DOCSLIB.ORG

World Bank Document

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
World Bank Document INTERNET Public Disclosure Authorized TOOLKIT FOR TASK MANAGERS Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized World Bank Africa Regional Office Informatics and Telecommunications Industry and Energy Department Finance and Private Sector Development Public Disclosure Authorized January 1996 LECOt PY INTERNET TOOLKIT FOR TASK MANAGERS World Bank Africa Regional Office Informnaticsand Telecommunications Industry and Energy Department Finance and Private Sector Development March 1996 Contents Page No. FOREWORD............................................... iv ACKNOWLDGMENTS. ............................................... v 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................... I The primacy of the end user............................................... I Potential benefits from the use of networkingtechnologies ............... 2 Networking realities............................................... 2 Planning for success............................................... 3 Measuring and assessing results............................................... 3 Reviewing expenses and expected gains............................................ 3 Implementing and using the network............................................... 4 Perspective: practical, useful approaches.......................................... 4 2. OVERVIEW: WHAT MAKES INTERNETA SIGNIFICANT T=ECHNOLOGY?............................................... 5 Scope of the Internet............................................... 5 Global reach............................................... 6 Brief history of the Internet............................................... 6 Geographicalcoverage ............................................... 7 Basic necessities for Internet connectivity......................................... 8 Modem ................................................. 9 Telephone connection................................................ 9 Communicationssoftware ................................................ 9 Internet user account................................................ 10 Tools used on the Internet................ 11 Electronic mail ........................................... 11 Mailing lists, listservs, and bulletin boards........................... 11 Usenet newsgroups........................................... 12 Telnet ........................................... 12 FTP (file transfer protocol)........................................... 13 Gopher........................................... 13 The World Wide Web........................................... 14 Lynx: An inexpensive,text-only web browser...................... 15 Internet tools for real-time (live) communication:talk and IRC 16 Telephony and video conferencing........................................ 16 Summary of internet tools: benefits and requirements................... 17 i 3. KEY TERMS AND NETWORKINGEXAMPLES .................. 19 Bandwidth ............................................... 19 Networking hardware ............................................... 20 Server ............................................... 20 Modem ............................................... 20 Router ................ 21 Connectivity options............................................... 21 Fidonet: A good way to start - not the long term answer................... 22 UUCP: closer to TCP/IP - A good intennediate approach................. 23 TCP/IP: The international standard - but can be expensive............... 24 Two Examples............................................... 24 The University of Eduardo Mondlane Project.................................... 24 Scientific network project in Indonesia ............................................. 25 4. PREDICTORSFOR SUCCESS IN NETWORKINGPROJECTS.. 30 Success predictor: assured communityof users.................................... 30 Questions to consider............................................... 34 Success predictor: management support............................................... 34 Energetic support: not common .................... 34 Active support............................................... 35 Passive support............................................... 35 Negative support............................................... 35 Questions to consider ............................................... 35 Success predictor: attitude of government agencies............................ 36 Questions to consider ............................................... 37 Success predictor: early planning for Internet applications................. 37 Success predictor: the attitude of the PTT........................................... 38 Questions to consider ............................................... 39 5. MEASURING AND MONITORINGPROGRESS ....................... 40 Indicators needed to describe the shared vision................................... 40 Monitorable indicator: number of end users....................................... 40 Monitorable indicator: incoming and outgoing message volumes..... 41 Monitorable indicator: incoming and outgoing traffic....................... 42 Monitorable indicator: number of sites connected............................. 46 Monitorable indicator: Interne. services utilized............................... 46 Monitorable indicator: subjective satisfactionby end users.............. 46 Monitorable indicator: system availability ("up time")..................... 47 Summary............................................... 47 6. ASSESSING COSTS AND BENEFITS......................................... 49 Paying for connectivity - four cost scenarios....................................... 49 Level l: Under US$100,000 ............................................... 49 Level 2: US $100,000 - US $SOO,000....................................... 50 Level 3: US S500,000 - US S1,000,000 .................................... 51 Level4: USS,000,000Oandover ............................................. 53 .i. Equipment expense................................................ 54 Line costs ................................................ 57 The importance of increasingmessage traffic..................................... 58 Software costs - very low ................................................ 60 Variable construction and rehab costs................................................ 60 Salaries................................................. 60 Internet service provider costs................................................ 61 Benefits from lnternet connectivity................................................ 61 Specific benefits statements................................................ 62 7. IMPLEMENTATIONCONSIDERATIONS ................................ 66 Consultants................................................ 66 Avoiding equipment compromises................................................ 67 Quality of phone lines................................................ 67 Training opportunitiesfor key people................................................ 68 Packet radio/low earth orbiting (LEO) satellites............................... 68 Backup power................................................. 69 Technophobia................................................ 69 8. USING INTERNET SERVICEPROVIDERS ............................ 71 The PTT and Internet service providers............................................. 72 Finding information about providers................................................ 72 Using the WWW to locate providers................................................. 73 Getting ISP price data from the web................................................ 75 Detailed lists of ISPs................................................ 77 Problem areas with ISPs................................................ 77 9. SUMMARY AND SYNTHESIS................................................ 78 The best connectivity strategy: one step at a time........................... 78 Success must be planned for - and measured................................... 79 Low unit cost access can be very useful - for a while...................... 79 Emphasis on the user environment................................................ 80 BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................ 81 APPENDIX A: GLOSSARY................................................. 83 APPENDIX B: INTERNET CONNECTIVITYTABLE ............... 96 APPENDIX C: SAMPLEINTERNET HOME PAGES FOR ANGOLA,BANGLADESH, CHILE, MONGOLIA, SRI LANKA, URUGUAY,AND ZAMBIA........................ 102 APPENDIX D: SAMPLE TERMS OF REFERENCEFOR INTERNET PROJECT................................................ 135 iii Foreword An increasingnumber of World Bank projects involve facilitating national and international connectivity among and between R&D institutions, Standards and Scientific Organizations,Government agencies and others. This is intended to help develop a more competitive and demand-driven industrial technology culture in the World Bank's client countries by helping key institutions utilize new and existing technologies with much higher levels of efficiency than in the past and achieve quality standardsconsistent with overseas requirements. Linking these institutions into the multitude of scientific, research and trade data will in turn enable them to deliver quality informationto clients. It is also intended to help countries assure that information access and use extends beyond the main cities and elites to benefit other areas and groups; for example, through improvements in health and education services and
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Science of Television. Television and Its Importance for the History of Health and Medicine Jessica Borge, Tricia Close-Koenig, Sandra Schnädelbach
    Introduction: The Science of Television. Television and its Importance for the History of Health and Medicine Jessica Borge, Tricia Close-Koenig, Sandra Schnädelbach To cite this version: Jessica Borge, Tricia Close-Koenig, Sandra Schnädelbach. Introduction: The Science of Television. Television and its Importance for the History of Health and Medicine. Gesnerus, Schwabe Verlag Basel, 2019, 76 (2), pp.153-171. 10.24894/Gesn-en.2019.76008. hal-02885722 HAL Id: hal-02885722 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02885722 Submitted on 30 Jun 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Gesnerus 76/2 (2019) 153–171, DOI: 10.24894/Gesn-en.2019.76008 Introduction. The Science of Television: Television and its Importance for the History of Health and Medicine Jessica Borge, Tricia Close-Koenig, Sandra Schnädelbach* From the live transmission of daunting surgical operations and accounts of scandals about medicines in the 1950s and 1960s to participatory aerobic workouts and militant AIDS documentaries in the 1980s the interrelation- ship of the history of bodies and health on television and the history of tele- vision can be witnessed. A telling example of this is the US born aerobics movement as it was brought to TV in Europe, with shows such as Gym Tonic (from 1982) in France, Enorm in Form (from 1983) in Germany or the Green Goddess on BBC Breakfast Time (from 1983) in Great Britain.
    [Show full text]
  • Cruising the Information Highway: Online Services and Electronic Mail for Physicians and Families John G
    Technology Review Cruising the Information Highway: Online Services and Electronic Mail for Physicians and Families John G. Faughnan, MD; David J. Doukas, MD; Mark H. Ebell, MD; and Gary N. Fox, MD Minneapolis, Minnesota; Ann Arbor and Detroit, Michigan; and Toledo, Ohio Commercial online service providers, bulletin board ser­ indirectly through America Online or directly through vices, and the Internet make up the rapidly expanding specialized access providers. Today’s online services are “information highway.” Physicians and their families destined to evolve into a National Information Infra­ can use these services for professional and personal com­ structure that will change the way we work and play. munication, for recreation and commerce, and to obtain Key words. Computers; education; information services; reference information and computer software. Com m er­ communication; online systems; Internet. cial providers include America Online, CompuServe, GEnie, and MCIMail. Internet access can be obtained ( JFam Pract 1994; 39:365-371) During past year, there has been a deluge of articles information), computer-based communications, and en­ about the “information highway.” Although they have tertainment. Visionaries imagine this collection becoming included a great deal of exaggeration, there are some the marketplace and the workplace of the nation. In this services of real interest to physicians and their families. article we focus on the latter interpretation of the infor­ This paper, which is based on the personal experience mation highway. of clinicians who have played and worked with com­ There are practical medical and nonmedical reasons puter communications for the past several years, pre­ to explore the online world. America Online (AOL) is one sents the services of current interest, indicates where of the services described in detail.
    [Show full text]
  • Networking and the Internet
    Networking and Today’s lecture the Internet History of the Internet How the Internet works Lecture 4 – COMPSCI111/111G S2 2018 Network protocols The telephone WWII and the Cold War 1876: first successful bi-directional Computer technology played an important role transmission of clear speech in code-breaking during WW2 by Alexander Bell and Thomas Watson Cold War between US and USSR led to a technology and arms race Peaked with the launch of Sputnik in 1957 1958: Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) 1940: first successful transmission established of digital data through over telegraph wires by George Stibitz April 1969: construction of ARPANET begins, a packet-switching network Circuit-switching network Packet-switching network Nodes are connected physically via a central Data is broken into packets, which are then sent node on the best route in the network Used by the telephone network Each node on the route sends the packet onto its next destination, avoiding congested or broken Originally, switchboard operators had to nodes manually connect phone calls, today this is done electronically B A ARPANET ARPANET in 1977 October 1969: ARPANET is completed with four nodes 1973: Norway connects to ARPANET via satellite, followed by London via a terrestrial link ARPANET ARPANET to the Internet 1983: TCP/IP implemented in ARPANET Networks similar to ARPANET sprang up around the USA and in other countries 1990: ARPANET is formally decommissioned 1984: domain name system (DNS) implemented 1985: NSFNET was established 1989: Waikato University connects to NSFNET 1991: World Wide Web (WWW) created at CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research) by Tim Berners-Lee 1995: NSFNET is retired WWW vs Internet Internet growth The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks.
    [Show full text]
  • Application Research and Evaluation Methods of Instant Messaging Software
    International Journal of Multimedia and Ubiquitous Engineering Vol.11, No.7 (2016), pp.279-290 http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijmue.2016.11.7.28 Application Research and Evaluation Methods of Instant Messaging Software Sun Beibei Zibo Vocational Institute, Zibo, China, 255314 [email protected] Abstract With the rapid development of computer and communication technology, instant messaging software has become more and more important communication platform, but because of the diversity of the instant communication software, there have not unified specification management, lack of evaluation research for the system. Aiming at finding instant messaging software how to affect the use factors of the user, this paper uses the hierarchy analytic process (hap) and Delphi method, established the application evaluation system of instant messaging software, the usage of instant messaging software and services function be researched. Keywords: Instant messaging software; Delphi method; Hierarchy Analytic process (hap); Evaluation system 1. Introduction Instant messaging (IM) refers to a business that can carry on the Internet information to send and receive instantly, communication instantly [1]. Since 1998, IM obtained the swift and violent development, its function also more and more perfect, such as have blogs, search, music, games, etc. IM started only simple chat, now it has developed into a comprehensive information platform, integrated with news and information, communication, electronic commerce, entertainment, search, office collaboration and enterprise customer service, etc. all kinds of information. E-mail as a communication tool, but it has its own disadvantages, such as ductility flawed, however IM just make up for the shortcomings, makes the terminal capable of communications at any time, contact at any time to view the status information.
    [Show full text]
  • Free Chat Application for Mobile
    Free Chat Application For Mobile Well-defined Dimitrios sometimes ruralized his coercionists expressively and coze so unmeasurably! Falconine and possessive Ambrose typecast her Cantab dig treacherously or forge seasonably, is Dave foveate? Marko withdrawing binocularly while silty Rad citrate lowest or clapboard conversely. As free chat application for mobile and only LiveChat Applications Live Chat App. Line application for free to choose the pro features are a welcome back. Olark is a seamless process. Very informative article tuition is. Chat app store that you can plug it offers basic visitor behavior or business with a popular than one place for hcl including text? Can I use it pinch my desktop? Look for free to use the application in addition of. Crisp free chat with the app will not just one for mobile application enables you are. Please publish an employee account may be rotten to mark statistics as favorites. You for free by providing fast. The developer will be required to enjoy privacy details when they submit or next app update. Free version covers most basic requirements Live chat support apps for mobile devices Gorgeous multi-language chat widgets Analytics and. Allows for free and chats with a free plan to extend or pwas are many online project supported for you can keep yourself how? Slack his work happens. Free 14-day trial your plan features No credit card required Desktop Apps. Chat App Maker Mobile app builder Shoutem. Best live Chat Software 2021 Reviews of agriculture Most Popular. Keep sharing more interesting posts. Hire a Zapier Expert to help someone improve processes and automate workflows.
    [Show full text]
  • Trojans and Malware on the Internet an Update
    Attitude Adjustment: Trojans and Malware on the Internet An Update Sarah Gordon and David Chess IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center Yorktown Heights, NY Abstract This paper continues our examination of Trojan horses on the Internet; their prevalence, technical structure and impact. It explores the type and scope of threats encountered on the Internet - throughout history until today. It examines user attitudes and considers ways in which those attitudes can actively affect your organization’s vulnerability to Trojanizations of various types. It discusses the status of hostile active content on the Internet, including threats from Java and ActiveX, and re-examines the impact of these types of threats to Internet users in the real world. Observations related to the role of the antivirus industry in solving the problem are considered. Throughout the paper, technical and policy based strategies for minimizing the risk of damage from various types of Trojan horses on the Internet are presented This paper represents an update and summary of our research from Where There's Smoke There's Mirrors: The Truth About Trojan Horses on the Internet, presented at the Eighth International Virus Bulletin Conference in Munich Germany, October 1998, and Attitude Adjustment: Trojans and Malware on the Internet, presented at the European Institute for Computer Antivirus Research in Aalborg, Denmark, March 1999. Significant portions of those works are included here in original form. Descriptors: fidonet, internet, password stealing trojan, trojanized system, trojanized application, user behavior, java, activex, security policy, trojan horse, computer virus Attitude Adjustment: Trojans and Malware on the Internet Trojans On the Internet… Ever since the city of Troy was sacked by way of the apparently innocuous but ultimately deadly Trojan horse, the term has been used to talk about something that appears to be beneficial, but which hides an attack within.
    [Show full text]
  • The New Routing Algorithm for the ARPANET
    IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. COM-28, NO. 5, MAY 1980 71 1 The New Routing Algorithmfor the ARPANET JOHN M. McQUILLAN,MEMBER, IEEE. IRA RICHER,MEMBER. IEEE. AND ERIC C. ROSEN Absrracr-The new ARPANET routingalgorithm is animprovement test results. This paper is a summary of our conclusions only; over theold procedurein that it uses fewer network resources, operates on for more complete descriptions of our research findings, see more realistic estimates of network conditions, reacts faster to important our internai reportson this project [3] -[5]. network changes, and does not suffer from long-term loopsor oscillations. In the new procedure, each node in the network maintainsa database 11. PROBLEMS WITH THE ORIGINAL ALGORITHM describing the complete network topology and the delays on all lines, and uses the databasedescribing the network to generate a tree representing the me original ARPANET routing algorithm and the new ver- minimum delay pathsfrom a given root node to every other network node.sion both attempt to route packets along paths of least delay. Becausethe traffic in thenetwork can be quite variable, each node The total path is not determined in advance; rather, each node periodically measures the delays along its outgoing lines and forwards this information to all other nodes. The delay information propagates quickly decides which line to use in forwarding the packet to the next through the network so thatall nodes can update their databases and node. In the original approach, each node maintained a table continue to route traffic in a consistent and efficient manner. of estimated delay to each other node, and sent itstable to all An extensive series of tests were conducted on the ARPANET, showing adjacent nodes every 128 ms.
    [Show full text]
  • Inventing Television: Transnational Networks of Co-Operation and Rivalry, 1870-1936
    Inventing Television: Transnational Networks of Co-operation and Rivalry, 1870-1936 A thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In the faculty of Life Sciences 2011 Paul Marshall Table of contents List of figures .............................................................................................................. 7 Chapter 2 .............................................................................................................. 7 Chapter 3 .............................................................................................................. 7 Chapter 4 .............................................................................................................. 8 Chapter 5 .............................................................................................................. 8 Chapter 6 .............................................................................................................. 9 List of tables ................................................................................................................ 9 Chapter 1 .............................................................................................................. 9 Chapter 2 .............................................................................................................. 9 Chapter 6 .............................................................................................................. 9 Abstract ....................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Chat Room Using Html, Php, Css, Js, Ajax
    CHAT ROOM USING HTML, PHP, CSS, JS, AJAX Amey Thakur1, Karan Dhiman2 1Department of Computer Engineering, University of Mumbai, Mumbai, MH, India 2 Department of Computer Engineering, University of Mumbai, Mumbai, MH, India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - Earlier there was no mode of online application is straightforward. It doesn't require a login, communication between users. In big or small has AJAX-style functionality, and will support numerous organizations communication between users posed a users. It consists of two applications: the client app, which challenge. There was a requirement to record these runs on the user's device, and the server programme, communications and store the data for further which is hosted to operate the chat room live over the evaluation. The idea is to automate the existing Simple network. To begin talking, clients should connect to a Chat Room system and make the users utilize the server where they can practise two types of chatting, software so that their valuable information is stored public (message is broadcasted to all connected users) and digitally and can be retrieved for further management private (between any two users alone), and security purposes. There was no online method of precautions were implemented during the latter. communicating with different users. There were many different interfaces available in the market but this 2. PROPOSED SYSTEM method of using windows sockets to communicate between nodes would be fast and reliable. The main 2.1 Architecture of Chat Room objective of our Simple Chat Room project is to create a chat application that helps different users to Application for Chat Rooms A data flow diagram is communicate with each other through a server usually used as a first stage to develop an overview of the connected.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 8 the Birth and Development of the ARPANET by Ronda Hauben [email protected]
    Chapter 8 The Birth and Development of the ARPANET by Ronda Hauben [email protected] “The Nutrition of a Commonwealth consisteth, in the Plenty, and the Distribution of Materials, Condusive to Life.” Thomas Hobbes The Leviathan “The method I take…is not yet very usual; for instead of using only comparative and superlative words, and intellectual arguments, I have taken the course (as a Specimen of the Political Arithmetic I have long aimed at) to express myself in terms of Number, Weight, or Measure; to use only arguments of Sense, and to consider only such Causes, as have visible Foundations in Nature; leaving those that depend upon the mutable Minds, Opinions, Appetites, and Passions of particular Men, to the Conservation of others.” Sir William Petty, Political Arithmetic Preface The creation of a Global Computer Network is one of the surprising developments of our times. This achievement raises the question: What are the factors that nourished the growth and development of this network and what are those creating impediments to its continued development and expansion?1 Introduction J. C. R. Licklider was one of the early computer pioneers who helped to make the global computer network a reality. His vision of an Intergalactic Computer Network helped to inspire these developments. He and Albert Vezza, describing an earlier networking advance, wrote, “Shakespeare could have been foreseeing the present situation in information networking when he said, ‘…What’s past is prologue; what’s to come, in yours and my discharge’.”2 The story of the network’s growth and development contains important lessons for its continued expansion.
    [Show full text]
  • 8068/8038/8039/8028/8029 Premium Deskphone
    Alcatel-Lucent OmniPCX Office Rich Communication Edition 8068 Premium DeskPhone 8039 Premium DeskPhone 8038 Premium DeskPhone 8029 Premium DeskPhone 8028 Premium DeskPhone User Manual R100 8AL90894ENACed01-1617 Introduction Thank you for choosing an ALE International phone. This model offers enhanced ergonomical features for more effective communication. This document describes the services offered by the following sets: 8068 Bluetooth® Premium DeskPhone (8068 BT) 8068 Premium DeskPhone 8039 Premium DeskPhone 8038 Premium DeskPhone 8029 Premium DeskPhone 8028 Premium DeskPhone The labels and icons displayed on the phone depend on the type of the set. Some features are depended on the type of the set. 8068 BT 8068 8039 8038 8029 8028 IP Phone Digital Phone Color screen Monochrome screen Bluetooth® handset Bluetooth® Headset Two-port Gigabit Ethernet switch with Power Over Ethernet support Premium Add-on 10 keys modules Audio services (hands-free, handset and headset) Premium Smart display 14 keys module Adjusting the contrast of the display Agent set / Supervisor station The labels and icons presented in this document are not contractually binding and may be modified without prior warning. 8AL90894ENACed01 2 /53 1 GETTING TO KNOW YOUR TELEPHONE 7 1.1 8068 BLUETOOTH® / 8068 PREMIUM DESKPHONE 7 1.2 8038/8039 PREMIUM DESKPHONE 7 1.3 8028/8029 PREMIUM DESKPHONE 8 1.4 CONNECTIVITIES 8 1.5 WELCOME SCREENS 9 1.6 NAVIGATION 10 1.7 STATUS ICONS / CALL ICONS 10 1.8 PERMANENT FEATURES KEYS 10 1.9 ALPHABETIC KEYBOARD 11 1.10 ADD-ON MODULE 12 1.11 CALL MANAGEMENT SCREEN 13 1.12 BLUETOOTH® WIRELESS HANDSET 14 2 USING YOUR TELEPHONE 15 2.1 MESSAGING PORTAL 15 2.2 MAKING A CALL 16 2.3 RECEIVING A CALL 17 2.4 USING THE TELEPHONE IN “HANDS FREE“ MODE 17 2.5 ACTIVATING THE LOUDSPEAKER DURING A CONVERSATION (RECEIVER LIFTED) -LOUDSPEAKER.
    [Show full text]
  • Email, Communication and More: How Software Engineers Use and Reflect Upon Email at the Workplace
    Email, communication and more: How software engineers use and reflect upon email at the workplace MARION BLATT ANTHONY NORMAN Master of Communication Thesis Report No. 2013:117 ISSN: 1651-4769 University of Gothenburg Department of Applied Information Technology Gothenburg, Sweden, May 2009 Abstract This thesis presents an empirical study into the use of email within a software engineering en- vironment. It aims at filling a gap in the research area of professional email use, looking at specialists within a technology driven industry that is central to the phenomenon of email and electronic communication. An interpretative qualitative methodology allows an investigation into how software engineers use and relate to email in their everyday work. Sixteen software engineers currently engaged in industrial practice constitute the sample for this thesis and pro- vide their subjective views on the topic. Beyond the communicative function, email helps software engineers with personal infor- mation management, such as filtering, archiving and retrieving important information. Moreo- ver, social behaviour when using email, including response expectation and email etiquette, appears to be of significance. Asynchrony, the compression of time and space, and email as a distraction at work, amongst others, were vital considerations for software engineers’ percep- tion when using email at work. The findings indicate that the email behaviour of software en- gineers mostly resembles behaviour found in other professions, with some subtle differences. The study provides a starting point into the use of email within a specific profession and con- cludes with several further research suggestions such as different methodological approaches into the same profession as well as comparative studies into other professions.
    [Show full text]