5 100.0

Missing System 2 1.5

Total 135 100.0

Afar Adaar Valid Bush encroachment and unpalatable and toxic plants 86 63.7 63.7

Management problem, too many livestock, Distance from 49 36.3 36.3 homestead, Grazing/pasture land shortage and Bush encroachment

Total 135 100.0 100.0

Talalak Valid Too many livestock 8 5.9 5.9

Bush encroachment and unpalatable and toxic plants 9 6.7 6.7

Management problem, too many livestock, Distance from 118 87.4 87.4 homestead, Grazing/pasture land shortage and Bush encroachment

Total 135 100.0 100.0

Report on Baseline Survey in Project Woredas of Afar, Somali, Oromia and SNNP Regions of Ethiopia

No of Valid Region District respondents Percent Percent

Somali Harshin Valid Management problem 15 11.1 11.2

Distance from homestead 5 3.7 3.7

Bush encroachment and unpalatable and toxic plants 5 3.7 3.7

Management problem, too many livestock, Distance from 109 80.7 81.3 homestead, Grazing/pasture land shortage and Bush encroachment

Total 134 99.3 100.0

Missing System 1 .7

Total 135 100.0

Ayisha Valid Management problem 23 17.0 17.0

Distance from homestead 10 7.4 7.4

Bush encroachment and unpalatable and toxic plants 14 10.4 10.4

Management problem, too many livestock, Distance from 88 65.2 65.2 homestead, Grazing/pasture land shortage and Bush encroachment

Total 135 100.0 100.0

Mitigation strategies of feed resources base problems: The survey result indicates that there are mitigation strategies for feed resource problems of the survey districts. These include: promoting private range land ownership, bush clearing by community (not via cash for work-issue of sustainability), capacitating/strengthening/establishing local natural resource development committees, area enclosure, fodder production, community mobilization on proper management of feed resources/natural resources conservation, and reducing livestock number to carrying capacity of the range land (Table 38). Bush clearing, Improved fodder production, Encouraging communal land management, Providing trainings for community at large and committees in particular, Strengthen and train/ capacitate traditional rangeland management system, Pro- mote/increase area enclosure as intervention mechanism to increase availability of feed and pro- tect the natural resources for sustainable use was recommended at 98.9% for Teltele, 34.1% for Selamago, 100% by Adaar, 94.1% by Talalak, 84% by Harshin 47.7% by Ayisha. Ayisha had a great need on training for the community at large and committees in management of the rangelands.

Report on Baseline Survey in Project Woredas of Afar, Somali, Oromia and SNNP Regions of Ethiopia

Table 38: Mitigation Strategies of the above feed resource base problems Region District No of Rs Percent Valid Percent

Oromiya Taltelle Valid Promoting environmental protection 1 1.1 1.1

Bush clearing, Improved fodder production, Encouraging 88 97.8 98.9 communal land management, Providing trainings for community at large and committees in particular, Strengthen and train/ capacitate traditional rangeland management system, Pro- mote/increase area enclosure

Total 89 98.9 100.0

Missing System 1 1.1

Total 90 100.0

SNNP Selamago Valid Bush clearing 85 63.0 63.0

Improved fodder production 4 3.0 3.0

Bush clearing, Improved fodder production, Encouraging 46 34.1 34.1 communal land management, Providing trainings for community at large and committees in particular, Strengthen and train/ capacitate traditional rangeland management system, Pro- mote/increase area enclosure

Total 135 100.0 100.0

Afar Adaar Valid Bush clearing, Improved fodder production, Encouraging 135 100.0 100.0 communal land management, Providing trainings for community at large and committees in particular, Strengthen and train/ capacitate traditional rangeland management system, Pro- mote/increase area enclosure

Talalak Valid Bush clearing 8 5.9 5.9

Bush clearing, Improved fodder production, Encouraging 127 94.1 94.1 communal land management, Providing trainings for community at large and committees in particular, Strengthen and train/ capacitate traditional rangeland management system, Pro- mote/increase area enclosure

Total 135 100.0 100.0

Somali Harshin Valid Bush clearing 5 3.7 3.8

Improved fodder production 13 9.6 9.9

Providing trainings for community at large and committees in 3 2.2 2.3 particular

Report on Baseline Survey in Project Woredas of Afar, Somali, Oromia and SNNP Regions of Ethiopia

Bush clearing, Improved fodder production, Encouraging 110 81.5 84.0 communal land management, Providing trainings for community at large and committees in particular, Strengthen and train/ capacitate traditional rangeland management system, Pro- mote/increase area enclosure

Total 131 97.0 100.0

Missing System 4 3.0

Total 135 100.0

Ayisha Valid Bush clearing 2 1.5 1.5

Improved fodder production 2 1.5 1.5

Providing trainings for community at large and committees in 43 31.9 33.1 particular

Strengthen and train/ capacitate traditional rangeland manage- 14 10.4 10.8 ment system

Promote/increase area enclosure for range land 7 5.2 5.4

Bush clearing, Improved fodder production, Encouraging 62 45.9 47.7 communal land management, Providing trainings for community at large and committees in particular, Strengthen and train/ capacitate traditional rangeland management system, Pro- mote/increase area enclosure

Total 130 96.3 100.0

Missing System 5 3.7

Total 135 100.0

2.6.2 Intervention based analysis Assessment was carried out to identify feed resources availability, access and adequacy of the resources. Based on the household survey and FGD conducted on appropriateness of the rangelands management structure, level of conflict on resources adherence to and devotion to bylaws on the use of resources and extent to which good management of the resources is a priority for the community. Table 39 indicates that communities at pastoral areas (Survey Districts) are in need of strong management of natural resources, it is their priority. The FGD made with local development committees showed that conflict over resources is not serious, particularly not at all for Sarite PA of Taltelle District, but seasonally there is such problem between Saba and SNNP even though the case emerges up on season of scarcity/lack of the natural resources, feed/pasture 50

Report on Baseline Survey in Project Woredas of Afar, Somali, Oromia and SNNP Regions of Ethiopia and also increase in livestock population. Availability, access, and adequacy of the feeds for the livestock are not to the extent the communities need, they are below the needs of the community. Management structure and application of the set by-laws are found to be satisfactory for survey districts. Conflicts over natural resources are found to be common, especially up on shortage.

Table 39: Natural Resources (Feed/Pasture) Mean Score of PAs of Survey Districts

S/ Scoring Criteria Feed/Pasture N (0=Lowest, 5=Highest) Taltelle Selamago Adaar Talalak Harshin Ayisha

1 Availability 2 4 1 2 3 2

2 Access 2 3 1 2 2 3

3 Adequacy for livestock use 2 2 1 2 3 1

4 Appropriateness of Mgt Structure 4 2 2 2 2 2

5 Conflict over Resources 2 1 3 2 2 1

6 Adherence/devotion of By-laws of 4 1 2 3 4 2 Use of Resource

7 Extent to which good mgt of the 5 2 4 3 5 5 resource is a priority for the community

2.7 Analysis of Baseline Survey Data on Livestock Production, Productivity and Marketing

2.7.1 Overview

Livestocks reared in the study areas include cows, equines, camel, shoats, and hens. On top of limited availabilities/accesses of water, feeds/browse, and poor veterinary services, the livestocks are nurtured under traditional way of production. Parallel with these market infrastructures, market and price information are poorly developed in the study areas. As a result production and productivity of the livestock at the study areas are found to be minimal. Livestock producers are

Report on Baseline Survey in Project Woredas of Afar, Somali, Oromia and SNNP Regions of Ethiopia dependent on markets to sell their livestock and livestock products. Lack of access to up to date information and poor access to markets due to limitations in quarantine/storage, transportation and other basic facilities limits trading to the very local level and ultimately stifles income generation. This reduces resilience to external shocks, which are results of climate change risks/vulnerabilities, which in heightens household food insecurity. These value chain limitations, exacerbated by low levels of knowledge and experiences of value addition, also affect groups/pastoralists trying to generate income from non-livestock sources such as petty trade, LMCs, SACCOs, MPCs and working on natural resource products (e.g. aloevera/soap, honey, incense and gum). These groups remain at the first point in the supply chain, marketing raw materials rather than processed goods, and are therefore unable to benefit fully from the income- generating potential of the natural resources available in their locality. Barriers to full participation in markets and value chain progression lead to a lack of livelihoods diversification thereby increasing pastoralists’ vulnerability to climate change risks/ vulnerabilities; drought, livestock/human disease, crop failure, market fluctuations and food price increases. All these are factors that affect the livelihoods of the pastoral communities, and need interventions.

H household Survey Result: The survey indicates (Table 40) that Trypanosomosis, CBPP, CCPP, and Babesiosis and Para- sites and shoats’ pox are the main livestock diseases in the survey areas, which significantly affect production and productivity of livestocks. Moreover, the survey indicates that these affect the livestock being complemented by lack/absence of appropriate veterinary services in the survey areas. As it is implied in Table 41 and 42, on average for survey districts 28% of the respondents reacted that they do not have access to veterinary services, and 57% of the pastoralists from the survey areas responded that the existing animal health posts are not properly staffed and equipped.

Table 40: Main livestock diseases that affect herd/flock this year

Report on Baseline Survey in Project Woredas of Afar, Somali, Oromia and SNNP Regions of Ethiopia

Region District No of respondents Percent Valid Percent Oromiya Taltelle Valid Trypanosomosis,CBPP, 89 98.9 100 CCPP, and Babesio- sis Missing System 1 1.1 Total 90 100 SNNP Selamago Valid Trypanosomosis,CBPP, 134 99.3 99.3 CCPP, and Babesio- sis Other animal diseases 1 0.7 0.7 Total 135 100 100 Afar Adaar Valid Trypanosomosis,CBPP, 109 80.7 91.6 CCPP, and Babesio- sis Other animal diseases 10 7.4 8.4 Total 119 88.1 100 Missing System 16 11.9 Total 135 100 Talalak Valid Trypanosomosis,CBPP, 44 32.6 33.1 CCPP, and Babesio- sis Other animal diseases 1 0.7 0.8 Parasite, shoats pox 88 65.2 66.2 Total 133 98.5 100 Missing System 2 1.5 Total 135 100 Somali Harshin Valid Trypanosomosis,CBPP, 3 2.2 2.2 CCPP, and Babesio- sis Anthrax, Parasite 26 19.3 19.4 Parasite, shoats pox 105 77.8 78.4 Total 134 99.3 100 Missing System 1 0.7 Total 135 100 Ayisha Valid Trypanosomosis,CBPP, 42 31.1 36.5 CCPP, and Babesio- sis Missing System 20 14.8 Total 135 100

Report on Baseline Survey in Project Woredas of Afar, Somali, Oromia and SNNP Regions of Ethiopia

Table 41: Accessibility of veterinary services for livestock Region District No of respondents Percent Valid Percent

Oromiya Taltelle Valid Yes 88 97.8 97.8

No 2 2.2 2.2

Total 90 100.0 100.0

SNNP Selamago Valid Yes 69 51.1 51.1

No 66 48.9 48.9

Total 135 100.0 100.0

Afar Adaar Valid No 114 84.4 100.0

Missing System 21 15.6

Total 135 100.0

Talalak Valid Yes 40 29.6 30.1

No 93 68.9 69.9

Total 133 98.5 100.0

Missing System 2 1.5

Total 135 100.0

Somali Harshin Valid Yes 105 77.8 78.4

No 29 21.5 21.6

Total 134 99.3 100.0

Missing System 1 .7

Total 135 100.0

Ayisha Valid Yes 123 91.1 91.1

No 12 8.9 8.9

Total 135 100.0 100.0 .

Report on Baseline Survey in Project Woredas of Afar, Somali, Oromia and SNNP Regions of Ethiopia

Table 42: Staffing and equipment status (drugs and material) of livestock health posts Region District No of respondents Percent Valid Percent

Oromiya Taltelle Valid Yes 69 76.7 77.5

No 20 22.2 22.5

Total 89 98.9 100.0

Missing System 1 1.1

Total 90 100.0

SNNP Selamago Valid Yes 2 1.5 1.5

No 133 98.5 98.5

Total 135 100.0 100.0

Afar Adaar Valid Yes 11 8.1 12.0

No 81 60.0 88.0

Total 92 68.1 100.0

Missing System 43 31.9

Total 135 100.0

Talalak Valid Yes 42 31.1 45.7

No 50 37.0 54.3

Total 92 68.1 100.0

Missing System 43 31.9

Total 135 100.0

Somali Harshin Valid Yes 113 83.7 84.3

No 21 15.6 15.7

Total 134 99.3 100.0

Missing System 1 .7

Total 135 100.0

Ayisha Valid Yes 118 87.4 91.5

No 11 8.1 8.5

Total 129 95.6 100.0

Missing System 6 4.4

Total 135 100.0

Report on Baseline Survey in Project Woredas of Afar, Somali, Oromia and SNNP Regions of Ethiopia

As indicated in Table 43 and 44, pastoralists (41%) of the surveyed Households on average for the Districts responded that the existing animal health posts are not functional. They stated that the reasons for non-functionality are lack of standardized/quality animal health post, lack of drugs and other equipment (65%) and lack of animal health workers (expertise) (10%).

Table 43: Functionality/status of the animal health post Region District No of respondents Percent Valid Percent Oromiya Taltelle Valid Yes 44 48.9 48.9 No 46 51.1 51.1 Total 90 100.0 100.0 SNNP Selamago Valid Yes 63 46.7 46.7 No 72 53.3 53.3 Total 135 100.0 100.0 Afar Adaar Valid Yes 62 45.9 52.5 No 56 41.5 47.5 Total 118 87.4 100.0 Missing System 17 12.6 Total 135 100.0 Talalak Valid Yes 8 5.9 7.7 No 88 65.2 84.6 22.00 8 5.9 7.7 Total 104 77.0 100.0 Missing System 31 23.0 Total 135 100.0 Somali Harshin Valid Yes 124 91.9 92.5 No 10 7.4 7.5 Total 134 99.3 100.0 Missing System 1 .7 Total 135 100.0 Ayisha Valid Yes 129 95.6 95.6 No 6 4.4 4.4 Total 135 100.0 100.0

Report on Baseline Survey in Project Woredas of Afar, Somali, Oromia and SNNP Regions of Ethiopia

Table 44: Reason(s) for non-functionality of the animal health post Region District No of Res Percent Valid Percent Oromiya Taltelle Valid Lack of animal health workers 1 1.1 1.2 Lack of drugs and other equipment 32 35.6 39.0 Others 1 1.1 1.2 Lack of standardized/quality animal health 48 53.3 58.5 post, Lack of drugs and other equipment Total 82 91.1 100.0 Missing System 8 8.9 Total 90 100.0 SNNP Selamago Valid Lack of animal health workers 2 1.5 1.5 Lack of drugs and other equipment 13 9.6 9.6 Lack of standardized/quality animal health 120 88.9 88.9 post, Lack of drugs and other equipment Total 135 100.0 100.0 Afar Adaar Valid Lack of animal health workers 6 4.4 4.6 Lack of drugs and other equipment 39 28.9 29.8 Lack of standardized/quality animal health 86 63.7 65.6 post, Lack of drugs and other equipment Total 131 97.0 100.0 Missing System 4 3.0 Total 135 100.0 Talalak Valid Lack of drugs and other equipment 56 41.5 73.7 Lack of standardized/quality animal health 20 14.8 26.3 post, Lack of drugs and other equipment Total 76 56.3 100.0 Missing System 59 43.7 Total 135 100.0 Somali Harshin Valid Lack of animal health workers 5 3.7 11.9 Lack of drugs and other equipment 3 2.2 7.1 Lack of standardized/quality animal health 34 25.2 81.0 post, Lack of drugs and other equipment Total 42 31.1 100.0 Missing System 93 68.9 Total 135 100.0 Ayisha Valid Lack of animal health workers 5 3.7 29.4 Lack of standardized/quality animal health 12 8.9 70.6 post, Lack of drugs and other equipment Total 17 12.6 100.0 Missing System 118 87.4 Total 135 100.0

Report on Baseline Survey in Project Woredas of Afar, Somali, Oromia and SNNP Regions of Ethiopia

Community Animal Health Workers (CAHWS): Survey results indicate that that the number of CAHWS ranges from 0 to 20 in the project areas. Some villages do have twenty CAHWS, the other four, three, two, one and others do have no CAHWS, and they lack capacity to perform well. And Table 45 in lump sum indicates that about 74% of the respondents responded that they do have CAHWS at community levels. Even though these CAHWS are available, the House- holds stressed that they are not well organized and functioning properly.

Table 45: Availability of Community Animal Health Workers (CAHWS) in the village Region District No of Re. Percent Valid Percent Oromiya Taltelle Valid Yes 72 80 80.9 No 17 18.9 19.1 Total 89 98.9 100 Missing System 1 1.1 Total 90 100 SNNP Selamago Valid Yes 70 51.9 52.6 No 63 46.7 47.4 Total 133 98.5 100 Missing System 2 1.5 Total 135 100 Afar Adaar Valid Yes 102 75.6 75.6 No 33 24.4 24.4 Total 135 100 100 Talalak Valid Yes 52 38.5 40.9 No 75 55.6 59.1 Total 127 94.1 100 Missing System 8 5.9 Total 135 100 Somali Harshin Valid Yes 129 95.6 96.3 No 5 3.7 3.7 Total 134 99.3 100 Missing System 1 0.7 Total 135 100 Ayisha Valid Yes 131 97 97.8 No 3 2.2 2.2 Total 134 99.3 100 Missing System 1 0.7 Total 135 100

Report on Baseline Survey in Project Woredas of Afar, Somali, Oromia and SNNP Regions of Ethiopia

Production and productivity of livestock and constraints: Livestock diseases /lack of veterinary services, shortage of feeds and water, lack of technical support and low productivity/breed type are contributing for low production and productivity of livestock in the areas. Moreover, the survey results indicate that absence/lack of improved technical capacity of pastoralists in managing the livestocks is playing another role for low production and productivity of livestocks in the survey areas).

Households at the survey areas are predominantly practicing livestock production, they are pastoralists, as economic activities; but crop production too is the other complementing livelihood in the areas, contributing about 2.5%. In the areas main crops produced by those agro-pastoral community members include sorghum, maize, teff (Taltelle of Oromiya), vegetables (potatoes, tomatoes, groundnuts, cabbages, haricot beans, onions etc) and fruits like papaya, mango and orange. The survey indicated that moisture stress, pests, and diseases are main constraints for low production and productivity of crops/ vegetables and fruits. Major livestock produced include: Shoats, camels, equines/donkey, cattle/cows, and poultry; which highly are affected by prevalence of livestock diseases, which is more serious as a result of climate change risks/drought (Table 46, 47 and 48).

Table 46: Factor(s) affecting production and productivity of livestock at HOUSEHOLDHOLD levels Region District No of respondents Percent

Oromiya Taltelle Livestock diseases /lack of veterinary services 3 3.3

Shortage of feeds and water 1 1.1

Livestock diseases /lack of veterinary services, Shortage of 86 95.6 feeds and water, Lack of technical support and Low productivity

Total 90 100.0

SNNP Selamago Livestock diseases /lack of veterinary services 1 .7

Livestock diseases /lack of veterinary services, Shortage of 134 99.3 feeds and water, Lack of technical support and Low productivity

Total 135 100.0

Afar Adaar Livestock diseases /lack of veterinary services 21 15.6

Shortage of feeds and water 16 11.9

Report on Baseline Survey in Project Woredas of Afar, Somali, Oromia and SNNP Regions of Ethiopia

Region District No of respondents Percent

Livestock diseases /lack of veterinary services, Shortage of 98 72.6 feeds and water, Lack of technical support and Low productivity

Total 135 100.0

Talalak Livestock diseases /lack of veterinary services 58 43.0

Shortage of feeds and water 2 1.5

Low productivity 8 5.9

Livestock diseases /lack of veterinary services, Shortage of 67 49.6 feeds and water, Lack of technical support and Low productivity

Total 135 100.0

Somali Harshin Livestock diseases /lack of veterinary services 1 .7

Shortage of feeds and water 37 27.4

Livestock diseases /lack of veterinary services, Shortage of 97 71.9 feeds and water, Lack of technical support and Low productivity

Total 134 100.0

Ayisha Livestock diseases /lack of veterinary services 2 1.5

Shortage of feeds 49 36.3

Low productivity 1 .7

Livestock diseases /lack of veterinary services, Shortage of 83 61.5 feeds and water, Lack of technical support and Low productivity

Total 135 100.0

Table 47: Factor(s) affecting production and productivity of livestock at survey areas level Factors No of respondents Percent

Livestock diseases /lack of veterinary services 86 11.2

Shortage of feeds and water 104 13.6

Low productivity 9 1.2

Livestock diseases /lack of veterinary services, Shortage of feeds and water, Lack of 566 74.0 technical support and Low productivity

Total 765 100.0

Report on Baseline Survey in Project Woredas of Afar, Somali, Oromia and SNNP Regions of Ethiopia

Table 48: Main constraints to low production and productivity of Crops/vegetables/ fruits Constraints No of respondents Percent Farming practice 11 1.4 Improved seeds 6 0.8 Moisture (RF) 182 23.8 Pests/diseases 1 0.1 Moisture/RF and Pests/diseases 257 33.6 Total 457 59.7 Missing System 308 40.3 765 100.0

Livestock marketing problems: The household survey on problems of livestock marketing indicated (90% of the surveyed Households) that there are of different but interrelated factors that affect livestock marketing of pastoralists of the survey areas. These include: Inaccessibility to market, lack of marketing information, involvement of many brokers, and absence of LMC (Ta- ble 49).

Table 49: Livestock marketing problems in the project areas Valid Region District No of respondents Percent Percent Oromiya Taltelle Valid Inaccessibility to market, Lack of mar- 88 97.8 100.0 keting information, Involvement of many brokers, and absence of LMC Total 88 97.8 100.0 Missing System 2 2.2 Total 90 100.0 SNNP Selamago Valid Lack of marketing information 12 8.9 9.9 Inaccessibility to market, Lack of mar- 109 80.7 90.1 keting information, Involvement of many brokers, and absence of LMC Total 121 89.6 100.0 Missing System 14 10.4 Total 135 100.0

Report on Baseline Survey in Project Woredas of Afar, Somali, Oromia and SNNP Regions of Ethiopia

Valid Region District No of respondents Percent Percent Afar Adaar Valid Inaccessibility to market, Lack of mar- 135 100.0 100.0 keting information, Involvement of many brokers, and absence of LMC Talalak Valid Inaccessibility to market 40 29.6 31.5 Lack of marketing information 16 11.9 12.6 Inaccessibility to market, Lack of mar- 71 52.6 55.9 keting information, Involvement of many brokers, and absence of LMC Total 127 94.1 100.0 Missing System 8 5.9 Total 135 100.0 Somali Harshin Valid Inaccessibility to market 7 5.2 5.3 Lack of marketing information 7 5.2 5.3 Others 3 2.2 2.3 Inaccessibility to market, Lack of mar- 114 84.4 87.0 keting information, Involvement of many brokers, and absence of LMC Total 131 97.0 100.0 Missing System 4 3.0 Total 135 100.0 Ayisha Valid Inaccessibility to market 21 15.6 21.4 Lack of marketing information 35 25.9 35.7 Absence of LMC 21 15.6 21.4 Inaccessibility to market, Lack of mar- 21 15.6 21.4 keting information, Involvement of many brokers, and absence of LMC Total 98 72.6 100.0 Missing System 37 27.4 Total 135 100.0

Report on Baseline Survey in Project Woredas of Afar, Somali, Oromia and SNNP Regions of Ethiopia

2.7.2 Intervention based analysis FGD conducted indicated that customers (buyers) for livestock and livestock products and accessibility and reliability of price information on the same are extremely poor. As it is indicated in the following table (Table 50), almost similarly for all survey districts, the local development committees indicated that they do not have accessible market places and fair prices/customers or buyers or competitive market for their livestock and livestock products. In here, much is expected to be done, particularly livestock and livestock products value chain and promotion and capacitating of pastoralists on the same.

Table 50: Markets of Livestock (Ls) and Livestock Products (LPs) Mean Score of PAs of Survey Districts

S/N Scoring Criteria Survey Districts (0=Lowest, 5=Highest) Taltelle Selamago Adaar Talalak Harshin Ayisha

Ls L Ps Ls L Ps Ls L Ps Ls L Ps Ls L Ps Ls L Ps

1 Availability of customers 1 2 3 2 1 1 2 2 3 3 2 3 (Buyers)

2 Availability of accessible and 2 2 3 2 1 1 2 2 2 3 2 3 reliable price information

3 Availability in the market 3 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 3

4 Fluctuation of prices over the 3 2 3 4 2 2 3 3 3 4 3 2 course of a year

5 Competitiveness of the market 1 2 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 (Seller and Buyer)

6 Accessibility of the market for 2 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 the community (Seller and buyer)

7 Markets 2 3 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3

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2.8 Analysis of Baseline Survey Data on Income Generating Activities

2.8.1 Overview

Agricultural activities are the most important source of income for pastoralist in the survey districts and make up 97.5%: 95% livestock, and 2.5% crop production. The remaining 2.5% income sources are non-agricultural/off-farm activities activities (IGAs) in the areas. Pastoralism, while remaining important, the rural income generating activities are found to be with potential to complement pastoral activities and play a role in climate change adaptation activities and poverty reduction and development.

2.8.2 Intervention based analysis

The community responded that IGA do have tangible economic importance and viable in their society, but lacks seed money or revolving fund and technical backstopping on how to run the business and marketing issues. Discussion made at District levels with sectoral offices indicated that potential, accessibility, management and alternatives for natural resources (water and feed), livestock and livestock products, and IGA are fair and availability for all is poor. Petty, trades, dairy processing, poultry production, animal fattening, bee keeping, handicrafts and others economic activities are found to be potential IGAs. These imply that these climate change risk and shock sensitive factors of pastoral areas are with potentials to be worked on, poorly accessed and managed, which needs to be improved. Moreover the COOPs and RuSACCOs are not available in Selamago, Adaar, Talalak, and Harshin and with infant stage in Ayisha and with management, seed money and technical capacity problems in Taltelle district.

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Table 51: IGA Mean Score of PAs of Survey Districts (Only Taltelle and Ayisha): For others not available)

S/N Scoring Criteria Survey District/Taltelle Survey District/Ayisha

(0=Lowest, 5=Highest) IGA IGA/Dagago IGA/Dawale

LMC MPC SACCOs LMC MPC SACCOs SACCOs

1 Availability of customers (Sup- 3 4 3 3 4 3 3 pliers and Buyers)

2 Accessibility of the market for the 2 3 3 2 3 4 4 community (Supplier and Buyer)

3 Availability of accessible and reli- 2 3 2 4 4 3 2 able price information

4 Competitiveness of the market 2 3 2 3 3 4 2 (Seller and Buyer)

5 Appropriateness of Management 3 4 3 2 3 3 3 Structure

6 Strength/capacity of the Manage- 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 ment Structure

7 Adherence/devotion to by-laws 3 4 3 3 4 4 3

8 Potential IGA 2 5 3 4 4 3 2

Out of the surveyed six Districts, only two (Taltelle and Ayisha) do have income generating activities parallel with livestock rearing. Pastoralists of the surveyed districts indicated that there are potentials for the successful operations of IGAs, provided that they get intensive trainings on the same, organization/establishment facilities and seed money (may be) as loan and/or revolving funds. Pastoralists of operational IGAs responded in their discussions that they need improvement in marketing services (marketing information, market places) and strengthened/capacitated coops. They stressed that these help them to be competitive and run effective IGAs.

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3 Concluding Remarks

Traditional knowledge can help to provide efficient, appropriate and time-tested ways of advis- ing and enabling adaptation to climate change in communities who are feeling the effects of climate changes due to global warming/climate change. Africa is already a continent under pressure from climate stresses and is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Many areas in Africa are recognized as having climates that are among the most variable in the world on seasonal and decadal time scales. Floods and droughts can occur in the same area within months of each other. These events can lead to famine and widespread disruption of socio-economic well- being.

Many factors contribute and compound the impacts of current climate variability in Africa and will have negative effects on the continent’s ability to cope with climate change. These include poverty, illiteracy and lack of skills, weak institutions, limited infrastructure, lack of technology and information, low levels of primary education and health care, poor access to resources, low management capabilities and armed conflicts. The overexploitation of land resources including forests increases in population, desertification and land degradation pose additional threats.

Sectoral adaptation measures look at actions for individual sectors that could be affected by climate change. For example, in agriculture, reduced rainfall and higher evaporation may call for the extension of irrigation; and for coastal zones, sea level rise may necessitate improved coastal protection such as reforestation.

In the survey areas Pastoral communities’ do have CC risks/vulnerabilities, which include recurrent drought, rainfall shortage and uncertainty, range land degradation, conflicts over resources among regions, salinity, lowering down of water table, livestock and human diseases outbreak, flood, wind, pests and insect attacks, loss of livelihood, facing food insecurity problems. The survey pinpointed some factors in CC risks/vulnerabilities adaptation/mitigation. These include: awareness creation; CC adaptation/mitigation plan designing; identification of pastoral communities mode of production and indigenous knowledge; preserving, upgrading/strengthening and 66

Report on Baseline Survey in Project Woredas of Afar, Somali, Oromia and SNNP Regions of Ethiopia mainstreaming the existing traditional copying mechanisms in to the conventional ones; conservation of natural resources; enhancing traditional conservation mechanisms and management systems; linking safety net programme to natural resource conservation and align with CC adaptation and mitigation; develop regional CC adaptation/mitigation, communication and advocacy strategy, mainstream it in to the PASDEP/GTP; establishing well organized network/ communication and information flow system in all sectors.

Moreover the survey indicated that CC risks/vulnerabilities copying mechanisms being practiced in the project areas include being displaced in search of water and feed, selling out unproductive animals, enclosing milking cows and calves, moving to higher altitude to escape the flood, decreasing watering frequency for livestocks, and labour selling, being enrolled in FFW programme, eating less preferred food, limiting intake per meal, reducing number of meals, desaving, borrowing money/food, and combinations of the same/the above and other mechanisms. At regions, districts and PAs levels there are no well articulated policy and strategy in particular for pastoralism and action plan on the same and human element capacity and institutional capacity gaps are seriously observed on the CC adaptation programme, risk management, early warning and response systems at regions, districts and PAs levels. Information package gap on CC mitigation and adaptation, risk management, early warning and response system at all levels is another drawback to CC adaptation/mitigation.

To the end, to mainstream Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Options for Pastoralists in National Development Frameworks (Development Plans, Strategies, and Policies), to strengthen Government and Pastoral Institutional Capacities to Effectively Respond to the Climate Change Risks and Challenges, and to enhance Pastoral Community Coping Mechanism /Sustainable Livelihood/food secured community and to the end contributes to poverty reduction; the survey implied that there are needs of interventions. To attain the set objectives, the areas of interventions include: capacity building works at federal, four regions (Oromiya, SNNP, Afar and Soma- li), districts (Taltelle, Selamago, Adaar, Talalak, Harshin and Ayisha), PAs and pastoral communities levels via trainings/promotions/awareness creations; improving natural resources management (water resources/sources/supplies and feed resources bases); improving livestock production and productivity; improving diversification of pastoral communities income sources/ pro-

Report on Baseline Survey in Project Woredas of Afar, Somali, Oromia and SNNP Regions of Ethiopia moting communities to be engaged in different IGAs and looking for technical and financial supports.

Report on Baseline Survey in Project Woredas of Afar, Somali, Oromia and SNNP Regions of Ethiopia

2 Annexes

Enabling Pastoral Communities to Adapt to Climate Change and Restoring Rangelands Envi- ronment Project

4.1 Data Collection Tools

A. Baseline Questionnaire/House Hold (HH) Survey A1. Basic information A11 Name of the interviewer:-______Date:-______A12 Personal Data of the Respondent A121 Name:- ______A125 Marital Status______A122 Age:- ______A126 Village:-______A123 Sex:- ______A127 District:-______A124 Religion:-______A128 Region:- ______A2. Demographic Information A21Educational Background of HH head:-______A22 HH members: - Male:-______Female:-______Total:-______A23 Number of HH member with < 18yrs old:-______A24 Number of HH member with in 18 and 65yrs old:-______A25 Number of HH member with >65yrs old:- ______A26 Settlement pattern: - 1 Sedentary/domiciled here 4 Temporarily displaced from permanent area 2 Transhumant 5 Other (Specify) 3 Returnee A27 How many male children of the HH is school age? _____ A28 How many male school age children are enrolled in the school? ____ A29 How many female children of the HH is school age? ______A210How many female school age children are enrolled in the school? _____ A3. Climate Sensitive Needs/factors Information A31 Water Resources and Water Supply/ Sources A311 Does your family make use of irrigation to produce crops/vegetables/fruits? 1. Yes 2. No A312 If Yes, from which source? ______, and who irrigated it? ______A313 If No, why? 1 No water resources for irrigation purpose in our PA/village ______2 There are irrigable water resources, but we do not have technical and financial capacity to irrigate ______

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3 There are irrigated water resources, but as a HH, we do not want to make use of irrigation water for crops/vegetables/fruits production ______4 Other reasons (if any) ______

A314 What is your HH’s main source of water for human consumption? 1 Ponds 5 Traditional well (Ella) 2 Traditional well (Birka) 6 Cisterns 3 Protected spring 7 Deep well 4 Unprotected spring 8 Others (Specify) ______A315 Is it within the Kebele 1. Yes 2. No A316 If not, name of the kebele and distance from the residential area Name ______Hours of walk from the residence ______A317 How much time do you spent for fetching/collecting water for human consumption every day?______A318 Is it adequate 1. Yes ___ 2. No_____ A319 Seasonality of the water source; 1.Year round 2. Seasonal A3110 What is your HH’s main source of water for livestock consumption? 1 Ponds 5Traditional well (Birka) 2 Protected spring 6 Deep well 3 Traditional well (Ella) 7 Unprotected spring 4 Cisterns ______8 River _____9. Others (Specify) A3111 Are/Is it within the Kebele 1. Yes ____ 2. No A3112 If not, name of the kebele and distance from the residential area Name ______Hours of trek from the residence ____ A3113 Seasonality of the water source; 1Year round 2 Seasonal A3114 How is your watering frequency for livestock? 1. Calves, kids and lambs 2. Equines 3. Camel 4. Dry cows and other cattle 5. Milking cows A3115 Is the water supply in A314 functional? 1. Yes 2. No A3116 If No, who is responsible for O&M and overall management of the scheme? 1 Government__ 4. Traditional Water 2 NGOs ___ committee 3. User communities 5 Others(Specify)

A3117 what do you say about management of water supply scheme to which your HH is user community member? 1. Properly managed, since it has got water committee 2. Not properly managed, since it has no water committee 3. Properly managed, even though it has no water committee- there is inbuilt proper water mgt tradition with in the community 4. Not properly managed A3118 Do you know about water borne diseases in your village/elsewhere? 1 Yes 2 No A3119 If yes, mention the diseases ______A3120 Do you know about WaSH? 1. Yes 2. No 70

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A3121 Do you have any exposure training about WaSH? 1. Yes 2. No A3122 Who is more responsible for WaSH activities in the HH ? 1. Women 2. Men A3123 Sometimes it is said that WaSH is women’s business is it true? 1. Yes 2. No

A32 Livestock Feed/pasture Resource Base A321 Is the grazing land you have for your livestock accessible? 1. Yes 2. No A322 Distance/hours of walk from homestead for: 1. Milking cows & calves ____ 5. Camel ______2. Dry cows and Male cattle __ 6. Equine ______3. Sheep and goat ____ A323 Is the grazing land you have for your livestock sufficient? 1. Yes 2. No A324 Who is responsible for the management of the grazing land? 1. Government 4. Traditional rangeland man- 2. NGOs agement committee (if nay) 3. User communities 5. Others Specify) ______

A325 What problems do you have in relation to range/pasture/browse land? 1. Management problem 5 Bush encroachment and un- 2. Too many livestock palatable and toxic plants 3. Distance from homestead 6. Low forage and browse yield 4. Grazing/pasture land shortage 7 Others (Specify) ______

A326 What do you think the mitigation strategies of issues at 325? 1. Bush clearing 2. Improved fodder production 3. Encouraging communal land management 4. Providing trainings for community at large and committees in particular 5. Strengthen and train/ capacitate traditional rangeland management system 6. Promote/increased area enclosure for range land 7. Promoting environmental protection

A327 Were/are there resource based conflicts in your village? 1. Yes 2. No A328 If yes, on what? 1. Feeds/pasture land 3. Others (Specify)______2. Water sources

A329 Do you know what climate change adaptation, its management, early warning & response systems mean? 1. Yes 2. No A3210 If yes, describe? ______A3211 Is there any institution at community level accountable for pastoral issues? 1. Yes 2. No A3212 If yes, mention______A3213 What working capacities (human & material resources), the institution (s) lack (s)? ______A3214 Is your HH is food self sufficient? 1. Yes 2. No

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A33 Livestock Marketing (Veterinary Infrastructure and Marketing Services) A331 What is/are factor(s) affecting production and productivity of livestock? 1. Livestock diseases /lack of 3. Lack of technical support veterinary services 4. Low productivity 2. Shortage of feeds

A332 What are the main livestock diseases that affect your herd/flock this year? ______A333 Are there accessible veterinary services for your livestock? 1. Yes 2. No A334 If yes, is it staffed with expertise and well equipped with drugs and materials? 1. Yes 2. No A335 Is it functional? 1. Yes 2. No A336 If yes does it give year round service? 1. Yes 2. No A337 If No, why? 1. Lack of animal health workers 3. Improper veterinary post 2. Lack of drugs and other equipment 4. Others (Specify)

A338 Are there Community Animal Health Workers (CAHWS) in your village? 1. Yes __ 2. No __ A339 If Yes, how many? ______A3310 Is/are there any problem(s) related to Livestock Marketing? 1. Yes ___ 2. No __ A3311If Yes, what types of problems? 1. Inaccessibility to market 4. Absence of LMC 2. Lack of marketing information 5. Others (Specify) ______3. Involvement of many brokers A3312 Do you have any exposure to biogas and other alternative sources of energy? 1. Yes 2. No A3313 Do you suppose there is potential for such energy sources? 1. Yes 2.No A34 Income (IGA) and Saving Information A341 What are the most important sources of HH income? 1. Livestock and livestock prod- 7. Petty trade ucts sales 8. Natural resources (gum, in- 2. Crop sale cense, salt) 3. Vegetable sales 9. Cash for work programme 4. Firewood/charcoal sale 10. Others (Speci- 5. Remittance fy)______6. Casual agricultural labour

N.B: Put the first three most important HH income sources in a descending order (Refer to A341) 1st______2nd______3rd______A342 Do you think there are other potential income generating activities in your village? 1. Yes 2. No A343 Are there any other alternatives/options for these IGA in your village? 1. Yes 2. No

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A344 How many livestock do you own as a HH? 1. Cattle___ 3. Equines___ 5. Others (Speci- 2. Shoats____ 4. Chickens___ fy)______

A345 On average, how many liters of milk does all your animals (milk providing animals like cow, goat, camel) yield in total per day______A346 What are the main constraints to better production and productivity of your livestock? 1. Feed/pasture land 4. Livestock diseases 2. Water 5. Others (Specify) 3. Low productivity A347 What types of crops/vegetables/fruits does your family produce? 1. Sorghum 4. Vegetables 7. Beans 2. Wheat 5. Fruits 8. Others 3. Maize 6. Barley (Specify

A348 What is the productivity of your first three main produces? 1st produce______2nd produce______3rd produce______

A349 What are the main constraints to low production and productivity of your Crops/vegetables/ fruits? 1. Farming practice 4. Pests/diseases 2. Improved seeds 5. Others (Specify) 3. Moisture (RF) A3410 Have your HH faced food shortage within last 12 months? 1. Yes 2. No A3411 What shocks the food insecurity experienced within the last 12 months? 1. Famine 2. Drought 3. Insecurity 4. Flood 5. Human disease epidemic 6. Livestock disease epidemic 7. Forced migration 8. Others (Specify) ______

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N.B: Put in order of magnitude/seriousness (descending order) – Refer to A3411 A3412 What coping mechanism(s)/strategy (ies) have your HH adopt to mitigate these shocks?

1. Eating less preferred foods 2. Borrowing money/food 3. Limiting intake per meal 4. Reducing number of meals 5. Enrolled in FFW programme 6. De-saving 7. Engaged in casual labor 8. Being temporarily displaced from the village

B. FGD Template

FGD Targets: - A) Water Management Committee (WaSHCo) & Women, B) Feed Resources (Rangeland) Management Committee, C) LMC & User Community Members, Elders and Informants D) (IGA) LMC, MPC, SACCO sand Unions. Focus on major components of Outcomes of the project: Water Sources; Livestock Pas- ture/Feed resources; Livestock Veterinary Infrastructure and Marketing Services; and Income Generating Activities’ Status, Type and Scope; and Climate Issues.

Water Management Committee (WaSHCo) & Women

Information on indicators to be collected from Water Management Committee (WaSHCo) & Women in PAs/Villages of Target Districts of Oromiya, SNNP, Somali and Afar Regions. Name of interviewer:-______Date:-______Region: - ______District: - ______PA/Village:-______Name and other information of interviewees:

S/N Name of Participant Institution Responsibility Remark

B1 Water Resources and Water Supply/Sources B11 Is/are there any river(s) in/crossing your PA/village? If yes mention, ______B12 Is/are there any spring(s) in/crossing your PA/village? If yes mention, ______B13 Is/are there any irrigation project(s) in your PA/village? If yes mention, 74 Kebede Dhuga: National Consultant

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______B14 Is/are there any potentially irrigable river(s) in your PA/village? If yes mention, ______B15 What is/are your water sources for your livestock and human consumption? (Consider private water sources for human and livestock consumption & prices/fees) B16 Is the supply of your water source sufficient for human and livestock consumption? (how many HH and Livestocks (detail) use the water point)? B17 What are potential water resources for water supply in your PA/village? Mention in a descending order. If no, what was your option (human & livestock consumption?) B18 Is the water supply functional? B19 If No, who is responsible for O and M and overall management of the scheme? B110 On average, how much is the down time of your water supply scheme? ___ B111 What is/are your option(s) when the scheme you have become non-functional? B112 Are there any potential sources that need to be developed B113 What do you say about management of water supply scheme to which your HH is user community member? B114 Was/is there any cross visits to improve water sources mgt and water works? B115 Does the Water mgt committee have women as a member? 1. Yes 2. No B116 Does such committee have more efficiency than that of with out women? 1. Yes 2. No

B117 Score the following features of Water Resources from 0 to 5 (Lowest to Highest):

S/N Scoring Criteria Natural Resources Remark (0=Lowest, 5=Highest) (Water Resources)

1 Availability 2 Access 3 Adequacy for human use 4 Adequacy for livestock use 3 Appropriateness of Mgt Structure 4 Conflict over Resource 5 Adherence/devotion of By-laws of Use of Resource 6 Extent to which good mgt of the resource is a priority for the community

Feed Resources (Rangeland) Management Committee Information on indicators to be collected from Feed Resources (Rangeland) Management Com- mittee in PAs/Villages of Target Districts of Oromiya, SNNP, Somali and Afar Regions.

Name of interviewer:-______Date:-______

Region: - ______District: - ______PA/Village______

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Name and other information of interviewees:

S/N Participant Institution Responsibility Remark

B2 Livestock Feed/Pasture Resource Bases

B21 Availability of feed resource for livestock B22 Are they communal or private? B23 Can the livestock access to the existing feed resources? B24 Are these feed resources being properly managed? B25 Who is responsible for the management of the rangeland/pasture/grazing land? (Government, NGOs, User communities, Traditional Rangeland Management Committee, Others) B26 Are these feed resources sufficient for the livestock in the area? B27 Are there any potential pasture? B28 Are there any alternative feed resources in the area? B29 What types of feed resources or pasture land do you have for your livestock (ownership: private, Communal, others)? B210 Is the grazing land you have for your livestock accessible? B211 What problems do you have in relation to pasture land/feed resources? (Management problem, Grazing/pasture land problem, Bush encroachment, others) B212 What do you think the mitigation strategies of issues at B211? (Bush clearing, Fodder production, Encouraging communal land management, Providing trainings for community at large and committees in particular, Strengthen and train/capacitate traditional rangeland management system, Promote/increase area enclosure for range land, Promote environmental protection, others) B213 Existence of nursery sites and potential capacity, B214 Potential sites for area closure B215 Areas highly encroached with bush and toxic plants that need clearing B216 Potential Sites for improved pasture/range development (for reseeding etc)

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B217 What is your grazing pattern for different categories of livestock (Are you leaving the livestocks altogether or separate them for grazing? Sheep and goat; Camel and equines; Milking cows/near homestead; Calves; Dry cows, bulls and heifers) B218 Score the following features of Feed Resources from 0 to 5 (Lowest to Highest): S/N Scoring Criteria Natural Resources Remark (0=Lowest, 5=Highest) (Feed Resources ) 1 Availability 2 Adequacy for year round feeding 3 Access 4 Appropriateness of Mgt Structure 5 Conflict over Resource 6 Adherence/devotion of Laws of Use of Resource 7 Extent to which good mgt of the resource is a priority for the community

LMC & User Community Members

Information on indicators to be collected from LMC & User Community Members in PAs/Villages of Target Districts of Oromiya, SNNP, Somali and Afar Regions: Name of interviewer:-______Date:-______

Region: - ______District: - ______PA/Village______

Name and other information of interviewees:

S/N Participant Institution Responsibility Remark 1 1 2 3

B3 Livestock Marketing (Veterinary Infrastructure and Marketing Services)

B31 Where do communities sell their livestock and livestock products (market places, mention them)? B32 Are these market places accessible?

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B33 Are there any potential markets/can all the livestock destined for the market sold out? B34 Is there seasonal variation for market outlet? When is the peak and slack seasons? B35 Are there any room/possibilities for communities to sell their produces to end consumers /minimize intermediaries to one or two? B36 Is there any trail to supply the produces to neighbouring countries’ market? B37What is/are factor(s) affecting production and productivity of livestock? B38 Is there accessible veterinary services for your livestock? B39 If B38 is Yes, is it or are they staffed with expertise/CAHWS and equipped with drugs and other material supplies and functional? B310 If the veterinary services is not functional, why? B311 Is/are there any problems related to Livestock Marketing? B312What shocks the food security experienced within the last 12 months? B313 What coping mechanism(s)/strategy (ies) have the community/HH adopt to mitigate these shocks (include traditional ones)? B314 What is the settlement pattern of the community? (Sedentary/domiciled here, Transhu- mant, Temporarily displaced from permanent home, Returnee, Other) B315 What do the communities have as traditional mitigation strategy(ies) of climate change risks/vulnerabilities? B16 Score the following features of market from 0 to 5 (Lowest to Highest): S/N Scoring Criteria Markets (0=Lowest, 5=Highest) Livestock Livestock Products Remarks 1 Availability of customers (Buyers) 2 Availability of accessible and reliable price information 3 Availability in the market 4 Fluctuation of prices over the course of a year 5 Competitiveness of the market (Seller and Buyer) 6 Accessibility of the market for the community (Seller & Buyer) 7 Markets

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LMC, MPC, SACCOs & Unions Focus on information on indicators to be collected from LMC, MPC, SACCOs and Unions in PAs/Villages of Target Districts of Oromiya, SNNP, Somali and Afar Regions. Name of interviewer:-______Date:-______

Region: - ______District: - ______PA/Village:-______

Name and other information of interviewees:

S/N Participant Institution Responsibility Remark 1 1 2 3

B4 Income Generating Activities (IGAs) B41What are income generating activities being practiced by the communities? B42 Are there any potential IGAs? Can they be accessed? B43 Why the community members did not engaged in them? B44 Are they efficient and effective? B45 What do you think they lack/constrained by? B46 What are the most important sources of HH income? (Livestock and livestock products sales/cattle, chicken, goats, skins, milk and milk products/, Crop sale, Vegetable sale, Fire- wood/charcoal sale, Remittance, Casual agricultural labour, Petty trade, Natural resources /gum, soap, incense, salt, Cash for work programme, Others) B47 Do you have office? B48 If B47 is yes, is it furnished? If no, why? State the reasons

B49 Score the following features of IGA from 0 to 5 (Lowest to Highest):

S/N Scoring Criteria IGA Remark (0=Lowest, 5=Highest) LMC MPC SACCOs Unions

1 Availability of customers (Suppliers and Buyers) 2 Accessibility of the market for the community (Supplier & Buyer) 3 Availability of accessible and reliable price information 4 Competitiveness of 79 Kebede Dhuga: National Consultant

Report on Baseline Survey in Project Woredas of Afar, Somali, Oromia and SNNP Regions of Ethiopia

the market (Seller and Buyer) 5 Appropriateness of Manage- ment Structure 6 Strength/capacity of the Man- agement Structure 7 Adherence/devotion to by-laws 8 Potential IGA

Enabling Pastoral Communities to Adapt to Climate Change and Restoring Rangelands Environment Project

C. Checklists for KII: 1Male + 1Female from each PA/Village

General: (Take name of the interviewees, from where they are and their responsibilities (if any); focus on major components of Outcomes of the project: Water Sources; Livestock Pas- ture/Feed resources; Livestock Veterinary Infrastructure and Marketing Services; and Income Generating Activities’ Status, Type and Scope).

Name of Interviewer:-______Date:-______

Name of respondent:-______Name of PA/Village:-______

Name of District:-______

C1 Water Sources: C11 How do you explain availability of water supply for human and livestock consumption? C12 Are these water suppliers are accessible?

C13 How do you see the management of the water supplies?

C14 Do you think there is potential for Water supply in the village, mention?

C15 Are there any alternatives for the water supplies?

C2 Feed Resources: C21 Are the existing feed resources sufficient and accessible? C22 Explain the management of the grazing land/pasture land/feed resources? C23 How do explain the potential of feed resources in the area? C24 Do you think there are alternatives for improving feeds for livestock in the locality?

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C25 Suggest remedies for feed resources shortage and management problem? C3 Livestock (vet. infrastructure and marketing services): C31 What are the major livestocks reared in the area along with diseases and parasite situations? C32 Mention the major types of crops/vegetables/fruits in the village along with disease and pests situations? C33 How has climate change affected life in this area and its periphery (costs and benefits)?

C34 What do you think the constraints of improved production and productivity of livestock in the area?

C35 Can you suggest possible solutions for the constraints? C36 Are there any problems associated to livestock marketing services? (Market information, market centers, customers (buyers), marketing channels etc) C37 What do you know about the veterinary services for the livestock in the area? (availability, accessibility, staffing, equipment, quality etc)

C4 IGA/Income Generating Activities)

C41 Mention types of income generating activities, which are experienced by the community in the locality C42 What do you observe from their efficiency and effectiveness point of view up on operation? C43 Are there any potential IGA in the area? C44 Have you realized any shortcomings the IGA own? C45 Can you suggest solutions for the shortcomings you observe? C46 To what extent is climate change an issue within the community? C47 Is climate change an increasing problem over the last 3 to 5 years? C48 What economically viable options exist for engaging current or potential income generating activities practices? C49 What challenges and opportunities exist to initiate such and new income generating activities in the locality C410 How do you see supports from GOs/NGOs in these regards?

Enabling Pastoral Communities to Adapt to Climate Change and Restoring Rangelands Environment Project D. Checklists for Secondary Data Collection: (Districts)

Name of Interviewer:-______Date:-______81 Kebede Dhuga: National Consultant

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Name of District:-______Name of Zone:-______

Total Area (District):-______Number of Districts in the zone:-______

Name of Region:-______

Number of Zones in the Region:-______

Agro ecological Zonation (District):-______

Farming patterns (District): - Cultivated, including irrigated land (if any)______,

Grazing land______, Bushes______, Others (residential areas, ragged areas, moun- tains, roads) ______

Total Population (District):-______Male:-______Female:-______

No of PAs/Villages in the District:-______

Participants (From Administration, Water & Energy, Livestock/Agriculture, Land Administration & Environmental Protection and Trade & Industry Offices):

S/N Name Office Position Remark 1 2 3 4 5

D1 Water Resources and Sources D11 Rivers /Number and Name(s):- ______D12 Natural Springs/Number & Name(s):- ______

D13 Other Natural Water Bodies /Number & Name ______

D14 Total irrigable land area (ha.):- ______

D15 Total irrigated land area (ha.):- ______and ____%

D16 Name of irrigation schemes:-______

______

D17 Name of rivers served for irrigation:-______

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D19 Existing Developed Water Supply Schemes (Water Sources) in the District

S.No WS Schemes Functional Non-Functional Potential Beneficiaries

1 Cisterns (Runoff Catchments)

2 Cisterns (Roof catchments)

3 Birkas/Ellas

4 Ponds

5 Spring on the spot

6 Spring with gravity

7 Motorized spring

8 Hand dug well with no hand pump

9 Hand dug well fitted with hand pump

10 Shallow wells

11 Deep wells

Current Water Supply coverage (at District level):- Rural: ______% Urban: _____% Total: ______% D2 Feed Resources Base D21 How is/are the management of feed resources/grazing land in the area? D22 Discuss on problems related to ownership and management of grazing lands/rangelands D23 Discuss about proposed/existing strategies to improve forage availability for livestock D24 Are the feeds/grazing lands available and issues sufficiency? D25 Are the feeds/pasture lands accessible? D26 Brief potential aspects/way of improving feed resources/grazing lands/browsing land D27 What are your inputs to the community in this regard? D3 Livestock (Vet. Infrastructure and Marketing Services) D31 What are livestock and livestock production and productivity increasing/improving strategies adopted in your district? D32 What major problems of livestock problems? (Feeds, diseases, infrastructure/vet. services, market/center, market/information, infrastructure/roads, species, others) D33 What are your inputs at community levels in this regard? D4 IGA D41 What are the commonly operational IGA in your district? 83 Kebede Dhuga: National Consultant

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(LMC, MPC, SACCOs, U nions, Producers Coops/soaps, others)? D42 Are there any potential IGA? D43 What do you think/observe their major problems be?

Climate Change Risk & Shock Sensitive Factors of Pastoral Areas (Fill/Score ‘Poor’, ‘Fair’, ‘Good’, ‘Very Good’ and Excellent in the matrix) S/N Scoring Criteria Water Sources IGA Livestock Feed Livestock Marketing 1 Potential 2 Accessibility 3 Management 4 Availability 5 Alternatives N.B: Up on discussion, the data collector is supposed to have additional descriptive notes on separate sheet for this table. N.B: Collect also-

Name of PA:-______, Population:-______

HHs:-______, Female Headed HHs:-______(From PA Administration office)

E Climate Change (Document Review and discussion/interview) at National, Regions and Districts Level

E1 Districts Level Name of data collector:-______Date:-______Name of the District:-______Office Contacted:-______Name (s) person(s):-______

E11 What do you Propose as Climate Change Adaptation/Mitigation and Communication Strate- gy/policy? E12 What are Climate Change risks/vulnerabilities of the Pastoral Communities at District level? E13 What copying mechanisms were/are being practiced both at community level and District level? Include traditional mitigation strategies/practices. E14 Do you think there are capacity gap at District level on how to plan (Strategic Plan) for and manage Climate Change adaptation and resource based conflicts?

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E15 Are there any institutional capacity gaps for Climate Change Adaptation, Risk Management, Early Warning & Response Systems for the District?

E2 Regions Level

Name of data collector:-______Date:-______Name of the Region:-______Office Contacted:-______Name (s) person(s):-______

E21 What do you Propose as Climate Change Adaptation/Mitigation and Communication Strate- gy/policy? E22 What are Climate Change risks/vulnerabilities of the Pastoral Communities at region level? E23 What are Policy and Strategic gaps on Climate Change Risks at region level? Relate it also with alternative policy enhancement to effectively address observed and anticipated CC related threats and opportunities. E24 Do you think there are capacity gap at Region level on how to plan (Strategic Plan) for and manage Climate Change adaptation? E25 Are there any institutional capacity gaps as well for Climate Change Adaptation, Risk Man- agement, Early Warning & Response Systems for the region? E26 Is there any information package gap on Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation, Early Warning & Response at region level?

E3 National Level

Name of data collector:-______Date:-______Office Contacted:-______Name (s) person(s):-______

E31 What are Climate Change risks/vulnerabilities of the Pastoral Communities? E32 What are Policy and Strategic gaps on Climate Change Risks? Relate it also with alternative policy enhancement to effectively address observed and anticipated CC related threats and opportunities.

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E33 What do you Propose as Climate Change Adaptation/Mitigation and Communication Strate- gy/policy? E34 Do you think there are capacity gap at Federal level on how to plan (Strategic Plan) for and manage Climate Change adaptation? E35 Are there any institutional capacity gaps for Climate Change Adaptation, Risk Management, Early Warning & Response Systems in your office/project/authority/ministry?

4.2 Monitoring and Evaluation Framework

This M&E framework sets out, in broad terms, the process which should be followed to enable project partners to measure the extent to which they have achieved the targets for each of the programme’s three objectives. The proposed process is quite simple, general and is meant to con- tain the workload required within manageable parameters. The process is best described in the form of a table (shown on the following age). The first column refers to the objective to be assessed; the second column lists the questions to be used to assess progress on the objective; the third column shows the frequency with which data should be collected and the final column gives information on sources of data and other issues relating to the way data is collected. The following guiding points should be taken into account when conducting the evaluations: - • Data should be collected and analyzed by the respective partner organizations in each area – ideally organizing them in the same way as they did to conduct the Baseline Survey. • The household survey sample should adopt the before-after approach or 50% beneficiary households and 50% non-beneficiary households. Results for each group of the latter can be compared with each other and with baseline scores. The important figure to consider in each case of the latter will be the ‘double difference’, i.e. the differences between the extents to which each group’s scores vary from the baseline score. • Results should be compared to those presented in the Baseline Survey Report and checked for statistically significant differences.

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• Focus Group Discussions, key-informant interviews, or a combination of qualitative tools should be used to identify the causes behind the observed differences between baseline survey and MandE survey values, and to measure the extent to which the programme’s activities and external factors are responsible for these changes. • The results of FGDs which measure perceptions are very subjective. As such, where the FGD methodology used in the baseline is used to assess community perceptions of issues such as access to natural resources and efficiency of markets is vital that:- FGDs are conducted in the same communities as those sampled in the baseline survey, The results for each FGD are compared with the baseline results for that community only, not aggregated results or results from other communities. This will enable changes in perceptions to be observed accurately.

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4.2 Suggested MandE Framework

Objectives Theme / Question Frequency of data Sources of data collection

Pastoralists’ CC mitigation and adapta- Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation tion options • KII and FGD-Using ‘baseline check Options for Pastoralists Mainstreamed in Mainstreaming Pastoralists’ CC mitiga- lists and templates’ respectively National Development Frameworks (Devel- tion and adaptation options in Regional • Meetings-Using ‘Points of discussion opment Plans, Strategies, and Policies) development frameworks Annually: Jan/Feb adopted for baseline’ Mainstreaming Pastoralists’ CC mitigation and adaptation options in National development frameworks Community perceptions End of programme FGD- using ‘baseline template’ Government and Pastoral Institutional Ca- Pastoralists’ capacity to respond to CC pacities Strengthened to Effectively Re- risks • KII and FGD-Using ‘baseline check spond to the Climate Change Risks and Local government capacity to respond lists and templates’ respectively Challenges to CC risks and challenges Annually: Jan/Feb • Meetings-Using ‘Points of discussion National and regional government ca- adopted for baseline’ pacity to respond to CC risks/vulnerabilities Community perceptions End of programme FGD- using ‘baseline template’ Pastoral Community Coping Mechanism Pastoralists CC risks/vulnerabilities • HOUSEHOLDHOLD Survey/ KII and /Sustainable Livelihood Enhanced Pastoralists CC risks/vulnerabilities mit- FGD-Using igation strategies Annually: Jan/Feb ‘baseline questionnaires/checklists and Pastoralists’ livelihood improvement in templates’ respectively a sustainable status • Meetings-Using ‘Points of discussion adopted for baseline’ Community perceptions End of programme FGD- using ‘baseline template’

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4.3 Project Planning Framework (PPF) - Project Outcome Matrix Intervention Logic Objectively verifiable indicators of achievement Sources and means of Assumptions verification Overall Enhancing the enabling policy environment - Decreasing trends in the number of pastoralists with in - Reports from MoA All project stakehold- objective to effectively plan and execute pastoralist Climate Change Risks/Vulnerabilities in the Survey and EPA ers bear their duties related climate change adaptation and miti- areas - Joint monitoring visit and responsibilities gation measures at federal, regional and reports accordingly district levels and pilot measures to enable the pastoral communities develop capacity for managing climate change risks and shocks in pastoral Communities in Taltelle, Selamago, Adaar, Talalak, Harshin and Ay- isha districts

Specific 1.Climate Change Mitigation and Adapta- - Existence of National/Regional/Local Development - Reports from MoA Active participations objectives tion Options for Pastoralists Mainstreamed Frameworks for Pastoralists that Mainstreamed CC and EPA of Project Partners at in National Development Frameworks Mitigation and Adaptation Options adequately National, Regional and (Dev’t Plans, Strategies, and Policies) - Existence of Tools/Manuals for Mainstreaming CC local levels Mitigation and Adaptation options for Pastoralists

2. Government and Pastoral Institutional - Capacity building works done on effective response - Reports from MoA Active participations Capacities Strengthened to Effectively to CC risks and vulnerabilities at National, Regional and EPA; of Project Partners at and District levels National, Regional, Respond to the Climate Change Risks and - Capacity building works properly implemented on District and pastoral Challenges pastoralists’ development institutions/committees on community levels effective response to CC risks/vulnerabilities 3. Pastoral Community - Baseline report with priority interventions prepared - Reports from MoA Active participations Coping Mechanism - 6 dams (earth/surface/subsurface) constructed at pro- and EPA; of Project Partners at /Sustainable Livelihood Water ject areas National, Regional, Enhanced - 12 Cisterns and/or birkas (water harvesting facilities) - Woreda office District and pastoral developed at project areas community levels - 30 wells/ponds rehabilitated at project areas reports; - 30 WaSHCos from pastoral communities/local dev’t institutions/pastoral committees organized/established - Beneficiary survey. /strengthened and trained for proper/better water resources mgt, utilization and on WaSH and water borne diseases at project areas - Physical Capacities of local institutions/committees

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developed via material/equipment/furniture supply

Feed Resources - Baseline report with priority interventions prepared - Reports from MoA Active participations - 60 ha of area enclosure made and reseed/resowed at and EPA; of Project Partners at pastoral community levels in the project areas National, Regional, - Six cross visits for pastoral community members - Woreda office District and pastoral made communities levels - Bush clearing activities done reports; - 6 Nursery sites established for multiplication of native and improved fodder species production - Beneficiary survey. - Produced improved and native fodder trees planted - Awareness created within pastoral community members on better management and utilization of range land resources, bush clearing, fodder production and control over environmental degradation - 6 ha control of soil erosion (gully treatment) promoted for demonstration - Physical Capacities of local institutions/committees developed via material/equipment/furniture supply Livestock pro- - 30 CAHWS organized/strengthened and trained - Reports from MoA Active participations duction and and EPA; of Project Partners at productivity - 12 animal health/vet posts constructed/rehabilitated - Livestock market National, Regional, prices; District and pastoral - Drugs provided to vet posts - Woreda office communities levels reports; - 6 LMCs strengthened/established and facilitated with - Financial records of marketing information cooperatives; - Beneficiary - 6 LMC linked to community development fund to get survey. access to seed money

- LMC management bodies trained on how to manage the members/coops, run the business, book keeping and business planning

- 6 Primary market posts established/constructed

/rehabilitated/strengthened at reasonable walking dis-

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tance

- Physical Capacities of LMC developed via material /equipment/furniture supply

IGAs - Participatory assessment on viability of potential - Reports from MoA Active participations IGAs (diary processing, animal fattening, bee keeping, and EPA; of Project Partners at handcrafts, petty trading, eco-tourism and others) - Financial records of National, Regional, - 6 Community development fund established and be- cooperatives; District and pastoral came functional - Beneficiary survey. communities levels - Pastoral Communities’ income generating skills developed and income sources diversified - Pastoral communities trained on how to get in to IGAs, run the businesses (MPC, LMC, SACCOs /RUSACCOs, Unions), manage them and on how to develop and utilize book keeping and business planning - Physical Capacities of COOPs and Unions developed via material /equipment/furniture supply

Expected 1. Improved and sustainable CC Mitigation - Pastoral communities CC related risks at Federal, - Reports from MoA Active participations results and Adaptation Options for Pastoralists four regions and six districts identified and EPA; of Project Partners at Mainstreamed in National Development - District PDO National, Regional, - Beneficiary survey. District and pastoral Frameworks - CC related federal and four regional states policy and strategy gap analyzed communities levels

- Pastoral communities CC risks adaptation/mitigation strategy, communication strategy and action plan prepared at federal, 4 regional states and 6 districts levels

- CC related risks adaptation/mitigation mainstreaming methodology, tools/manuals/indicators developed

- Pastoral communities CC risks mitigation options mainstreamed in Regional/National/Local dev’t frameworks/Pastoralist CC adaptation measures

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integrated in to PASDEP/GTP

2. Improved and strengthened Pastoral In- - Federal/regional/local practitioners and community - Reports from MoA Active participations stitutional Capacities to Effectively Re- members enabled to plan/ manage CC adaptation and and EPA; of Project Partners at spond to the CC Risks and Challenges handle resource based conflicts - District PDO National, Regional, - Beneficiary survey. District and pastoral - Standing committee parliamentarians, regional communities levels council members, civil servants from each six district, Selected pastoral community leaders sensitized to make them responsive to the CC adaptation needs of pastoral communities - Existing capacity of pastoral communities institutions and relevant gov’t institutions assessed, gaps identified and needs defined - Immediate and critical capacity needs of key gov’t and community institutions strengthened - Critical mass of skilled trainees on adaptation programme mgt and early warning and response systems deployed - Information on CC mitigation and adaptation pack- aged and disseminated - Six districts used/applied friendly adaptation, early warning and response mechanisms on indicators, manuals, working procedures for information exchange

- Pastoral communities CC response coordination mechanism established

- Regular monitoring system established and functional

3. 1 Improved and sustainable access - Sustainable community-based water management Field visits; Community to community-managed water resources for system put in place for each water point (WS Monitoring reports; leadership, human and livestock Consumption Scheme); District water office local government and

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- Access to functional water schemes improved on a reports; other development sustainable basis in project areas; Beneficiary survey; actors continue to par- - Conflicts over natural resources reduced in the pro- Water committee ticipate in joint plan- ject areas. documents; ning and mgt of natu- Resource utilization ral resource interven- by-laws. tions

3.2 Increased and better quality communi- - Systems and technologies that enhance availability of Field visits; Community ty-managed sustainable grazing land feed resources promoted in project areas; Monitoring reports; leadership, - Feed resources bases management capacity of devel- Beneficiary survey; local government and opmental local institutions improved; Rangeland committee other development - Additional hectares of rangeland available; documents; actors continue to par- - Conflicts over natural resources reduced. Resource utilization ticipate in joint plan- by-laws ning and mgt of natural resource interventions 3.3 Increased food and income from the - Mechanism to increase livestock productivity and Monitoring reports; Willingness and active production and marketing of livestock and access to better market for pastoral communities in the Beneficiary survey; participation of pas- livestock by-products project areas put in place Financial records of toralists of the study - Number of livestock and milk supply to the market cooperatives; areas to commercialize during normal period of the year increased; Livestock market - Targeted livestock producers income from livestock prices; their herd and livestock products ; Woreda office reports.

3.4 Increased income from the production - Alternative IGAs identified and/or designed Monitoring reports; Support and of high quality non livestock products to - Community development fund established and made Beneficiary survey; cooperation facilitate improved household access to functional to facilitate IGAs in project areas (six Financial records of from cooperative food. districts) cooperatives; promotion office - Additional community groups engaged in other eco- Livestock market nomic activities (rather than Pastoralism) and enabled prices; to diversify income sources; Woreda office reports.

Activities Means Sources of information Pre-conditions Activities Contributing to Result 1: - Undertaking federal and four regional states CC policy and strategy gap analysis - Planning - Preparing alternative policy enhancement - Preparation of training manuals proposal for effectively addressing ob- - Disseminating the manuals served and anticipated CC related threats and opportunities - Commitment of 93 Kebede Dhuga: National Consultant

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- Preparing a federal, four regional and six - Regular Reports Donors/gov’t district comprehensive and integrated CC adaptation/ mitigation strategy and action plans - Preparing communication strategy and public awareness toolkit Integrating CC adaptation into PRSP - Developing mainstreaming methodology/tools/manuals for concerned sectors at federal, 4 regions and 6 districts - Developing copying/adaptation programme planning, mgt and M and E training manual - Preparing toolkits of different adaptation appropriate technologies and practices - Publish and disseminate tools and toolkits Activities Contributing to Result 2: - Undertaking federal/regional and commu- - Planning nity training on CC adaptation programme - Training planning, - Exposure visits - Commitment of implementation and M and E - Conducting workshops - Regular Reports Donors/gov’t - Undertaking study tour/peer learning for Parliamentarians, regional and district council members and pastoral community leaders - Conducting dialogue workshop at federal, four regions, and six districts - Assess capacity needs of existing pastoral institutions and relevant federal, regional and local government institutions - Define immediate and critical capacity needs of key government and community institutions - Undertaking TOT and training of target beneficiaries (federal, regional, and district experts, extension agents on adaptation programme planning and management, early warning and response mechanism systems - Preparing information packages in differ- 94 Kebede Dhuga: National Consultant

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ent languages - Disseminating of climate mitigation/adaptation information - Preparing and adopting district/community user friendly adaptation early warning and response mechanism for information exchange - Undertaking local institutional analysis to explore scenarios of coordination arrange- ments - Organizing and undertaking regular monitoring of project implementation

Activities Contributing to Result 3: - Establishing and training community-based water mgt system/committee for each - Planning and design works water point; - Training - Constructing 6 dams - Mobilizing the community - Regular Reports -Active community (earth/surface/subsurface) at project areas - Procurement of materials participation, - Developing 12 Cisterns and/or birkas (wa- - Mobilizing local materials commitment of the ter harvesting facilities) at project areas - Construction/rehabilitation/enclosing/bush clearing/ gov’t at all levels - Rehabilitating 30 wells/ponds at project Providing drugs areas - Enclosing, fencing and reseeding /resowing 60 ha of grazing land/area at pastoral community levels in the project areas - Organizing 6 cross visits for pastoral community members - Under taking bush clearing activities - Establishing 6 nursery sites for multiplication of native and improved fodder species - Creating awareness within pastoral community members on better management and utilization of range land resources, bush clearing, fodder production and control over environmental degradation - Promoting 6 ha control of soil erosion (gully treatment) for demonstration - Organizing/strengthening/training 30 95 Kebede Dhuga: National Consultant

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CAHWS at the project areas

- Constructing/rehabilitating 12 animal health/vet posts and vet clinics at project areas

- Providing drugs to vet posts

- Strengthening/establishing and facilitating 6 LMCs with marketing information

- 6 LMC linked to community development fund to get access to seed money

- Training the LMC management bodies on how to manage the members/coops, run the business, book keeping and business planning

- Establishing/constructing/ /rehabilitating/strengthening 6 primary market posts at the project areas at reasonable walking distance

- Establishing and making functional 6 Community dev’t funds at project areas - Providing trainings for pastoral Communi- ties on income generating skills and income sources diversification, on how to run the businesses (MPC, LMC, SACCOs /RUSACCOs, Unions), manage them and on how to develop and utilize book keeping and business planning Resources: Action Costs 1.Programme cost =USD 3, 738,318.00 2.Indirect support cost =USD 261,682.00 Total = USD4mln

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