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Making Economic Corridors Work for the Agricultural Sector

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ISSN 2304-5191 Agribusiness and Food Industries Series 4 Making economic corridors work for the agricultural sector Agribusiness and Food Industries Series 4 Making economic corridors work for the agricultural sector by Eva Gálvez Nogales FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2014 Recommended citation Gálvez Nogales, E. 2014. Making economic corridors work for the agricultural sector. Agribusiness and Food Industries Series No. 4. FAO, Rome. Cover photograph ©FAO/Vasily Maksimov The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. ISBN 978-92-5-108636-0 © FAO, 2014 FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source and copyright holder is given and that FAO’s endorsement of users’ views, products or services is not implied in any way. All requests for translation and adaptation rights, and for resale and other commercial use rights should be made via www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request or addressed to [email protected]. FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/publications) and can be purchased through [email protected]. I4204E disclaimer.indd 1 12/11/14 15:06 iii Contents Preface viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS x EXECUTIVE SUMMARY xi ABSTRACT xiii ABOUT THE AUTHOR xiv ACRONYMS xv CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background and scope 1 1.2 Objective of the study 2 1.3 Methodology 2 1.4 Structure of the study 3 CHAPTER 2 Framing the discussion: concepts, theoretical foundations and application to agriculture 5 2.1 Spatial development initiatives 5 2.2 Definition of economic corridors and related concepts 8 2.3 Types of economic corridors 11 2.4 Theoretical foundations of economic corridors 13 2.5 Corridors and other territorial-based approaches for accelerating agribusiness growth and attracting investment in developing country agriculture 18 CHAPTER 3 Overview of the corridor profiles 25 3.1 Introduction to the mapping and selection exercise of economic corridor initiatives in developing countries 25 3.2 African corridors and their policy background 26 3.3 Latin american corridors and their policy background 29 3.4 Asian corridors and their policy background 33 3.5 Summary of economic corridors selected 35 3.6 Framework proposed for the analysis of economic corridors 37 iv CHAPTER 4 Introduction to the corridor cases 39 4.1 Corridor cases at a glance 39 4.2 Timeline of the corridors studied 48 CHAPTER 5 Effective direction 55 5.1 Corridor leadership and alignment of stakeholders’ visions and goals 55 5.2 Corridor strategy and targeting modalities 56 5.3 Processes and tools for planning and launching corridor programmes 68 CHAPTER 6 Delivery at scale: budget and modalities of interventions 75 6.1 Budget and sources of funding 75 6.2 Modalities of interventions 80 6.3 Laying the corridor basis: infrastructure development 83 6.4 Components geared towards widening national corridors 95 6.5 Corridor components dealing with regional integration: from national to regional corridors 110 6.6 Specialization in value chains and market orientation 116 CHAPTER 7 Delivery at scale: corridor governance 125 7.1 Corridor leadership and alignment of stakeholders’ visions and goals 125 7.2 Engagement models 131 7.3 Institutional arrangements and delivery mechanisms 134 CHAPTER 8 Gains and pitfalls of agrocorridor initiatives 145 8.1 Potential gains of agrocorridors for economic growth, trade and connectivity 145 8.2 Pitfalls to avoid 153 CHAPTER 9 Guidance for making economic corridors work for the agricultural sector 161 9.1 Best practices in economic corridor design and implementation 161 9.2 Checklist to guide the design and implementation of an (agro-)economic corridor 167 CHAPTER 10 Conclusions 177 10.1 General conclusions 177 10.2 Looking forward: implications and suggestions for future studies 180 v ANNEX 1 Glossary 181 ANNEX 2 Economic corridors identified 187 Bibliography 191 BOXES 1. Spatial planning and spatial development initiatives 6 2. Definition of corridors 8 3. Attributes of spatial development 14 4. Definition of economies of scale and scope, and agglomeration forces 16 5. Metatrends shaping the agricultural sector 20 6. Evolution of the PRA corridors: a moving target 50 7. Vision alignment among corridor stakeholders in the BAGC and SAGCOT 57 8. The development of a corridor strategy: the case of the PRA Project 61 9. Rationale behind the design of the corridor programme pillars 66 10. The GMS Strategic Framework 2012–2022 69 11. How BAGCI and SAGCOT approach infrastructure development 85 12. The infrastructure component of the PRA Project 91 13. Examples of last-mile infrastructure development in economic corridors 96 14. Corridor centres 99 15. Corridor financial facilities 100 16. Clustering in SAGCOT 104 17. Engaging the private sector in regional corridor programmes: the case of GMS 112 18. Corridor specialization in agricultural value chains 117 19. Coordination problems between central and decentralized public authorities 129 20. Institutional arrangements and delivery mechanisms of the GMS corridor programme 135 21. Institutional arrangements and delivery mechanisms of the PRA Project 139 22. BAGCI’s institutional arrangements and delivery mechanisms 141 FIGURES 1. Potential development path for corridors 9 2. IIRSA integration corridors or hubs 32 3. A framework for economic corridors 37 4. The three GMS corridors 42 5. Corridors of the CAREC programme 43 vi 6. Economic corridors currently supported by the PRA Project 45 7. The Beira Agricultural Growth Corridor 46 8. SAGCOT map 47 9. Indonesia economic corridors 48 10. Timeline of the selected corridor programmes 49 11. Phases of the CAREC programme 49 12. PRA project timeline 52 13. Timelines of BAGCI and SAGCOT 53 14. Timeline of the Greater Mekong Subregion programme 54 15. First- and second-tier system of the CAREC programme 64 16. Pillars of the CAREC programme 66 17. Components of the Beira Corridor programme 67 18. Making economic corridors broader and regionally integrated 82 19. Example of a narrow, regional corridor (Zone III) 83 20. Insertion of SEZs in Indonesian corridors 89 21. Degrees of IFI/donor support for developing corridor infrastructure 90 22. Soft interventions to promote agricultural growth along an economic corridor 98 23. Tools to support brown and greenfield agribusiness developments in BAGC 99 24. Support to entrepreneurs provided by the Beira Catalytic Fund 100 25. Ihemi: example of an agricultural cluster in the SAGCOT corridor 105 26. Examples of corridor soft-side interventions aiming to promote regional integration 116 27. Nucleus farm hub, outgrower model and smallholder block farming 133 28. GMS programme institutional structure 135 29. BAGCI institutional framework 141 30. Employment opportunities generated by SAGCOT 148 TABLES 1. Main features of the most prominent types of SDI 7 2. Types of economic corridors 11 3. Estimated world inward FDI stock by sector and region in million US$, annual 21 4. Corridors identified in Africa 26 5. Policy and institutional framework informing the development of African corridors 27 6. Corridors identified in Latin America and the Caribbean 30 7. Policy and institutional framework informing the development of LAC corridors 31 8. Economic corridors identified in Asia 33 9. Policy and institutional framework informing the development of Asian corridors 34 10. Summary of corridor profiles 36 vii 11. Summary of corridors analysed 39 12. Types of corridors analysed 40 13. Countries involved in each initiative 40 14. Number of corridors in each initiative 41 15. Visions and goals of the corridor programmes 55 16. Sectors prioritized by the corridor programmes 60 17. Sectors prioritized by the corridor programmes 65 18. Sectors targeted by the GMS cooperation programme and their corresponding plans 70 19. Various types of plans for economic corridor development 71 20. Budget and sources of funding of the corridor experiences studied 75 21. Estimated accumulated investments per corridor and per country 76 22. Percentage of corridor budget dedicated to agriculture 76 23. Contribution of corridor investments to the corridor GDP 77 24. Estimated investments in GMS corridors 77 25. Regional technical assistance projects financed by ADB under GMS CASP I and II and related fields 78 26. Investments in agricultural value chains in the Indonesian economic corridors 79 27. Investments in backbone infrastructure along SAGCOT 86 28. Major river and sea ports along the GMS corridors 88 29. PRA-facilitated infrastructure developments 92 30. Estimated investment costs in the Beira Agricultural Growth Corridor 97 31. Estimated contributions to the SAGCOT Catalytic Trust Fund 102 32. Various types of plans for economic corridor development 109 33. SEZs proposed at border areas in the framework of the GMS corridor programme 113 34. Contract farming experiences in GMS agrifood chains 115 35. Corridor specialization in biofuel crops 118 36. Corridor specialization in grains and other crops key to ensuring food security 119 37. Corridor specialization in animal and fish protein production 120 38. Corridor specialization in fruit and vegetables 120 39.
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