The Home Front Home Front Men and Women served in the army, navy, and coast guard.

• 16 million American men left their homes and jobs to serve in the war

• 265,000 Women entered the armed forces. Diversity in the Military Nearly a million African Americans served in uniform. Most of the armed forces were segregated. One of the most famous African-American units was the Tuskegee Airmen Diversity in the Military

More than 300,000 Mexican Americans served in the United States armed forces during WWII. Japanese Internment Camps

Because of anger directed toward Japanese Americans after Pearl Harbor, President Roosevelt signed 9066. Executive order 9066

Allowed the removal of Japanese Americans from the West Coast. Internment of Japanese Americans More than 110,000 men, women and children were forced to leave their homes and move to internment camps. Two thirds of the internees were American born and therefore U.S. citizens. Korematsu V. United States

Fred Korematsu refused to leave his home and was arrested.

He appealed his conviction to the U.S. Supreme court.

The court ruled that the internment was legal because of “military necessity”. Apology for the Interment Camps

1988 - Congress passed a bill giving every person who had been at an internment camp $20,000.

1998 – Korematsu was given the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Pres. Clinton Japanese-Americans in the military Many thousands of young Japanese American men volunteered and fought in Europe during the war. Members of the "442" (the Japanese- American unit) performed so many distinguished acts that it became the most decorated unit of its size and length of service in the American Army. The unit garnered over 18,000 individual decorations for bravery, 9,500 Purple Hearts for casualties, and seven Presidential Distinguished Unit citations. War Industry The armed forces needed planes, tanks, uniforms, parachutes, and bullets. In 1943 alone, defense plants made 86,000 planes and 2,000 merchant ships. Equal Opportunities

Executive order 8802 outlawed job discrimination in industries with government contracts. More than two million African Americans worked in the defense industry during the war years. Thousands left the south to move to industrial centers such as Cleveland, Chicago, and Detroit. Women in the Workforce

Women took the places of the traditional workers, men who were absent fighting in the Pacific and European theaters. “Rosie the Riveter” “Rosie the Riveter” was a cultural icon of the United States, Represented the six million women who worked in the manufacturing plants that produced munitions and war materials during World War II.

Private industry was controlled by the War Production Board. The United States turned into an “.” Rationing

The armed forces need for materials made some things scarce at home.

The government rationed to divide these goods among civilians. (giving families a fixed amount)

Gasoline, tires, shoes, meat, and sugar were some items rationed. Victory Gardens Victory gardens, also called war gardens or food gardens for defense, were vegetable, fruit and herb gardens planted at private residences The Gardens reduced the pressure on the public food supply Recycling

Raw materials were needed for the war effort A popular phrase promoted by the government at the time was:  "Get some cash for your trash" a small amount of money was paid to the donor for many kinds of scrap items Drives were organized to recycle such things as:  rubber  tin  waste kitchen fats (the predominant raw material of explosives and many pharmaceuticals)  paper  lumber  steel  glass  nylon  synthetic stockings  rags  scrap tires  raincoats  garden hoses  land  dead animals  records  old phonograph and many others • These items were used to make tanks, ships, guns, ammunition and clothing for troops. Recycle Posters Financing the War

War Bonds

In 1941 the U.S. Treasury began marketing the new Series E Bonds, U.S. Savings Bonds, as "defense bonds". They were the primary way those on the home- front contributed to the national defense and war effort. For the first time an income tax was levied. (Amendment 16) This tax also helped to pay for the war. Cinema Stars Aid America's War Bond Drive Essential questions Quiz

List and explain four ways life was different in the United States during World War II? Arizona During World War II

Arizona produced meat, cotton, and copper for the war effort.

Arizona was home of:  camps for military training prisoners of war displaced Japanese- Americans Arizona Military Training During World War II

• During World War II Arizona had many military training facilities. David Monahan Air Force Base, Tucson (active base) Luke Air Force Base, Glendale (combat pilot training base) Falcon Field, Mesa (combat pilot training base) Williams Air Force Base, Mesa (beginning pilot training base) Ft. Huachuca, Sierra Vista (training soldiers-Army) Yuma Marine Corp Air Station, Yuma (Army pilots) Yuma Proving Grounds, Yuma (training soldiers -Army) Falcon Field • Many people who were trained here chose Arizona as their home. Name four ways Arizona contributed to the war effort.