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A PSYCHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF SYDNEY CARTON’S SACRIFICE
ON THE DAY OF THE GUILLOTINE IN CHARLES DICKENS’ A TALE
OF TWO CITIES
THESIS
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of Requirement
For Sarjana Sastra Degree in the English Department
Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts
Sebelas Maret University
By:
ADYSTYA IMAWAHYU
C0307008
FACULTY OF LETTERS AND FINE ARTS
SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY
SURAKARTA
2011 commit to user
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PRONOUNCEMENT
NAME : ADYSTYA IMAWAHYU
NIM : C 0307008
Stated whole-heartedly that this thesis entitled “A PSYCHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF SYDNEY CARTON’S SACRIFICE ON THE DAY OF THE GUILLOTINE IN CHARLES DICKENS’ A TALE OF TWO CITIES”, is originally made by the researcher. It is neither a plagiarism nor is made by the other. The things related to other’s people work are written in quotation and included in bibliography.
If it is discovered and proved that this pronouncement is dishonest, the researcher willingly accepts any penalties from English Department of Sebelas Maret University.
Surakarta, November, 2011
The researcher
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MOTTO
People come and go along these days
They engrave stories of life which sooner become eternal memories
Wake up and greet the reality!
From it there will be a destiny
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DEDICATION
This thesis is dedicated to:
My beloved Ayah and Ibu You are irreplaceable
My beloved sister, Vina
Myself
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Alhamdulillahirobbil’alamin. All praises are for Allah SWT for the
guidance and blessing in carrying out and finishing this thesis.
Without the assistance and the supports from many people, I am sure that I
can not make this thesis. Therefore, I would like to give special thanks for the
people who give the contribution to my thesis.
To the Dean of Faculty Faculty of Letter and Fine Arts, Drs. Riyadi
Santosa, M.Ed., Ph.D., thank you for approving this thesis. To the Head of
English Department, Prof. Dr. Djatmika, M.A., thank you for the permission to
write this thesis. To all the lecturers of English Department, thank you for guiding
me and giving me knowledge about English especially English literature.
I would like to give my deepest thanks for my thesis supervisor, Dra. Nani
Sukarni, M.S. for her nice guidance. Thank you for guiding me in doing this thesis
and helping me solve the problems so that the things feel easier. I really appreciate
your patience and your friendly smile that always keep my spirit in doing this
thesis. To my academic surpevisor, Fitria Akhmerti, S.S, M.A., thank you for
being patient in guiding my study. To Dra. Endang Sri Astuti, M.S., thank you for
sharing me the references about the novel.
From my deepest heart, I would like to say thank you very much to Ayah
and Ibu, who are very patient in accompanying me to finish this thesis. Thank you
very much for always believing me and teaching me a responsibility. Without
your pray, everything would be so hard to face. I never forget to give my thanks to commit to user
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my only sister, Vina. Wake up girl! You always share your spirit to me whenever
I need it. To the unforgotten, my big family; Kung, Uti, Tante, Lek Yan, Dika,
Iwan, Pakpuh, Om Bin, Om Onggo, and to all my cousins, thank you very much.
You have light up my life and make everything so colorful.
I would like to say thank you very much to my beloved Drajad Sujatmiko.
You always give me more and more suggestions about everything, and for its
process, you keep my spirit up and support all the decisions I made. You are just
like a personal supervisor to me!
I would not forget to express my gratitude to all my friends who support
me until today. What a life can be without friends? You fulfill my life with cheers
and laughs, and you’re always on my side when I was getting down. To my
friends of English Literature class; Epata, Shinta, Himawan, and Irma, I miss you
all guys! I miss our moment with all those novels, poems, scripts, and papers!
Keep your spirit and let’s make it done! To my friends who work in “Teater
TESA”; Gondez, Bhre, Mas Jarot, Mas Alfian, Idham, Pakdhe, Bung Pele,
Dewinta, and Jambrong. Thank you for always supporting me and sharing
everything with me. To my senior, Mas Adwin, thank you for giving me
suggestion during this thesis making process. To the “ex-Aulia lovers”; Mbak
Imung and Mbak Nurul, thanks for sharing your experience in doing the thesis
and always remind me to do this thesis diligently. To “Aulia lovers”; Yana and
Dita, thank you for sharing me your printer. To everybody who always helps and
kinds to me, thank you very much. You are always on my heart, and I would not
forget your role in my life. commit to user
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TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE…………………………………………………………………… i
APPROVAL OF THE CONSULTANT………………………………... ii
APPROVAL OF THE BOARD EXAMINERS………………………… iii
PRONOUNCEMENT…………………………………………………... iv
MOTTO…………………………………………………………………. v
DEDICATION…………………………………………………………... vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT………………………………………………… vii
TABLE OF CONTENT…………………………………………………. ix
ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………... xi
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION……………………………………….... 1
A. Research Background………………………………………... 1
B. Problem Statement………………………………………….... 6
C. Scope of the Study………………………………………….... 7
D. Research Objective…………………………………………... 7
E. Research Benefits……………………………………………. 7
F. Research Methodology………………………………………. 8
G. Approach……………………………………………………... 10
H. Thesis Organization………………………………………….. 11
CHAPTER II. LITERATURE REVIEW………………………………… 13 commit to user
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A. Literature and Psychology…………………………………… 13
B. Abraham Maslow’s Human Motivation……………………... 16
C. Scott Peck’s Self-Sacrifice…………………………………… 22
D. Charles Dickens and A Tale of Two Cities…………………. 27
CHAPTER III. ANALYSIS……………………………………………. 30
1. Sydney Carton’s Crisis in Charles Dickens’ A Tale of Two Cities………………………………………………….. 30
A. A Lonely Scoundrel and His Unrequited Love…… 32
B. A Powerlessness of an Alcoholic Attorney…………… 42
C. An Inferiority of A Talented Man……………………... 57
2. The Motivation of Sydney Carton’s Sacrifice on the Day of Guillotine…………………………………………… 65
CHAPTER IV. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION……….. 78
A. Conclusion………………………………………………….. 78
B. Recommendation…………………………………………… 80
BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………. 82
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ABSTRACT
Adystya Imawahyu. C0307008. A Psychological Analysis of Sydney Carton’s Sacrifice on the Day of the Guillotine in Charles Dickens’ A Tale of Two
Cities. Thesis. English Department. Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts. Sebelas Maret University Surakarta.
This thesis is an analysis on a novel entitled A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens. It is purposed to explain the real motivation of Sydney Carton in doing his sacrifice to save Charles Darnay from the horror of guillotine.This research is written as descriptive analysis of which the main data are in the form of the narration, the dialog of Sydney Carton, and the dialog of others’ characters which are related to Sydney Carton’s background, behavior, thought and personality which then would lead to Sydney Carton’s sacrifice on the day of guillotine. The supporting data are taken from other sources such as articles, criticisms, and some psychological books. Since the research is an analysis of the novel’s character, it involves psychology approach as its point of view and some theories which are applied in the analysis. In order to answer the research question, this research applies Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and Scott Peck’s theory of self-sacrifice. From the analysis, it can be found that Sydney’s sacrifice is motivated by three factors. The first, according to Abraham Maslow’s theory, Carton has failed in fulfilling his love and belongingness needs, self-esteem needs, and self- actualization needs. He becomes a lonely, powerless, and unconfident man who is
sure that sacrifice will be the precious thing that he can do for his life. The second, Carton’s sacrifice is motivated by his faith. He is sure that his sacrifice will
redeem his sin, and he will live peacefully in the afterlife. The third, based on Scott Peck’s theory of sacrifice, Carton’s sacrifice apparently motivated by his feeling to Lucie Manette. By sacrificing himself, he hopes that inside their heart,
Lucie and her family will give a place to Carton.
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A PSYCHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF SYDNEY CARTON’S sure that his sacrifice will redeem his sin, and he will live SACRIFICE ON THE DAY OF THE GUILLOTINE IN peacefully in the afterlife. The third, based on Scott Peck’s theory CHARLES DICKENS’ A TALE OF TWO CITIES of sacrifice, Carton’s sacrifice apparently motivated by his feeling to Lucie Manette. By sacrificing himself, he hopes that inside their 1 Adystya Imawahyu heart, Lucie and her family will give a place to Carton. Dra. Nani Sukarni, M. S2
ABSTRACT
2011. Thesis. English Department. Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts. Sebelas Maret University Surakarta. This thesis is an analysis on a novel entitled A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens. It is purposed to explain the real motivation of Sydney Carton in doing his sacrifice to save Charles Darnay from the horror of guillotine.This research is written as descriptive analysis of which the main data are in the form of the narration, the dialog of Sydney Carton, and the dialog of others’ characters which are related to Sydney Carton’s background, behavior, thought and personality which then would lead to Sydney Carton’s sacrifice on the day of guillotine. The supporting data are taken from other sources such as articles, criticisms, and some psychological books. Since the research is an analysis of the novel’s character, it involves psychology approach as its point of view and some theories which are applied in the analysis. In order to answer the research question, this research applies Abraham Maslow’s
Hierarchy of Needs and Scott Peck’s theory of self-sacrifice. From the analysis, it can be found that Sydney’s sacrifice is motivated by three factors. The first, according to Abraham
Maslow’s theory, Carton has failed in fulfilling his love and belongingness needs, self-esteem needs, and self-actualization needs. He becomes a lonely, powerless, and unconfident man who is sure that sacrifice will be the precious thing that he can do for his life. The second, Carton’s sacrifice is motivated by his faith. He is
1 Mahasiswa Jurusan Sastra Inggris dengan NIM C0307008 2 Dosen Pembimbing
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Research Background
Once, people described the word sacrifice as something that was used for
worshiping God. They treated the man or animal as a food given to God, so they
hopefully could get what they had been prayed for. Commonly, the term sacrifice
has a close relationship with religions. However, this term of sacrifice
metaphorically has a larger meaning than that. It means sharing with another but
you press down your own necessity. In many cases people commonly see that
sacrifice is doing without expecting something or giving something up. But in
fact, sacrifice is done to fulfill the doer’s necessity, to have a pleasure and
satisfaction, or to have an admission and appreciation from others. “Whatever we
do is done because we choose to do it, and we make that choice because it is the
one that satisfies us the most. Whatever we do for someone else we do because it
fulfills a need we have.” (Peck, 1978:122). Conscious or not, there is always
something else behind sacrifice. People will not do sacrifice for nothing. They do
the sacrifice to have reward for themselves.
From the brief description above, apparently sacrifice has sticked with
human since they recognize God, or since they have faith in running their life.
People do the sacrifice rituals with the hope that God would bless them. This commit to user
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signifies that people do the sacrifice in order to have something useful for them.
People usually interpret sacrifice as something that is very difficult to do. In fact,
they have been sacrificing themselves in different ways. For example, when they
use their time to sleep, they have sacrificed their hours that can be used for doing
something more important. When they choose to meet their lover this morning,
they have sacrificed their time to study in class. However, consciously or not, they
have taken the consequence from what they sacrifice for. They lose chances to do
something, but they are happy because they have fulfilled their need, so they feel
satisfied.
“Those who refuse to let go of their present, transient comfort or pleasure are blind, and don't know happiness. Their refusal to sacrifice defeats the very purpose of their being. For we are here to experience endless growth, joy, and freedom, all of which are realized by acts of sacrifice.” (Chuck Gallozzi in http://www.personal-development.com/chuck)
In many cases, it is still understandable why people sacrifice themselves
for others, although it is explained that sacrifice is the way of self-satisfaction.
There is always something else that becomes a factor for a sacrifice. There is
always something to motivate someone to do something. As John Jung states in
his book entitled Understanding Human Motivation, “Humans do experience a
variety of inner states, which must be considered, in our view, if we are to achieve
and adequate understanding of human behavior. Motives and emotions are among
the inner states that influence human behavior.” (Jung, 1978:3). The motivation
would come for instance because of love, necessity, reward, or even duty. It is not
easy to look for the motivation of someone in doing something. In this analysis, commit to user the researcher will analyze the motivation of Sydney Carton, a character of perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id3
Charles Dickens’ A Tale of Two Cities for his sacrifice on the day of guillotine.
The researcher tries to get the factors that emerge and motivate Carton to make
sacrifice. First, the researcher started to analyze Carton’s personality, thought, and
action in order to find the factors that motivate him in doing the sacrifice.
A Tale of Two Cities is written by an English author, named Charles
Dickens. He was born on Friday, February 7th, 1812 near Portsmouth, England.
Dickens’ novels mostly tell about the gloomy of Industrialization Era. It is
believed that Dickens’ novels are written based on his childhood experience. In
1858, after separating with his wife, it is assumed that Dickens has an affair with
French stage artist named Ellen Ternan. Ellen Ternan then inspires Dickens in
creating a character named Lucie Manette in his historical novel entitled A Tale of
Two Cities. Because Ternan is a French, and Dickens is a British, he depicts the
events that happen in both country. Many readers also assume that Sydney Carton,
the protagonist of the story, has a lot of similarities with Dickens. Analyzing its
title, apparently, Dickens wants to show the conditions of two great countries
which historically do not have a good relationship. A Tale of Two Cities mostly
captures the events happen in Paris. It tells about the French Revolution that
occurs in Paris. Dickens sees the event of French Revolution as having the same
level of importance with the Industrialization Revolution. The harmful, poverty,
and sorrow that was felt by the poor people during French Revolution was also
felt by the poor people during Industrialization Era. In Industrialization Era, the
rate of urbanization grew higher, and it was used by the capitalist to hire the
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laborers with the low wages. The poor were getting poorer, and the rich were
getting richer. This also happened in France during French Revolution.
“The guillotine is one of European history's most bloody icons. Although designed with the best of intentions, this hugely recognisable machine soon became associated with events that have overshadowed both its
heritage and its development: the French Revolution.” (http://europeanhistory.about.com/cs/frenchrevolution/a/Guillotine.htm)
Guillotine had taken a big role during French Revolution period. It was the
eye witness of the revolution, the one which directly witnessed the miserly born in
the time of French Revolution. The guillotine is a device used for executing the
victims by decapitation. It consists of a tall upright frame with a suspended blade.
This blade is raised with a rope and then drops, separating the head from the body.
The device is being used for long time and being the main method of execution in
France. Nevertheless, the guillotine continues to be used long after the French
Revolution in several countries.
A Tale of Two Cities is a novel by Charles Dickens, portrays the action of
the French peasants who are oppressed by the French aristocracy in the years of
the revolution, and the brutality demonstrated by the revolutionaries toward the
former aristocrats in the early years of the revolution. There are a lot of
similarities of social condition of life in London during the same time period. It
tells the story about some people who are related each other and fall into the
conflict of the revolution.
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Sydney Carton plays a significant character in A Tale of Two Cities. He
appears as a lazy, alcoholic attorney who can not afford something useful for his
own life. He does not have any interest and enthusiasm. He describes his
existence as nothing in this world and declares that he does not care about
anything even anyone. But, deep inside his heart, when he sees Lucie Manette for
the first time, he realizes that he is attracted to this girl. The beauty, charming
figure, and the behavior of Lucie Manette successfully make Carton fall in love
with her. He firstly tries to betray his heart, but later he asserts his feeling to her
without expecting an acceptance. However, Carton realizes that he is a worthless
man. In addition, he knows that Lucie is actually in love with Charles Darnay, a
kind man whose face resembles him. The most dramatical action of Carton and
perhaps the most worthy thing done by Carton is when he sacrifices himself under
the guillotine in order to save Charles Darnay who actually comes as the victim of
revolution. Having a resembled face, Carton decides to switch his place with
Darnay’s. He does this for Lucie’s and Darnay’s happiness. What Carton does
also becomes the ending of Charles Dickens’ A Tale of Two Cities. Although he is
described as a bad guy in the beginning of the story, he comes to be a hero in the
last chapter. Nobody will guess that Carton will save the life of Charles Darnay
and Lucie Mannette by sacrificing himself under the guillotine. Something may
opened Carton’s eyes, whether he could be a better man before he leaves the
earth. He does something lofty before he sees his last day on the earth.
It is understandable that Sydney Carton falls in the deep love to Lucie
Mannette. Lucie will lose Darnay,commit her to lover user for the execution done by the perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id6
rebellion. It means that Lucie will lose her happiness. As the love kept by Carton,
it is absolutely understood that Lucie’s happiness is everything for him. Then,
Sydney switches himself with Darnay and goes to the guillotine, gets himself
executed without any sin brought by him. This is seemed to be a sacrifice resulted
from the deep love presented for Lucie. But in his last words, "It is a far, far better
thing that I do, than I have ever done; it is a far, far better rest that I go to than I
have ever known." (Dickens, 1988:364), it shows other purpose about the
sacrifice. There is another reason why Sydney decides to sacrifice him self under
the guillotine. In his last words, it is predicted that Sydney feels he lives for
nothing. He lives as imprecisely man who never does something worth before.
Sacrifice is the only precious thing that he can do for his entire life. From that
sentence, it is also implied hopelessness that is felt by Carton. He feels that the
world is not good enough for him. He is sure that there is a better place that will
give him peace and happiness than ever. It probably means that he feels hopeless
for the love he grasps to Lucie. From here, the researcher would like to analyze
Carton’s motivation to do the sacrifice. Why does he like to do his self-sacrifice
and what are his purposes so he feels sincere and happy in sacrificing himself.
B. Problem Statement
Based on the background above, the researcher defines the problem
statement as follow:
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Why does Sydney Carton sacrifice himself on the day of guillotine in
Charles Dickens’ A Tale of Two Cities?
C. Scope of the Study
The researcher focuses on the character of Sydney Carton, the main
character in Charles Dickens’ A Tale of Two Cities. The researcher analyzes his
character by observing his background, thought, behavior, and also the other
character’s thought about him. The researcher uses the writer’s explanation about
Carton which is shared through the narration in A Tale of Two Cities.
D. Research Objectives
The objective of this thesis is:
To find the real motivation of Sydney Carton’s sacrifice on the day of
guillotine in A Tale of Two Cities
E. Research Benefits
By doing this analysis, the researcher is able to reach the benefits as
follows:
1. Helping the readers to understand the story of the novel well commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id8
2. Providing the references about the novel analysis in a
psychological sense.
F. Research Methodology
1. The Form of Research
This research is written as a descriptive analysis. The researcher gives a
clear explanation about a subject matter of the analysis. This analysis is a library
analysis because the researcher takes written materials as the sources of the data.
2. Data Resources
The main data of this analysis is the dialogues between Carton and other
characters and the narrations which are implied the motivation of Sydney Carton
in doing the sacrifice which is taken from Charles Dickens’ A Tale of Two Cities.
In analyzing the novel, the researcher focuses on Carton’s background, behavior
and thought which show his motivation to do the sacrifice and the other
character’s perspective about Carton’s personality. The researcher also takes the
supporting data from other relevant sources which share the information about the
subject matter. The supporting data comes from books of psychology, articles and
critics which criticize Sydney Carton in all aspects especially his intention to do
the sacrifice.
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3. Technique of Collecting Data and Processing Data
In collecting and processing the data of the analysis, the researcher gets
these following steps:
1. The researcher reads the novel A Tale of Two Cities carefully. The
researcher finds the parts of the novel which describe Carton’s thought
and behavior which show his motivation related to the sacrifice, also
the paragraph and dialogue which shows other character’s perspective
about Carton’s character.
2. The researcher studies Maslow’s theory of motivation which is related
to Maslow’s theory of Hierarchy of Needs and M. Scott Peck’s theory
of self-sacrifice, and elaborates it with the main data to answer the
problem statement.
3. The researcher takes the supporting data from the internet. The
researcher finds the articles and critics about Sydney Carton’s
background, characteristic, and behavior and then relates it with
Carton’s motivation in doing the sacrifice. In addition to seek the data
from the internet, the researcher also reads some psychological books
which are related with the subject matter.
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G. Approach
The researcher uses Maslow’s theory of motivation to analyze this novel.
Abraham Maslow attempts to unify a large body of research related to human
motivation. According to Maslow, researchers are generally focused separately on
such factors as biology, achievement, or power to explain what energizes, directs,
and sustains human behavior. Maslow divides human needs into five levels, those
are:
1) Physiological Need: hunger, thirst, bodily comforts
2) Safety/security Need: out of danger
3) Love and Belongingness Need: affiliate with others, be accepted
4) Self-Esteem Need: to achieve, be competent, gain approval and
recognition.
5) Self-Actualization Need: to actualize, reaching the goal of life, make a
brighter future
The researcher considers that love must give a significant impact to what
Carton has done. For helping the researcher in analyzing Carton’s tribulation of
emotion, the researcher tries to use M. Scott Peck’s theory of self-sacrifice.
Before talking more about self-sacrifice, Peck exposes many things about love.
According to him, “falling in love is subjectively experienced in a very powerful
fashion as an experience of love.commit” (Peck, to 1978:89)user The experience of falling in perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id11
love is also temporary. However, the love he feels will be fade away as long with
the relationship they build up. In fact, according to Peck, love is about extending
others’ spiritual growth. It is about understanding others’ spiritual needs and they,
as the lovers, try to fulfill it. Commonly people think that loving someone, giving
someone what he or she needs is a self-sacrifice. For a wife who has been the
victim of masochism, succumbing and accepting what her husband does to her is
also a sacrifice. But after tracing back the term of sacrifice, the researcher finds
that it is still expecting something behind it, including in the case of love sacrifice.
“The issue of masochism highlights still another very major misconception about love-that it is self-sacrifice. By virtue of this believe the prototypical of masochist was enabled to see her tolerance of mistreatment as self sacrifice and hence as love, and therefore did not have to acknowledge her hatred. The minister also saw his self-sacrificial behavior as love, although actually it was motivated not by the needs of his family but by his own need to maintain an image of himself.” (Peck, 1978:122).
From the quotation, Peck assumes that self-sacrifice is one of
misconceptions about love. In many cases, some people feel that they have done
self-sacrifice based on love they have; in fact, they do it for their own necessity,
not the others’ necessity included.
H. Thesis Organization
The thesis consists of four chapters and each of them is subdivided into
subsequent division. Chapter I is Introduction that includes background of the
research, problem statement, scope of the study, research objective, research commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id12
benefits, research methodology that covers the form of the research, data
resources, technique of collecting and processing data; approaches and thesis
organization.
Chapter II is literary review. It covers the Maslow’s motivation theory, M.
Scott Peck’s self-sacrifice, and another theory of love and psychology.
Chapter III is the analysis. This is the analysis about the motivation of
Sydney Carton’s sacrifice on the Day of Guillotine. It covers Carton’s self-
esteem, Carton’s self-actualization, and Carton’s love, and Carton’s sacrifice.
Chapter IV is the conclusion and recommendation of the research.
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CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Literature and Psychology
Human is God’s creature which is given mind and heart inside their body.
By their mind they think, by their heart they feel, and by their body they do what
they intend to do. Those three elements are always related one to each other.
Finally, mind, heart, and body form something that is known as behavior.
Somehow, people do not always know well about their own intention. In some
cases, they do not know why they do something or why their friends do those
things that may be important to them. That is why, people need to study about
themselves so that they are able to understand themselves and others in order to
strengthen the social relationship among them.
Since psychology is known as the science of mind and behavior, there are
a lot of people who are interested in studying it. Basically, the aim of studying
psychology is to understand the behavior and mental processes of human by
researching the both. “For many practitioners, one goal of applied psychology is
to benefit society.” (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology). As human being, it
is important to realize that they are not alone in this world. People need other to
complete their life. They still need other’s help to continue their life. It reflects
that, basically, human is created as a social creature. Human behavior can be commit to user
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common, unusual, acceptable, or unacceptable. Human evaluate the acceptability
of behavior using social norms and regulate behavior by means of social control.
According to moral values, human behavior may also depend upon the common,
usual, unusual, acceptable or unacceptable behavior of others. By knowing the
mind and behavior of the people, it leads them to understand the personality of
others. “Personality psychology is concerned with enduring patterns of behavior,
thought, and emotion in individuals, commonly referred to as personality.”
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/psychology).
Psychology is broadly studied in university and practiced by hundreds of
the practitioners which are also known as psychologist. Commonly, psychology is
used as a mental treatment for those who have problems with their psychosomatic.
In addition, by applying psychology in the treatment aims to find the solution that
will be taken in order to solve the problem in many ways. Psychology is not only
applied on education and health treatment. It is being applied in the social media
and it has been explored in a large social topics.
Literature is one of written media which reflects the life of human in
society. Sometimes, it aims as an entertainment, but further more, literature is
used to describe the life of human and to share how the ideal life is according to
its author’s perspective. “The reason that fiction is more interesting than any
other form of literature, to those who really like to study people, is that in fiction
the author can really tell the truth without humiliating himself” (Jim Rohn’s
quotation in http://www.brainyquote.com/words/li/literature185325.html). People commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id15
mostly believe that what is written in literature especially fiction is what actually
happens outside there. In the other hand, literature does not always tell the truth. It
plays as the imitation of the reality. The author may have another perspective
about life, and he wants to show the world what life must be. As what M. H.
th Abrams says about Socrates’s theory of mimetic in his book entitled 20 Century
Literary Criticism, “The arts of printing, poetry, music, dancing, and sculpture,
Socrates says, are all imitations.” (Abrams, 1972:5) When literature is believed to
be a story of life, it is directly defined that the readers have been studied the
psychology of literature.
As mentioned before, psychology is the study of mind and behavior.
Meanwhile, literature is the reflection of its author’s mind which is transferred to
its characters. Studying the psychological of literature may add the reference of
life so that people can be a good person in a society. They can overcome the
problems that continuously come to their life. In addition, the fiction of literature
can be an evaluation whether they have already given the best for their own life or
not. Literature can also be a media to create the life they want, that can not be
found in reality. Somehow, it is important to underline whether what is written on
a literary work is not the whole originality of the reality. Truth plays as an artistic
value on a literary work. The psychological value of a work completes the
aesthetic value of a literary work.
“For some conscious artist, psychology may have tightened their sense of reality, sharpened their powers of observation or allowed them to fall into
hitherto undiscovered patterns. But, in itself, psychological truth is an artistic value only if it enhancescommit coherence to user and complexity-if, in short, it is art.” (Wellek and Warren, 1956:93). perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id16
However, by describing imagination through a work of literature, an
author can show the world what the world must be. “We know too much, and are
convinced of too little. Our literature is a substitute for religion, and so is our
religion.” (T.S. Eliot’s quotation in
http://www.brainyquote.com/words/li/literature185325.html). Eliot assumes that
literature has the same grade as religion. Even it can substitute religion, and so for
the religion itself. In literature, the reader will be able to take an understanding
about the good and the bad of the story as a moral value. Moreover, it is an
ideology of the author, so the author teaches the reader about life through his
work.
B. Abraham Maslow’s Human Motivation
1. Abraham Maslow’s Human Motivation
According to Maslow, motivation happens to the whole parts of the
individual, not some parts of it. In short, when you are starving, there is no mouth
or stomach need, but it is rather be an individual need. John needs food, not
stomach of John which needs food. When John has already had food, the
satisfaction feeling goes to John’s feeling, not his only stomach and mouth.
Basically, human is a creature which has a lot of needs and it is hard to reach the
satisfaction feeling but just for while. When one need is fulfilled, there is another
need comes out replacing the previous need. When they are successful in fulfilling commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id17
their need, they feel that they can reach another achievement. This will motivate
human to do something to fulfill their needs.
For the further theory, Maslow divides human needs into several levels:
1. Phisiologycal need
“The needs that are usually taken as the starting point for
motivation theory are the so-called physiological drives.” (pg.4 of
A%20Theory%20of%20Human%Motivation%20A.pdf)
According to Maslow, this concept is related to homeostatis of a
human and the taste or desire of human can efficiently give the
indication of human physiological needs. Homeostatis shows the
automatically efforts in human body to defend their constant and
normal blood circulation. When the body lacks of substance, an
individual will form a particular desire to that parts of unfulfilling food
elements. This kind of need is the strongest need of those needs levels.
When individual is starving, he will not think about other things but
food. He will not think about having a mansion, being a director of an
employment, has a lover, nor has an achievement in school. All he ever
thinks is food.
commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id18
2. Safety/Security Need
When physiological need is fulfilled, there comes another need
which is categorized in safety need (safety, security, protection,
freedom, etc). This kind of need is easily found in kids. Kids or baby
will not hide their reaction when they are being threatened. They will
cry and scream when they are away from their parents, treated roughly,
or even feel uncomfort. For adult, the reaction of security need is
shown more as psychological reaction. They think that they are under
attack, threatened by the disaster that suddenly comes. From those fear
they need such a protection that will guarantee them to get secure.
“Compulsive-obsessives try frantically to order and stabilize the world
so that no unmanageable, unexpected or unfamiliar dangers will ever
appear” (pg.9 of
A%20Theory%20of%20Human%Motivation%20A.pdf)
Therefore, people create laws, ceremony, norms that is covered by
rules so that they can be controlled and spared from the danger.
3. Love and Belongingness Need
When physiological and security need are fulfilled, there will be
another need that is already known as love and belongingness need.
People need love. They need someone to share, to accompany, to
comfort, and to fulfill the emptiness in their heart. When there are no commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id19
friends, lover, children, they will feel lonely. They feel that they are
expelled from the society. Maslow analyzes that the brawl or conflict
among gangster or community in America is motivated by the lack of
love and friendship among them. They express it by their anger and
hatred among others.
4. Self-Esteem Need
“All people in our society (with a few pathological exceptions) have a need or desire for a stable, firmly based, (usually) high evaluation of themselves, for self-respect, or self-esteem, and for the esteem of others.” (pg.10 of A%20Theory%20of%20Human%Motivation%20A.pdf)
Maslow divides this need into two classifications. First is the need
of necessity and power, achievement, sufficiency, superiority, and
ability, self confidence, liberty and freedom. The second division is the
desire of an individual to have prestige, status, popularity and glory,
domination, admission, care, and the most important are grade and
appreciation. When an individual fails in fulfilling this need, he will
feel unconfident, weak, and powerless. For instance, the case of
American Gangster which often causes riots shows the lack of love and
belongingness of themselves. People may see them as minor
communities that do not deserve to have appropriate place among
society. From this, it is assumed that the gangsters need admission so
they try to come to the surface by doing something controversially.
What they have done is the reaction of the failure of fulfilling the third commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id20
need that is love and belongingness need. The effect of loss that need
is the inferior feeling. They can not freely express their will because
they are far behind. It can kill their self-confidence, so they come as a
big community which feels that each of them has a same fate and
achievement. By joining the community, they can strengthen each
other, so they can build the self confidence among the community.
5. Self-Actualization
When the fourth need has been fulfilled, there is still an
unsatisfaction feeling and the new nervousness will come soon.
Individually, when the fourth need has been fulfilled, a person needs to
do something that is apparently appropriate to him. For instance, a
singer has to be a good singer, a teacher has to teach his students well,
a lawyer has to break a case accurately, and a father has to be a good
father for his children as a respectable and strong man for the family.
The peaceful will come to them if they are able in fulfilling this need.
This need is known as self-actualization need.
“What a man can be, he must be. This need we may call self-
actualization. It refers to the desire for self-fulfillment, namely, to the tendency for him to become actualized in what he is potentially. This tendency might be phrased as the desire to become more and more
what one is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming.” (pg.10 of A%20Theory%20of%20Human%Motivation%20A.pdf)
Human will not able to end their satisfaction. In being a man, they commit to user will not stop digging out their potential just to actualize themselves in perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id21
front of others. Basically, human need good confession from others so
they create their own characters based on their potency. The man who
is failed in fulfilling this need will feel that he lives for nothing, and he
will feel that there is no future which waits for him to be achieved.
It explains more, “Maslow used the term self-actualization to describe a desire, not a driving force, that could lead to realizing one's capabilities. Maslow did not feel that self-actualization determined one's life; rather, he felt that it gave the individual a desire, or motivation to achieve budding ambitions.” (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-actualization)
Maslow argues whether self-actualization is the need which builds
the desire of a human to realize their capability. It motivates the human
to be what they ideally want to be. He says further that self-
actualization does not determine the life of someone, because the
realization of this need is different for each personal. A teacher wants
to be a good teacher, a father wants to be a good father, or a student
wants to be a great student. It’s all depends on each capability. So, a
person will be automatically motivated to be a better person based on
his capability.
Those are the five levels of hierarchy of needs that have been
exposed by Abraham Maslow that aims to find a motivation of a
person in doing something. In this analysis, the researcher will only
use the third, fourth, and fifth needs in analyzing Sydney Carton’s
sacrifice. commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id22
C. Scott Peck’s Self-Sacrifice
Long time ago, people use the word sacrifice as something to use as
worshiping God. Sacrifice is more like a religious ritual that is served by the
people in order to get prosperity and God’s blessing. There are several kinds of
sacrifice which is related to religion practice. First is the sacrifice called animal
sacrifice. Animal sacrifice is the ritual killing animal in order to make an oath to
God or to change the course of nature. Animal sacrifice has been done by many
countries in all kinds of cultures, from the Greeks and Romans, Ancient
Egyptians, and from the Aztecs and Yoruba. Second is human sacrifice. Human
sacrifice is practiced by many ancient cultures. In some rituals, people will be
killed in order to please or appease God or spirit. There are several purposes for
including human sacrifice in the ritual of worshiping God or the spirit. First, it is
done as the dedication of a new temple or bridge. Second, it is done following the
death of the high priest or great leader. The sacrifice is supposed to serve or
accompany the deceased leader in the next life. The third is the sacrifice which is
done in the times of natural disaster. Earthquakes, droughts, volcanic eruptions are
seen as a sign of anger by the Goddesses, and sacrifice is believed to be the
solution to redeem it. In Islam, people know the term korban, is an animal
sacrifice done to commemorate the willingness of Prophet Ibrahim in sacrificing
his son, Prophet Ismail to require God’s command. Moslems usually sacrifice
goat, lamb, or cow, and then consume its meat. The meats are usually shared to
the poor. It purposes to help the poor, to give them blessing of prosperity.
commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id23
From now on, the word sacrifice does not only exist in religion term, but
also in common terms which are closely related to the human daily activity. Every
step of action has its own sacrifice. Some may say that sacrifice is something hard
to do, moreover, it needs bravery, and consciously or not, sacrifice is able to invite
happiness and proud.
“I have no ambition in this world but one, and that is to be a fireman. The position may, in the eyes of some, appear to be a lowly one; but we who know the work which the fireman has to do believe that his is a noble calling. Our proudest moment is to save lives. Under the impulse of such thoughts, the nobility of the occupation thrills us and stimulates us to deeds of daring, even of supreme sacrifice.” (Chief Edward F. Croker, an American Firefighter’s quotation in http://thinkexist.com/quotations/sacrifice/) The quotation above is stated by a firefighter. His job is so dangerous and
of course it needs courage in saving people who are trapped in the ruins of the
burnt building. No matter how hard it is, he feels proud to save the life of the
people. He sees the work of a firefighter as a noble thing that is soon leads him to
challenge the danger, build a bravery even to do a sacrifice. Sacrifice plays a role
as a stimulator for happiness and pride feeling. Sacrifice will cause peace and joy.
It is not as painful as what people commonly say. Mahatma Gandhi shares his
opinion about sacrifice as follows,
“The sacrifice which causes sorrow to the doer of the sacrifice is no sacrifice. Real sacrifice lightens the mind of the doer and gives him a
sense of peace and joy. The Buddha gave up the pleasures of life because they had become painful to him.” (Mahatma Gandhi’s quotation in http://thinkexist.com/quotations/sacrifice/).
Sacrifice will release the burden of life and as a compensation, the doer
will see the satisfaction that is previously hidden. When someone who does a commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id24
sacrifice admits that he is suffering, he actually does not see his action as a real
sacrifice, because the feelings that are caused by sacrifice are such a peace, happy,
and joy feeling. It is hard to do, but it is not as terrifying as it looked.
Love is one of the favorable themes in a lot of stories. People believe that
sacrifice and love have a tight relationship and they are inseparable. Compromise
and sacrifice are almost the same. Lovers usually meet those things inside their
romantic relationship, but perhaps, they do not realize it.
“To sacrifice is to give up something precious in order to gain or maintain something, such as a valuable relationship or some other worthy cause, than to compromise is to give up the pursuit of a better prospect in order not to risk an existing situation, even if it is perceived to be somewhat worse than the prospect that is relinquished” (http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/in-the-name-love/201009/does- love-involve-sacrifice-or-compromise)
Compromise is full with emotional aspects and it is harder to bear, while
sacrifice appears as an actual and concrete action. When someone is
compromising, he is giving up something that he really wants, that possibly can be
reached. When he is sacrificing, he is giving up something that he actually has.
The effect of loss in compromise is more torturing because compromising is about
something that he hasn’t done yet. It is related to the unfinished action that he
really wants to achieve. The effect of loss in sacrifice is less torturing because the
person who is sacrificing has already had the achievement, and he will not doubt
the value and necessity of his sacrifice. The emotional effect caused by
compromise is frustration, while sacrifice is associated with sympathy and
compassion. commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id25
M. Scott Peck is well-known as a modern psychologist who loudly talks
about love, traditional values, and spiritual growth. In his book entitled The Road
Less Travelled, he talks about a lot of aspects of life which point out to those parts
of life. In this analysis, the researcher only takes one aspect that is brought by
Scott Peck. In addition talking about sacrifice, the researcher considers that Scott
Peck’s self-sacrifice is suitable to be used because it can support Maslow’s theory
of human motivation so the researcher intends to combine the both of them. By
using Scott Peck’s self-sacrifice, hopefully the researcher can find and prove the
real self-sacrifice of Sydney Carton after finding the motivation of his action in
doing the sacrifice. In order to explain about self-sacrifice, the researcher also
shares about Peck’s assumption about love, because the researcher sees that love
can be an influence to do sacrifice. Scott Peck describes self-sacrifice in a
relationship by showing a case of a victim of masochism. A wife whose the
husband is a masochist says that she wants to leave him because she can not
tolerate his attitude anymore. But, when the husband begs her to reconcile, the
wife can not reject his pleading. She accepts it and says that she loves him so
much that is why she can forget and forgive his roughness. Peck assumes that it is
not essentially a love. Apparently the wife enjoys the way the husband begs her to
come back. From this description, she can show her superiority in her relationship.
It is more like revenge than a love. The second case is the minister who always
fulfills his family needs although in the deep heart he finds difficulties in covering
it. He wants to be a good father and husband for his family. In this case, it seems
that he has done self-sacrifice for his family, but, Peck assumes later that actually, commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id26
the minister tries to create a good image for himself toward his family. He wants
to be a good man in the family, without concerning the spiritual growth of the
family.
Peck states further, “Whenever we think of ourselves as doing something for someone else, we are in some way denying our own responsibility. Whatever we do is done because we choose to do it, and we make that choice because it is the one that satisfies us the most. Whatever we do for someone else we do because it fulfills a need we have.” (Peck, 1978:122)
Self-sacrifice is the way to satisfy ourselves. Firstly, it appears as an
attitude that is done for the others’ happiness. In fact, consciously or not, people
do the sacrifice to please and satisfy themselves. It is done not only for the
happiness of others but also for their necessity.
In his book entitled The Road Less Travelled, Scott Peck defines love as
“the will to extend one’s self for the purpose of nurturing one’s own or another’s
spiritual growth.” (Peck, 1978:85). Basically, Pecks assumes that in loving
someone, a person must put his attention to the development of another. Love
needs a factual effort and action in order to extend another’s development. When
someone is in love, he does not only care for his own importance, but consciously,
he also involves himself in the process of another’s self development. In
extending another’s self-growth, it needs a will of action to support it. According
to Peck, “love is an act of will—namely, both an intention and an action. Will also
implies choice. We do not have to love. We choose to love.” (Peck, 1978:87).
Love is a choice, and choice is an implication of a will. So when a person starts to
choose to love, it means that he will show his love to another by certain actions. commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id27
“In the case of genuine love the aim is always spiritual growth. In the case
of nonlove the aim is always something else.” (Peck, 1978:123). Genuine love
concerns to the spiritual growth of others. People notice the needs of others’, and
they try to fulfill it, extent the spiritual growth of others and theirs. It looks
simple, but by understanding the spiritual growth, they will be able to understand
others’. From this process, love is growing up. There are always changes in the
self when they are in love, but the changes are the implication of self extension,
not self-sacrifice.
D. Charles Dickens and A Tale of Two Cities
During his lifetime, Dickens is known as the author for his remarkable
characters, his mastery of prose in telling of their life, and his concern of the
social classes, moral and value of his lifetime. People believe him as the
spokesman for the poor, from the way he writes the plight, the inferiority of the
poor on his work.
th Charles Dickens was born on Friday, February 7 , 1812 near Portsmouth,
England. His father, John Dickens, was a clerk in the navy pay office at the
Portsmouth dockyard. In the 1821, when Dickens was nine year old, the family
fell into financial problem. Dickens’ father lost his job and most of his income
because of the reforms and cutbacks at the British Admiralty. Since the family fell
into the poverty, they moved to the dirty lodging on a vile street in Camden Town. commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id28
Although they had lived in a terrible lodging, they are still unable to survive
financially. The family soon fell into debt. In that time, one who falls into debt
will be imprisoned until he is able to pay off the debt. Since Dickens’ family got
debt trouble, the father was arrested and imprisoned in the debtor’s prison called
the Marshalsea. Soon, Dickens left his school and he was sent to work in a
blacking factory at Hungerford Market, where he worked with other child laborers
putting labels on the bottles. Working conditions for all factory employees in
Victorian Era were extremely poor. They worked all day long for just a little
wages. The use of child laborers was common at that time. The conditions of the
child laborers were so horrible. The misery of that condition adhered to those
boys’ soul. When he was adult, Dickens could never able to speak about his
childhood. His miserable memories were shared only through his writing which
has represented his sorrow during his childhood. By his writing, he depicted the
pleading of the poor children of the era, which is also known as industrialization
era. Since his mother followed his father into the jail, Dickens completely had to
fend for himself. He spent his nights as a lonely little boy who had to survive from
the torment that surrounded him. Although his condition was miserable, Dickens
did not grow as a hopeless man, but he grew as a powerful and optimistic man. A
few years later, Dickens’ father was released from jail and the family went back to
Camden Town, where Dickens resumed his studies at a public school.
Although the parents were free, the family was still in poor financial
circle, so again, Dickens was withdrawn from school and had to get to work. He
had to work hard in solicitor’s office.commit Dickens to user worked hard and determined to perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id29
have better life. He wanted to be a reporter like his father, who had found a job as
a reporter. When he was seventeen, Dickens became a reporter. But deep inside
his heart, he had a dream that someday he would be an actor. Since he wanted to
realize his dream, he lectured extensively.
A Tale of Two Cities, a novel of Charles Dickens written in 1859 reflects
the riot and brutality happened during French Revolution. In many of his novels,
Dickens put his characters in a condition where he fights his way out of poverty
and despair. A Tale of Two Cities tells more about the struggle of the poor that
have been oppressed by the aristocrat. It tells about the arrogance of aristocracy
and how tyranny is still spread in every case. Dickens saw the events of French
Revolution have the same historical level with what had happened during the
Industrialization Revolution in England
(http://www.litcharts.com/lit/ataleoftwocities/backgroundinfo).
commit to user perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id30
CHAPTER III
ANALYSIS
1. Sydney Carton’s Crisis in Charles Dickens’ A Tale of Two Cities
According to its literal meaning, crisis means, “a dramatic emotional or
circumstantial upheaval in a person's life.”
(http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/crisis). As it is informed, this thing also
takes a large portion to Sydney Carton, one of Dickens‟ characters in A Tale of
Two Cities. There are lines of problems failed to face by Carton, then the
problems go bigger and create such a tribulation for Carton which soon invite a
crisis. Sydney Carton plays as one of the important roles in A Tale of Two Cities.
He appears as a lazy and alcoholic attorney who does not have any interest in his
life. He does not care about everything. He does not care about himself and
others, because he believes that the world does not care about him. “As to me, the
greatest desire I have is to forget that I belong to it. It has no good in it for me—
except wine like this—nor I for it. So, we are not much alike in that particular.”
(Dickens, 1988:80)
He is an orphan since he was a teenager, and he plays as the intelligent
person behind Mr. Stryver‟s, his partner whose the profession is also a lawyer. He
spends his time to do Stryver‟s job, whereas Stryver will pick the result and
Carton gets nothing but wine. commit to user
30 perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id31
“Sydney Carton, idlest and most unpromising of men, was Stryver‟s great ally. Stryver never had a case in hand, anywhere, but Carton was
there……Sydney Carton would never be a lion, he was an amazingly good jackal, and that he rendered suit and service to Stryver in that humble
capacity.” (Dickens, 1988:83)
Carton falls deep in love to Lucie, but he reluctant to declare it. He knows
that Darnay is also attracted to Lucie, and apparently Lucie receive him gladly.
Carton does not have any intention to declare his love, moreover he tries to hide
the feeling by his rudeness. But in the middle of the story, Carton decides to
declare his love to Lucy but he asks no love that may be given by her. He has
already known that Lucy would never love him back.
“If it had been possible, Miss Manette, that you could have returned the love of the man you see before you—self-flung away, wasted, drunken, poor creature of misuse as you know him to be.” (Dickens, 1988:145)
As the French Revolution begins, France is in a riot because the peasants
and all the poor show their protest along the streets and arrest the aristocrats who
have positions in government administration. This event is the realization of their
sorrows that is caused by the mean government.
“On a night in mid-July, one thousand seven hundred and eighty-nine, …..Saint Antoine had been, that morning, a vast dusky mass of scarecrows
heaving to and fro, with frequent gleams of light above the billowy heads, where steel blades and bayonets shone in the sun….. Every pulse and heart in Saint Antoine was on high-fever strain and at high-fever heat.”
(Dickens, 1988:204-206)
Charles Darnay, who is previously known as Marquis St. Evremonde, is a
French aristocrat who leaves his position as a wealth man and chooses to live commit to user
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id32
peacefully in London as Charles Darnay. He sees that living with prosperity in
France only causes sorrows for the others. “This property and France are lost to
me…I renounce them. I would abandon it, and live otherwise and elsewhere. It is
little to relinquish. What is it but a wilderness of misery and ruin?” (Dickens ,
1988:120) When the French Revolution occurs, Darnay is under arrested by the
peasants and the poor. Although he has changed his name into Charles Darnay, he
is still noted as Marquis St. Evremonde.
Knowing that Darnay is in danger, Carton decides to sacrifice himself in
order to save Darnay who is under arrested and sentenced to death by the poor.
Carton realizes that Darnay has a lover that soon will suffer deeply for her loss.
He has promised to Lucie that he would protect her family and made her happy
even though he had to sacrifice himself. “For you and for any dear to you, I would
do anything…I would embrace any sacrifice for you and for those dear to you.”
(Dickens, 1988:147). So it is, Sydney Carton sacrifices himself under the
guillotine to save the people he loves.
For the next explanation, the researcher will divide the analysis of this
subchapter into three points:
A. A Lonely Scoundrel and His Unrequited Love
“Long ago, when he had been famous among his earliest competitors as a
youth of great promise, he had followed his father to the grave. His mother
had died, years before.” (Dickens, 1988:304) commit to user
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id33
Sydney Carton is an orphan since he was a teenager. This can be
something that indicates him to be an unconfident person and decides to put
himself in a deep sorrow. Maslow exposes the levels of hierarchy of needs in
order to learn about human motivation. The condition of Sydney Carton shows
that he has lost his love need from his parents. It has been stated that his father left
him when he was a boy and previously, he was famous as a great boy with a great
future. The loss of the father made him become an orphan, because his mother had
died years before. It is possible that this condition makes him turn his position
from the high quality man to the lower one. Carton may hide himself from the
world and fall down to the deep sorrow for losing his parents.
Maslow states, “The person will feel keenly, as never before, the absence of friends, or a sweetheart, or a wife, or children. He will hunger for affectionate relations with people in general, namely, for a place in his group, and he will strive with great intensity to achieve this goal. He will want to attain such a place more than anything else in the world and may even forget that once, when he was hungry, he sneered at love.” (pg.10 of A%20Theory%20of%20Human%Motivation%20A.pdf)
Carton‟s condition may make him fall into the loneliness, so the impact is
that he hides himself from the crowd of the world. Maslow explains further
whether a person who fails in fulfilling his love and belongingness need, he will
fall into a deep loneliness and feel that he is expelled from the society. Then, he
concludes that nobody cares about him.
Sydney Carton lives with his loneliness until he grows adult. He has his
career as an attorney who works behind Mr. Stryver‟s name. Whenever he goes to
solve the case, there is always Mr. Stryver in front him. His profession leads him commit to user
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id34
to meet his love, that is Lucie Manette. Carton becomes the first man who stares
at Lucie Manette.
“Yet, this Mr. Carton took in more of the details of the scene than he appeared to take in; for now, when Miss Manette‟s head dropped upon her father‟s breast, he was the first to see it, and to say audibly: “Officer! Look
to that young lady. Help the gentleman to take her out. Don‟t you see that she will fall!”” (Dickens, 1988:74)
The narration and dialog above shows the first time Carton sees Lucie
Manette. Carton meets Lucie at Old Bailey, where Charles Darnay‟s trial has run.
At that time, Lucie becomes a witness for Darnay who is accused to be a betrayer
of the country, while Carton performs as the friend of Darnay‟s attorney, Mr.
Stryver. In this trial, Carton succeeds in solving Darnay‟s case, but he does not
show himself as the man who saves the life of an innocent. He hides behind Mr.
Stryver‟s, so the people know that Mr. Stryver is the hero who succeeds in saving
Darnay from the death sentence. During the trial Carton seems to notice the girl
who testifies herself for Darnay, while other people put their concentration to
Darnay‟s trial. Apparently Carton is attracted to Lucie Manette.
“Mr. Carton came up at the moment, and touched Mr. Lorry on the arm.
“How is the young lady?” “She is greatly distressed; but her father is comforting her, and she feels the better for being out of court.”
“I‟ll tell the prisoner so. It won‟t do for a respectable bank gentleman like you to be seen speaking to him publicly, you know.”
Mr. Lorry reddened as if he were conscious of having debated the point in his mind, and Mr. Carton made his way to the outside of the bar. The way out of court lay in that direction, and Jerry followed him, all eyes , ears,
and spikes.” (Dickens, 1988:75)
commit to user
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It is the dialog between Carton and Mr. Lorry, the officer of Tellson‟s
Bank who is also the close friend of Dr. Manette and Lucie Manette. From the
way Carton asks the condition of Lucie, it seems that Carton worries about her.
He is the first man who asks about the condition of Lucie Manette. Logically, a
man who has a bad attitude and cares for nothing will not care for somebody else.
He does not care about his attitude which is considered to be impolite when he is
talking to Mr. Lorry who is known as the older and an honorable man. On the
other hand, it looks different when he gives the respond toward Lucie. He cares
about the girl so much until it seems that he really worries about her.
The researcher sees that Carton has fallen in love at the first sight with
Lucie. The way Carton looks and behaves toward Lucie indicates his interest,
even he has just met her for a second. Talking about love at the first sight, Robert
C. Solomon has put his assumptions toward this issue in his book entitled About
Love.
Solomon says that “the phenomenon of love at the first sight suggests two fairly plausible explanations: first, that the stranger we find so attractive is in fact a “stand-in” for some other love from the past, and the second, that
what we call “love” is really just lust, plus an extravagant rationalization to make it personally and morally meaningful.” (Solomon, 1988:120).
The researcher analyses whether Carton feels the one of two indications
which leads him to what is called as love at the first sight. Solomon says that the
person who falls in love at the first sight may be affected by his previous love or
his beautiful past. Solomon explains more that when a person feels this condition,
actually he has replaced the old commit love into to user the new one. He has found his new
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happiness that immediately substitutes his old one. This is the condition that is felt
by Carton. In his dialog with Lucie, when Carton declares his love to her, he says
that Lucie‟s life has reminded him to his earlier life, in which he still had his joy
and glory. In that dialog, Carton also admits that the existence of Lucie has rebuilt
his passion of life related with the remembrance of his past. But because he knows
that his love is unrequited, he feels that he can not reach his dream, which is
getting a better new life.
“I wish you to know that you have been the last dream of my soul. In my degradation I have not been so degraded but that the sight of you with your father, and of this home made such a home by you, has stirred old shadows that I thought had died out of me. Since I knew you, I have been troubled by a remorse that I thought would never reproach me again, and have heard whispers from old voices impelling me upward, that I thought were silent forever. I have had unformed ideas of striving afresh, beginning anew, shaking off sloth and sensuality, and fighting out the abandoned fight. A dream, all a dream, that ends in nothing, and leaves the sleeper where he lay down, but I wish you to know that you inspired it.” (Dickens, 1988:145-146)
Although love at the first sight seems to be more about love at a glance, it
is possible that it will guide a person to open the gate of true love. Love at the first
sight which is felt by Carton may guide him into the deeper one. This feeling of
admiration can grow to be a development of mutual identity and dependency as
what Solomon says in indicating love.
“Love is always in process, from first sight to the final days, but we can appreciate the drastic difference between our experience of initial love and
love well under way as a function of the difference between reaching after something—which for all we know may be inaccessible or impossible or illconceived to begin with—and experiencing love as a dynamic identity
that has already been tested and proven any number of times.” (Solomon, 1988:122-123). commit to user
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There are some reasons why Sydney Carton gives up to struggle his love
to Lucie, one of the problems is that he finds a rival who is Charles Darnay.
Charles Darnay has different characteristics from him. Apparently, Darnay
performs as the other side of Carton. Carton does not have what Darnay has
except their resembled face. This may make Carton jealous and hate Darnay
because he knows that Darnay is also attracted to Lucie, and moreover, Darnay is
much better than him.
“When he was left alone, this strange being took up a candle, went to a glass that hung against the wall, and surveyed himself minutely in it. “Do you particularly like the man?” he muttered, at his own image. “Why should you particularly like a man who resembles you? There is nothing in you to like; you know that. Ah, confound you! What a change you have made in yourself! A good reason for taking to a man, that he shows you what you have fallen away from, and what you might have been! Change places with him, and would you have been looked at by those blue eyes as he was, and commiserated by that agitated face as he was? Come on, and have it out in plain words! You hate the fellow!”” (Dickens, 1988:82)
Carton speaks to himself after having a conversation with Darnay in a
wine shop. In the illustration above, it is shown that Carton does not like Darnay
because Darnay‟s face resembles him but he has more superiority than him.
Moreover, Carton feels jealous to Darnay because Darnay has stolen Lucie‟s
attention. That is why, Carton wonders if he switch his place with Darnay, he will
get the sympathy and attention from Lucie. From that illustration, it is clear
enough that Carton is jealous to Charles Darnay.
Talking about jealousy, it can not be separated with the existence of
possession in love. The feeling of jealousy is actually formed by the feeling of commit to user
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id38
possession. According to Solomon, possession is the belonging or ownness
feeling in love. “Possession—perhaps we should call it “ownness”—is actually a
perfectly normal and even essential part of love.” (Solomon, 1988:258). Solomon
also states that controlling in a relationship of two lovers is seen as something
normal. “The self is deeply involved in love, and with that involvement comes an
inevitable and blameless sense of possession and control.” (Solomon, 1988:259).
Different from possession, jealousy is a feeling when a person has some
troubles in possessing his lover. In some cases, the strongest factor that causes
jealousy is the existence of the third person in a relationship or the existence of
rival if that person has not been in a relationship yet. Most of all, jealousy is the
fear feeling of losing someone who is being loved, as Solomon says that,
“Jealousy is (in part) the fear of loss of something to which one feels entitled, and
one does feel entitled to a certain significant amount of respect and affection from
a lover.” (Solomon, 1988:261). In Sydney Carton‟s case, the researcher finds that
he is jealous to Darnay because Darnay has a good impression and he also catches
Lucie‟s attention. The researcher analyses whether the existence of Darnay
becomes a stumbling block for Carton to reach his possession. Carton feels that
Darnay‟s existence threats him because Darnay can immediately steal Lucie‟s
love that is actually wished to be given to him.
The jealousy feeling which is felt by Carton is not only stuck on Darnay,
but there is still another man who makes Carton lose his self-confidence to love
Lucie. The man who becomes Carton‟s second rival is Mr. Stryver, Carton‟s commit to user friend and job partner. Carton is surprised when he knows that Mr. Stryver loves
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id39
Lucie and wants to propose her immediately. Mr. Stryver says that Lucie is an
interesting woman. She is so adorable with her long golden hairs. Carton responds
Mr. Stryver‟s opinion with a satire answer which states whether Lucie is not that
interesting as Mr. Stryver‟s says. She is just like a doll with golden hairs.
“Sydney Carton drank the punch at a great rate; drank it by bumpers, looking at his friend. “Now you know all about it, Syd,” said Mr. Stryver. “I don‟t care about fortune: she is a charming creature, and I have made up my mind to please myself: on the whole, I think I can afford to please myself. She will have in me a man already pretty well off, and a rapidly rising man, and a man of some distinction: it is a piece of good fortune for her, but she is worthy of good fortune. Are you astonished?” Carton, still drinking the punch, rejoined, “Why should I be astonished?” “You approve?” Carton, still drinking the punch, rejoined, “Why should I not approve?” (Dickens, 1988:135-136)
The illustration above is the dialog between Sydney Carton and Mr.
Stryver when Mr. Stryver states to Carton whether he would like to propose Lucie
Manette. In that dialog, Mr. Stryver wants to ask Carton‟s opinion about his
willing. Moreover, Mr. Stryver actually knows that Carton is also attracted to her
by guessing the bad responds stated by Carton after hearing this information. In
the end of Mr. Stryver‟s words, he mentions to Carton every bad things that
Carton has. Actually, he wants to motivate Carton to stand and fix himself to be a
good one, but, what Mr. Stryver says makes Carton unconfident with himself. Mr.
Stryver says that Carton needs to look for a nurse, which means a wife to help him
maintaining his life. This actually makes Carton think twice about possessing
Lucie, the only woman he loves.
commit to user
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id40
According to Peck, “love is an act of will—namely, both an intention and
an action.” (Peck, 1978;123) When a person starts to choose to love, it means that
he will show his love to another by certain actions. Based on the theory of Scott
Peck, the researcher analyses that Sydney Carton is actually in love with Lucie
Manette. Before he decides to declare his love to Lucie, Carton shows his
attention to Lucie, such as visiting her as often as he can, helping her when he
knows that she is in a problem, secretly staring at her and admiring her. Sydney
Carton tries to hide his feeling, but finally he can not hold it anymore. He decides
to declare his love to Lucie. Although he loves Lucie so much, he does not make
Lucie love him back because he realizes that he is not a suitable man for Lucie.
For Lucie‟s own good, he does not really want her to accept his love, but he just
wants her to treat him as her friend.
“If it had been possible, Miss Manette, that you could have returned the love of the man you see before you—self-flung away, wasted, drunken, poor creature of misuse as you know him to be—he would have been
conscious this day and hour, in spite of his happiness, that he would bring
you to misery, bring you to sorrow and repentance, blight you, disgrace you, pull you down with him. I know very well that you can have no tenderness for me; I ask for none; I am even thankful that it can not be.”
(Dickens, 1988:145)
Carton finally knows that his love will never unite with Lucie‟s. However,
with the saddest feeling, he can let her go. Despite his weakness, Carton realizes
that there is a good man that will be Lucie‟s husband. That man is Charles
Darnay. Carton does not like Darnay since the first time he saw him. Carton saves
Darnay for the accusation of being a spy. He does it as his duty. As an attorney, he
has to help his client in order to save him from the trial. Carton hates Darnay commit to user
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id41
because they are alike physically but different personally, moreover, he knows
that Darnay is also attracted to Lucie. Carton has guessed that Lucie would accept
Darnay‟s love because he is a kind of an ideal husband. It is right that Carton is
jealous to Darnay, but, finally he realizes that Darnay is the only man who is
suitable to accompany Lucie until her last day. So, Carton asks for an apology for
his impoliteness and his annoying attitude to Darnay.
Sydney Carton lived as an orphan since he was a teenager and for his
entire life, he did not feel the beauty of love from a woman. The first condition,
which is living as an orphan has made Carton to be a lonely person. This feeling
of being lonely makes him an introvert person. He does not have any self-
confidence and he decides to close himself from the world because he knows that
there is nobody who will support and wish for his glory. This lack of confidence
and introvert personality of course give impacts to him in getting love from
another. He feels that he is not a good enough to deserve love from another,
especially Lucie Manette. It is just like crying for the moon. He is the poor man
who loves a gorgeous woman. Therefore, as the researcher states before,
according to Abraham Maslow based on his theory of hierarchy of needs, Carton
has failed in fulfilling his love and belongingness need. This condition makes
Carton live as an introvert and lonely man.
commit to user
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id42
B. A Powerlessness of an Alcoholic Attorney
According to Abraham Maslow, when a person can not fulfill one of his
needs level, he will not able to fulfill the next levels of his needs. This is the case
that happens to Sydney Carton. In the explanation above, it is written that Carton
has failed in fulfilling his third needs level, which is love and belongingness need.
By his failure, Carton can not afford his next needs level which is called self-
esteem need. Maslow explains further that self-esteem need is classified into two
groups of needs. The first group is the needs of power, achievement, superiority,
capability, self-confidence to face the world, an independency, and also freedom.
The second group is the passion to have a prestige, status, popularity, glory,
domination, confession, attention, appreciation, and rank. When a person fails in
fulfilling this need, he will get the feeling of inferior, weak, and powerless.
It is explained that Carton works for his friend, Mr. Stryver, whose the
profession is also a lawyer. This is the evidence that shows whether Carton does
not have self-confidence toward his own ability and it also indicates that he does
not have an achievement toward his career. In fact, he is able to be a great
attorney by his intelligence.
”You and your luck, Sydney! Get to work, get to work.” Sullenly enough, the jackal loosened his dress, went into an adjoining
room, and came back with a large jug of cold water, a basin, and a towel or two. Steeping the towels in the water, and partially wringing them out, he folded them on his head in a manner hideous to behold, sat down at the
table, and said, “Now I am ready!” “Not much boiling down to be done tonight, Memory,” said Mr. Stryver, gaily, as he looked among his papers.
“How much?” “Only two sets of them.” commit to user
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“Give me the worst first.” “There they are, Sydney. Fire away!” (Dickens, 1988:84-85)
The illustration above shows that Carton always helps Mr. Stryver in
solving the case of the courts. Carton plays as the brain of Mr. Stryver. People
know that Mr. Stryver is the man who solves the case, but actually, Mr. Stryver
only performs Carton‟s idea as his. It is clear that Sydney Carton actually has an
ability to be a good attorney, but because of his unconfidence, he chooses to hide
behind another. Actually, what Carton does is done since he was a student at
Shrewsbury School.
”The old Sydney Carton of old Shrewsbury School,” said Stryver, nodding his head over him as he reviewed him in the present and the past, “the old seesaw Sydney. Up one minute and down the next; now in spirits and now in despondency!” “Ah!” returned the other, sighing: “yes! The same Sydney, with the same luck. Even then, I did exercises for other boys, and seldom did my own.” “And why not?” “God knows. It was my way, I suppose.” He sat, with his hands in his pockets, and his legs stretched out before him,
looking at the fire. “Carton, “ said his friend, squaring himself at him with a bullying air, as if
the fire-grate had been the furnace in which sustained endeavor was forged, and the one delicate thing to be done for the old Sydney Carton of old Shrewsbury School was to shoulder him into it, “your way is, and
always was, a lame way. You summon no energy and purpose. Look at me.” (Dickens, 1988:86)
The illustration above shows how Carton gives up to himself. He used to
do others‟ works when he was in Shrewsbury School. Even Carton does not know
the reason why he does it. He says that he is supposed to do those things because
he believes that it is his destiny. Responding from what Carton‟s says about
himself, the researcher analyses what Carton does based on Maslow‟s opinion commit to user
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id44
about the main factors behind human behavior. According to Maslow, “there is a
basic difference between expressive behavior and coping behavior (functional
striving, purposive goal seeking).” (pg.16 of
A%20Theory%20of%20Human%Motivation%20A.pdf). The expressive behavior
does not reach any purpose, but it is actually a reflection of personality. However,
Maslow explains more that the behavior which is memorized, accustomed, and
done automatically can or can not be an expressive behavior. This is just like
Carton‟s behavior that has become accustomed. He used to do others‟ work
because there is something motivates him to do that thing, not because he just
wants to do it. Carton may not find his motivation, but the researcher finds that
this is motivated by the failure of Carton in having self-confidence to reach his
achievement. He thinks that it is useless to push himself to the top because he
knows that he will not be at that place, so the things that he can do better is just
help the others to reach the top. Carton is sure that he will not be in the top rank
because he doesn‟t believe himself that he can do it. By this condition, he chooses
to work for the others. His attitude then becomes a daily custom, so he doesn‟t get
a satisfaction from his own effort anymore. From here, the researcher analyses
that Carton has lost his passion to help himself to reach the top. Carton does his
best for others, of course the reward will come to others, and they will be happy
for it. Carton never feels the reward of his own effort, so he does not suffer for his
loss.
From his lack of self-confidence and his failure in reaching an
achievement for himself, Sydneycommit Carton tobegins user to feel that he is nothing in this
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id45
world. He thinks that he is an unworthy creature and he does not deserve to have a
proper place among the society. This inferior feeling actually was built since he
was a student in Shrewsbury School.
”Partly through paying me to help you, I suppose. But it‟s not worth your
while to apostrophize me, or the air, about it; what you want to do, you do. You were always in the front rank, and I always behind.” “I had to get into the front rank; I was not born there, was I?” “I was not present at the ceremony; but my opinion is you were,” said Carton. At this, he laughed again, and they both laughed. “Before Shrewsbury, and at Shrewsbury, and ever since Shrewsbury,” pursued Carton, “you have fallen into your rank, and I have fallen into mine. Even when we were fellow-students in the Student Quarter of Paris, picking up French, and French law, and other French crumbs that we didn‟t get much good of, you were always somewhere, and I was always— nowhere.” “And whose fault was that?” “Upon my soul, I am not sure that it was not yours. You were always driving and riving and shouldering and pressing, to that I had no chance for my life but in rust and repose. It‟s a gloomy thing, however, to talk about one‟s own past, with the day breaking. Turn me in some other direction before I go.” (Dickens, 1988:86-87)
The first paragraph is Carton‟s dialog which shows that Carton is not
objected to work for Stryver, meanwhile, he thanks for the wage that is given by
his close friend, Mr. Stryver. Carton realizes that he had fallen into the lower rank
than the others. Different from Carton, Stryver is the competitive person. Stryver
says that he has to make himself be in the front rank, because he does not belong
there. It is assumed that Stryver has a hard effort to make himself respected by
being in the front rank. Actually, in the illustration above, Stryver feels pity to
Carton. Stryver tries to motivate Carton to be a better man by showing Carton‟s
sorrow when they were students. Hopefully, Carton would like to chance his commit to user destiny by building himself to be a better man. According to Stryver, Carton‟s
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id46
sorrow is caused by Carton‟s own laziness. He compares what Carton did and his
action. In other hand, Carton has a different idea about that. According to him, he
can not reach the top because there is a competitor who always tries to be the
winner and makes the others lose. From here, the researcher analyses that Carton
does not have the feeling of competitive. The researcher is sure that Carton‟s lack
of confidence has a big influence to Carton‟s mentality in competing to reach the
top rank. Carton says that Stryver is always somewhere, and Carton is always
nowhere. That lack of confidence feeling then grows to be an inferiority.
“No; but before I go on,” said Stryver, shaking his head in his bullying way, “I‟ll have this out with you. You‟ve been at Doctor Manette‟s house as much as I have, or more than I have. Why, I have been ashamed of your morosesness there! Your manners have been of that silent and sullen and hang-dog kind, that, upon my life and soul, I have been ashamed of you, Sydney!” “It should be very beneficial to a man in your pactice at the bar, to be ashamed of anything,” returned Sydney; “You ought to be much obliged to me.” “You shall not get off in that way,” rejoined Stryver, shouldering the rejoinder at him; “no, Sydney, it‟s my duty to tell you—and I tell you to
your face to do you good—good that you are de-vilish ill-condicioned
fellow in that sort of society. You are a disagreeable fellow.” Sydney drank a bumper of the punch he had made, and laughed. “Look at me!” said Stryver, squaring himself; “I have less need to make
myself agreeable than you have, being more independent in circumstances. Why do I do it?” (Dickens, 1988:134)
In the illustration above, actually Stryver wants to build Carton‟s self-
confidence, but the way he shares his idea is seemed to be a show off action for
Carton. Stryver says that Carton is unneeded by the society, especially for Dr.
Manette‟s family. Stryver assumes that Carton‟s personality makes him
unrespected, rejected and expelledcommit by the to peopleuser around him. Stryver needs to
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remind him in order to repair his condition, but by comparing Sydney‟s
personality with his, apparently it is just like a joke for Carton. So Carton doesn‟t
take it seriously, moreover he ignores it.
Sydney Carton is described as an alcoholic man since in the beginning of
the story. Alcohol seems to be a specific sign for him as a bad boy. Here is the
dialog of Darnay and Carton when they are having a chat in a wine shop.
“Carton rejoining, “Nothing in life!” Darnay rang. “Do you call the whole reckoning?” said Carton. On his answering in the affirmative, “Then bring me another pint of the same wine, drawer, and come and wake me at ten.” The bill being paid, Charles Darnay rose and wished him good-night. Without returning the wish, Carton rose too, with something of a threat of defiance in his manner, and said, “A last word, Mr. Darnay: do you think I am drunk?” “I think you have been drinking Mr. Carton.” “Think? You know I have been drinking.” “Since I must say so, I know it.”” (Dickens, 1988:81-82)
The illustration above shows how impolite Carton behavior is. It seems
that Carton can not be away from alcohol. It is his only friend when he is pressing
down by the life he faces. So, when Carton is in a trouble, he always spends his
time to drink wine to flare up all of his sadness. Wine is the most realistic way to
share all of his pain. He feels that the world is not good enough for him. He
doesn‟t have parents, relatives, friends, also lover who would like to be care of
him. However, he has wine which is always on his side whenever he needs it. So
it is, wine gives him freedom to speak, to reveal his feeling as free as it is. “If the
potential problem drinker more outgoing, extrovert, impulsive, he or she is apt to
take more risks, encounter more problems, and have more emotional upheavals.”
(Jung, 1978:444) commit to user
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id48
“He said bitterly, and filled up his glass again: which was a large one. “As to me, the greatest desire I have is to forget that I belong to it. It has
no good in it for me—except wine like this—nor I for it. So we are not much alike in that particular. Indeed, I begin to think we are not much
alike in any particular, you and I.” Confused by the emotion of the day, and feeling his being there with this double of coarse deportment to be like a dream, Charles Darnay was at a
loss how to answer; finally, answered not all. ” (Dickens, 1988:80)
Carton knows that he and Charles Darnay is so much alike physically, but
he is sure that they are personally different. He blows up their differences by
showing his dark side. He is an alcoholic man who does not care about his own
world which is considered to be useless for him. For this, the researcher analyses
whether Carton realizes that he belongs to a bad man who cares for nothing but
joy which is transformed through wine.
Carton knows that he is a lonely man who is abandoned by the world and
finds his peaceful by drinking wine. According to Maslow, self-esteem need is
divided into two divisions. The first is a desire to have a power, superiority,
achievement, and self-confidence. The second is the continuation from the first,
which is the desire to have an acknowledgment, prestige, appreciation, and
admission from others. In this case, apparently Carton‟s drinking habit becomes
the result of his failure in reaching a superiority and power. His weakness feeling
then leads him to drink wine, with the hope that he can reveal the burden of his
powerless feeling. Then, his habit which is caused by his powerlessness makes
him expelled by the society and leads him to be failed in getting appreciation and
acknowledgment from others. So it is, his drinking habit becomes the dark side of
commit to user
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id49
Carton which is the result from his powerlessness and weakness and finally makes
him unappreciated by others.
The dialog below shows how Carton declares himself as a scoundrel who
cares for nothing.
”Then you shall likewise know why. I am a disappointed drudge, Sir. I care for no man on earth, and no man on earth cares for me.” “Much to be regretted. You might have used your talents better.” “May be so, Mr. Darnay; may be not. Don‟t let your sober face elate you, however; you don‟t know what it may come to. Good-night!” (Dickens, 1988:82)
Carton is really sure that he exists as a useless man. He does not care about
his work and himself, and it influences him to be careless to others. He knows that
people will never care about him, so it is useless to be care about the people
around. Carton falls into inferiority, where he does not have a proper place among
society. For some time, it seems that Carton‟s inferiority and inability are only in
his mind. Actually, people realize that he has an ability to be a great attorney. The
dialog above also shows Darnay‟s impression about Carton‟s ability. Darnay is
sure that Carton is a talented man. He knows that Carton has saved him when he
was accused to be a betrayal of the country. Of course, Carton works behind
Stryver, but Darnay thinks that however it is, Carton has a brilliant brain so that
he can make him win the trial. In the last dialog, Carton says that Darnay has a
sober face that may elate him. From this, the researcher analyses that Carton may
has a little jealousy feeling to Darnay. As it is explained above that Carton‟s face
resembles Darnay‟s, it always makes him create many comparisons between him commit to user
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id50
and Darnay. Carton says a sober face in a satiric way, in order to show his dislike
to Darnay.
Although Carton‟s bad behavior is caused by his own problem, which is
losing self-confidence and having inferiority, people will not understand or accept
that. People only see that Carton behaves badly and they can not even tolerate his
impolite words. “One is said to have a good character if he executes those acts
which are expected by his society and refrains from those which are forbidden in
the society.” (Stagner, 1965:245). By seeing this, people would like to assume that
Sydney Carton belongs to a bad guy. Here is the example of the dialog between
Carton and Mr. Lorry which shows how bad Carton‟s behavior is and how Mr.
Lorry responds this bad behavior.
“If you knew what a conflict goes in the business mind, when the business mind is divided between good-natured impulse and business appearances, you would be amused, Mr. Darnay.” Mr. Lorry reddened, and said, warmly, “You have mentioned that before,
sir. We men of business, who serve a House, are not our own masters. We have to think of House more than ourselves.”
“I know, I know, “rejoined Mr. Carton, carelessly. “Don‟t be nettled, Mr. Lorry. You are as good as another, I have no doubt: better, I dare say.” “And indeed, sir,” pursued Mr. Lorry, not minding him, “I really don‟t
know what you have to do with the matter. If you‟ll excuse me, as very much your elder, for saying so, I really don‟t know that it is your business.”
“Business! Bless you, I have no business, said Mr. Carton. (Dickens, 1988:79)
From that illustration, Mr. Lorry is offended because Carton despises his
profession. Carton shows his dislike and dishonor to the businessman like Mr,
Lorry without any reason, while Mr. Lorry sees Carton as an unimportant man.
Carton is an impolite man whocommit can not to user shut his mouth. He speaks without
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id51
thinking about other people who may feel angry with his statements. In addition,
Mr. Lorry assumes that Carton has no business with the case of Mr. Darnay. He
thinks that Carton has no right to speak because he doesn‟t give something to
them.
”Well, sir!” cried Mr. Lorry, thoroughly heated by his indifference, “business is a very good thing, and a very respectable thing. And, sir, if business imposes its restraints and its silences and impediments, Mr. Darnay as a young gentleman of generosity knows how to make allowance for that circumstance. Mr. Darnay, good-night, God bless you, sir! I hope you have been this day preserved for a prosperous and happy life..” (Dickens, 1988:79)
Mr. Lorry continues his statements to Carton whether being a
businessman is a good choice and business is not as bad as Carton argued. He
explains to Carton how good and respectable a business is. From this condition,
the researcher assumes that Mr. Lorry sees Carton as an uneducated man who
knows nothing about business but talks a lot like he knows it well and he should
belong to the lower level than his. Further more, Mr. Lorry compares Carton with
Darnay based on their intelligence. Mr. Lorry obviously has different perspective
about Darnay to Carton. He sees Darnay as much an honorable and educated man
who knows what business actually is. He stresses that Mr. Darnay has many
experiences about business which reflect a good and respectable thing. This is the
way Mr. Lorry breaks Carton‟s statements which seem to despise his profession.
Mr. Lorry shows the differences of Carton as a licentious man with Darnay who
appears as an honorable and clever man. He tries to show to Carton that he is
actually nothing but a boasting man.commit to user
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The hatred that is felt by Mr. Lorry to Carton represents the failure of
Carton in fulfilling his self-esteem needs. As Maslow says, “we have what we
may call the desire for reputation or prestige (defining it as respect or esteem from
other people), recognition, attention, importance, or appreciation. “ (pg.10 of
A%20Theory%20of%20Human%Motivation%20A.pdf). Mr. Lorry‟s perspective
about Carton shows how Carton is being expelled by the society. Mr. Lorry‟s
assumption also means the public assumption toward the kind of man like Carton.
In addition, public‟s opinion toward a man becomes the measurement of his
reputation in the society.
“As to me, the greatest desire I have is to forget that I belong to it. It has no good in it for me—except wine like this—nor I for it. So we are not much alike in that particular. Indeed, I begin to think we are not much alike in any particular, you and I.” (Dickens, 1988:80)
It is understandable that Carton does not care about anything but wine.
Apparently, wine has become his true friend which is able to please him anytime
he needs. Since he likes wine too much, he is known as an alcoholic man who also
has a bad stereotype in society. From this condition, the researcher would like to
analyze why he loves wine so much. It is possible that Carton wants to share his
feeling and to look for the real pleasure that he can not find from the others by
drinking wine. “The physical and psychological experiences under alcohol such as
giddiness, relief from anxiety, and greater social openness lead to the continued
and often increased use of alcohol.” (Jung, 1978:440)
According to Scruton, in the article written by Jamie Goode, he says that,
“wine takes on a significant role: as we drink it, it becomes part of us in a special commit to user
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id53
way.” (Roger Scruton in Jamie Goode‟s Philosophy of Wine taken from
http://www.wineanorak.com/philosophy_of_wine.htm). So it is, apparently the
specialty of wine has made Carton unite with that. Carton can not leave wine,
because he feels that wine has taken a part in his life. He shares his life with wine,
as wine can be a true friend for him. Scruton continues, “As we drink wine each
of us reveals more of ourself to theirs; we talk more, and more openly.” (Roger
Scruton in Jamie Goode‟s Philosophy of Wine taken from
http://www.wineanorak.com/philosophy_of_wine.htm) In his opinion, Scruton
compares the essence of wine which is made from natural ingredients and
processed by natural way with other drugs which are made from chemical
technology. So it is, based on the explanation about wine from Roger Scruton, the
researcher finds that wine has a big influence to Sydney Carton‟s behavior. Carton
does not like to pretend as another better guy, moreover he acts as the man he
wants to express. Having a hobby which is drinking wine, it is possible that
Carton performs as the way he really is, with his honesty in speaking, his
rudeness, impoliteness, to reveal himself in front of others. “the expressive power
of a wine seems to depend on associations in the mind of the taster.” (Cain Todd
reviewed by Barry Smith in http://www.newstatesman.com/books/2010/12/wine-
taste-todd-different)
It is clear that Sydney Carton is a wine lover, but actually loving wine
does not imply him as a real bad guy. People around him may assume that he is a
bad guy because he has bad behavior and he acts under the wine‟s control. Wine
helps him express himself in an honestcommit way to userbecause he is not confident enough to
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id54
reveal himself in front of others. Sydney Carton tries to hide his weakness through
wine, so people get him as a rude and an impolite man, but actually he hide his
inferiority inside.
“I think, Charles, poor Mr. Carton deserves more consideration and
respect than you expressed for him tonight.” “Indeed, my own? Why so?” “That is what you are not to ask me! But I think—I know—he does.” “If you know it, it is enough. What would you have me do, my life?” “I would ask you, dearest, to be very generous with him always, and very lenient on his faults when he is not by. I would ask you to believe that he has a heart he very, very seldom reveals, and that there are deep wounds in it. My dear, I have seen it bleeding.” “It is painful reflection to me,” said Charles Darnay, quite astounded, “that I should have done him any wrong. I never thought this of him.” “My husband, it is so. I fear he is not to be reclaimed; there is scarcely a hope that anything in his character or fortunes is reparable now. But, I am sure that he is capable of good things, gentle things, even magnanimous things.” (Dickens, 1988:200-201)
The dialog above shows Lucie‟s sympathize to Carton. Lucie asks her
husband, Darnay, to respect and be kind to Carton. Lucie is sure that Carton is not
as bad as he looked. She knows that Carton is actually weak and he hides his
weakness by behaving rudely. Lucie feels really pity on him. Lucie hopes that
someday Carton can repair himself, because she is sure that actually Carton has a
gentle heart but he can not show it.
“I propose that we first conduct your sister safely to the corner of her own
street. Let me take your arm, Ms. Pross. This is not a good city, at this time, for you to be out in, unprotected; and as your escort knows Mr. Barsad, I will invite him to Mr. Lorry‟s with us. Are we ready? Come
then!” Miss Pross recalled soon afterwards, and to the end of her life remembered, that as she pressed her hands on Sydney‟s arm and looked up
in his face, imploring him to do no hurt to Solomon, there were a braced purpose in the arm and a commitkind of to inspiration user in the eyes, which not only
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id55
contradicted his light manner, but changed and raised the man. She was too much occupied then with fears for the brother who so little deserved
her affection, and with Sydney‟s friendly reassurances, adequately to heed what she observed.” (Dickens, 1988:289)
The illustration above shows Carton‟s kindness to Ms. Pross. Carton finds
the spy of the prison. He is Solomon, Ms. Pross‟s brother who got loss for several
years. Carton tries to make Ms. Pross relax by holding her arms. He also
convinces Mr. Pross whether he will not hurt Solomon. He shows his love and
tenderness that he has never shown before. Ms. Pross seems to be surprised by
Carton‟s behavior. She doesn‟t believe that Carton can be that nice to her. At that
time, she believes that Carton‟s heart is not as bad as his appearance and his daily
behavior.
The illustration below is the dialog between Carton and Mr. Lorry in the
night when they plan something to help Darnay. In those dialogs, Carton finally
shows his respect to Mr. Lorry. In the first paragraph of that illustration, Carton
admits that Mr. Lorry is a good man and a true friend. This statement is quite
different from what Carton says to Mr. Lorry when they met at the first time.
“You are a good man and a true friend,”said Carton, in an altered voice. “Forgive me if I notice that you are affected. I could not see my father
weep, and sit by, careless. And I could not respect your sorrow more, if you were my father. You are free from that misfortune, however.”
Though he said the last words, with a slip into his usual manner, there was a true feeling and respect both in his tone and in his touch, that Mr. Lorry, who had never seen the better side of him, was wholly unprepared for.
(Dickens, 1988:299-300)
commit to user
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id56
Carton‟s previous behavior shows that he despises Mr. Lorry as a
businessman who cares for nothing but his own fortune. But, when he knows Mr.
Lorry for any longer, he asks for apologize to Mr. Lorry for saying that annoying
statement. Apparently, Mr. Lorry reminds him to his father. Mr. Lorry is sad for
seeing the condition of Lucie who will lose her husband under the guillotine.
Carton says that he can not see his father cries, because he does not deserve to be
sad. When Mr. Lorry gives his hand to him, he responds by holding and pressing
Mr. Lorry‟s hand. From this statement, the researcher finds that there is a longing
feeling buried by Carton. He misses a figure of father, a man who will save and
guide him wherever he goes. Until that day, Mr. Lorry finds Carton as a good and
gentle man. In this case, Carton shows his empathy to the people he loves. Carton
opens his heart to feel the sorrow of the people around him. This shows that
Carton actually has a lofty heart.
So it is, by losing his ability in fulfilling self esteem need, Carton loses his
power, self-confidence, and superiority. From that condition, Carton tries to flare
up his feeling through wine, because he knows that the only way he can reveal his
burden of life is through wine. By becoming an alcoholic man, Carton performs as
a rude and wasted man who gets a bad stereotype in society. So for those, Carton
does not have an admission and appreciation for others until he shows his
tenderness and his kindness in a good way.
commit to user
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id57
C. An Inferiority of a Talented Man
“Even if all these needs are satisfied, we may still often (if not always)
expect that a new discontent and restlessness will soon develop, unless the
individual is doing what he is fitted for.” (pg.10 of
A%20Theory%20of%20Human%Motivation%20A.pdf). According to Maslow,
people will not only get stuck on one need. They will not be satisfied until they
can do the things that make them to be what a man they should be. When human
are succeed in fulfilling their physiological need, safety need, love and
belongingness need, and self-esteem need, they arrive to the fifth need which is
also the peak of Maslow‟s hierarchy of needs. Now they have to fulfill their self-
actualization need which guides them to be the man they ideally want to be. The
man who falls in fulfilling this need will feel that he lives for nothing, and he will
feel that there is no future which waits for him to be achieved. In fulfilling the
fifth level of Maslow‟s hierarchy of needs, absolutely it needs self-confidence and
passion. Being failed in fulfilling the love need and self-esteem need makes
Carton also fails in reaching self-confidence and passion which he should have in
order to fulfill the next needs.
“When he was left alone, this strange being took up a candle, went to a glass that hung against the wall, and surveyed himself minutely in it.
“Do you particularly like the man?” he muttered, at his own image. “Why should you particularly like a man who resembles you? There is nothing in you to like; you know that. Ah, confound you! What a change you have
made in yourself! A good reason for taking to a man, that he shows you what you have fallen away from, and what you might have been! Change the places with him, and would you have been looked at by those blue
eyes as he was, and commiserated by that agitated face as he was? Come on, and have it out in plaincommit words! to You user hate the fellow.”” (Dickens, 1988:82)
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id58
The illustration above is the dialog of Carton when he meets Darnay in a
wine shop. The dialog shows Carton‟s jealousy and hatred toward Darnay. It is
explained before whether the both Carton and Darnay are attracted to Lucie.
Carton thinks that Darnay is actually his rival, but he sees himself that he can not
compete with Darnay because he is not as equal as Darnay. One thing that he can
compare is only his face which resembles Darnay. He loses his self-confidence to
dig out his ability so he can not compete with Darnay. Then, he wonders how if he
switches his place with Darnay. If he were Darnay, he assumes that he will win
Lucie‟s heart. From this, the researcher sees that Carton actually tries to act for the
character of someone else which is totally different from him. By being Darnay,
he is sure that he will get Lucie‟s heart easily because women love honorable,
educated, and polite men more than scoundrels. Carton actually does not believe
to his own capability so he creates a new image upon himself and he wonders how
if he can play the role for the character.
“Sydney Carton, idlest and most unpromising of men, was Stryver‟s great
ally…At last, it began to get about, among such as were interested in the matter, that although Sydney Carton would never be a lion, he was an amazingly good jackal, and that he rendered suit and service to Stryver in
that humble capacity.” (Dickens, 1988:83)
For Cartons‟ position as Stryver‟s partner, the researcher assumes that
Dickens shows Carton‟s incapability in pursuing his future by describing him as a
servant of Stryver. Dickens states further that Carton will never be a lion but he is
actually a good jackal. He will never be a king who leads the others and gets the commit to user
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id59
appreciation from others, but actually he is a strong and gentle soldier who
protects his king every time he is needed. Actually, he can be a great attorney, but
because of losing self-confidence and passion, he does not choose it. “Some of
the incentive for the dedicated pursuit of achievement comes from social factors
such as prestige, and the recognition and admiration of other people.” (Jung,
1978:135). Carton fails to be a good attorney who should solve the problems and
then have the acknowledgment from the others for his talent. He fails in
actualizing himself as the way it is. By following Maslows theory, “Self-
actualization refers to the desire for self-fulfillment, namely, to the tendency for
him to become actualized in what he is potentially” (pg.10 of
A%20Theory%20of%20Human%Motivation%20A.pdf), the researcher finds that
Sydney Carton absolutely fails in fulfilling his self-actualization needs.
“Waste forces within him, and a desert all around, this man stood still on his way across a silent terrace, and saw for a moment, lying in the wilderness before him, a mirage of honorable ambition, self-denial, and
perseverance. In the fair city of this vision, there were airy galleries from
which the loves and graces looked upon him, gardens in which the fruits of life hung ripening, waters of Hope that sparkled in his sight. A moment, and it was gone. Climbing into a high chamber in a well of houses, he
threw himself down in his clothes on a neglected bed, and its pillow was wet with wasted tears. Sadly, sadly, the sun rose; it rose upon no sadder sight that the man of
good abilities and good emotions, incapable of their directed exercise, incapable of his own help and his own happiness, sensible of the blight on
him, and resigning himself to let it eat him away.” (Dickens, 1988:87-88)
The illustration above shows the hopelessness and sadness which are
covering a man who lives without any hope in his life. It is described that Carton
used to trace London street in thecommit night while to user cries for his own failure in life. The
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id60
situation above shares silence and gloom which represent Carton‟s feeling.
Actually, Carton realizes that the life he has should not be like that. He
understands that he has an ambition, but he denies it because he does not believe
to himself, and his perseverance has transformed his ambition into just a shadow.
In spite of his despair, there is a little hope that comes from a charming woman
who reminds him about love that has been left and forgotten for a long time.
Unluckily, that hope has to come for a while. Carton realizes that he does not
deserve to be Lucie‟s lover, meanwhile, he knows that Lucie is a great creature
and easy to be loved. So, he has to compete to other people, for those are Darnay
and Mr. Stryver, and he also realizes that he is not an equal competitor for them so
he gives it up. In the last paragraph of the illustration, Dickens shows the reader
that Carton was actually born as a great and brilliant man, but because he could
not help himself when he was down and always accepted the sorrow and the pain
as his destiny, he let himself drunk in a misery.
The dialog below is the dialog between Carton and Mr. Stryver. Mr.
Stryver will tell Carton that he will propose a woman. He will tell Carton who is
the woman that he chooses to be his wife.
“I do it because it‟s politic; I do it on principle. And look at me! I get on!” “You don‟t get on with your account of your matrimonial intentions,”
answered Carton, with a careless air; “I wish you would keep to that. As to me—will you never understand that I am incorrigible?” He asked the question with some appearance of scorn.
“You have no business to be incorrigible,” was his friend‟s answer, delivered in no very soothing tone.” (Dickens, 1988:135)
commit to user
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id61
In the dialog above, Carton scorns Mr. Stryver about Stryver‟s pursuit of
future. Stryver shows off his action in the effort of achieving his future. He says to
Carton that he always makes a changing in his life, while he sees Carton as a lazy
man who can not make any intention to change his life. Responding Stryver‟s
behavior, Carton scorns Stryver with the question about marriage. He says that
Stryver has not moved yet because he has not been married. Actually, Carton
realizes that he has not made some movements for his own life. He is stuck on the
same place and he does not want to make any alteration in order to get a better
life. He knows that a man should be married and have a family. Although he
scorns Stryver, he knows that he has not afforded himself to have a family. For his
denial, he says to Stryver that he will not move on because he has failed in
running his own life and he considers that it is incorrigible anymore. He adds that
he has no business with anything, but then he asks Stryver about the woman that
will be proposed by him. Actually, Carton has already known who the girl is, but
he pretends not to know in order to hide his feeling to Lucie. He will not let
anyone knows about his feeling to Lucie. From this dialog, the researcher finds
the clue about Carton‟s failure in fulfilling his self-actualization.
The dialog below is the dialog between Sydney Carton and Lucie Manette.
This is the moment when Carton starts to declare his feeling to Lucie.
“No. But the life I lead, Miss Manette, is not conducive to health. What is
to be expected of, or by, such profligates?” “Is it not—forgive me; I have begun the question on my lips—a pity to live no better life?”
“God knows it is a shame!” “Then why not change it?”commit to user Looking gently at him again, she was surprised and saddened to see that
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id62
there were tears in his eyes. There were tears in his voice too, as he answered:
“It‟s too late for that. I shall never be better than I am. I shall sink lower, and be worse.” (Dickens, 1988:144-145)
In the illustration above, Carton states his feeling to Lucie but he doesn‟t
try to make Lucie give back her love to Carton. Carton realizes that he is a useless
man, and he says to Lucie that nothing can be expected from a scoundrel like him.
Carton feels that his way is in a mess, and it can not be made up anymore. Carton
falls in his deepest hopelessness. He even cries in front of Lucie, meanwhile, he is
known as a rude and impolite man. His disappointment makes him cry and sure
that he will never be better anymore and there will not be a bright future for him.
“God bless you for your sweet compassion!” He unshaded his face after a little while, and spoke steadily. “Don‟t be afraid to hear me. Don‟t shrink from anything I say. I am like one who died young. All my life might have been.” “No, Mr. Carton. I am sure that the best part of it might still be; I am sure that you might be much, much worthier of yourself.” (Dickens, 1988:145)
In the dialog above, Carton shows his hopelessness by stating that he is
just like a man who died young. He feels like his life was end since a long time,
and now the life he grasps is just an empty, an unreal life. Responding Carton,
Lucie assures him whether there must be something that can be repaired.
Everything is not as worst as it is looked.
Maslow argues whether self-actualization is the need which builds the
desire of a human to realize their capability. So, a person will be automatically
motivated to be a better person basedcommit on to his user capability. Looking at Carton, it is
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id63
clear that Carton‟s condition is upside down with Maslow‟s theory about self-
actualization. Ignoring his own capability as a lawyer who always succeeds in
solving cases, he even thinks that his life must be end, because there is nothing
left for him in the future. Carton doesn‟t have any desire and intention to move on
and repair his broken life.
“Yours is a long life to look back upon, sir?” said Carton, wistfully. “I am in my seventy-eighth year.” “You have been useful all your life; steadily and constantly occupied; trusted, respected, and looked up to?” “I have been a man of business, ever since I have been a man. Indeed, I may say that I was a man of business when a boy.” “See what a place you fill at seventy-eight. How many people will miss you when you leave it empty!” (Dickens, 1988:301)
In the illustration above, Carton has a chat with Mr. Lorry. In that small
talk, Carton asks whereas Mr. Lorry has a very precious life. In seventy-eighth
years of his age, Mr. Lorry‟s life must be so wonderful because he dedicates his
life to his job and he also maximizes his ability to do his work. Carton assumes
that Mr. Lorry must be believed, respected, and needed by many people because
of his kindness and his good work. Mr. Lorry makes use his time as maximum as
it is. He doesn‟t waste his seventy-eighth years by doing something useless, but he
rather fills his life with something useful for him and for others. Carton is
comparing Mr.Lorry‟s life with him. He feels disappoint with the life he has so he
compares his life with Mr. Lorry‟s. He sees how beautiful it is, when he can
maximize his ability to fulfill his life with the good things that he can share with
others. commit to user
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id64
“If you could say, with truth, to your own solitary heart, tonight, „I have secured to myself the love and attachment, the gratitude or respect, of no
human creature; I have won myself a tender place in no regard; I have done nothing good or serviceable to be remembered by‟; your seventy-
eight years would be seventy-eight heavy curses; would they not?” “You say truly, Mr.Carton; I think they would be.” Sydney turned his eyes again upon the fire, and, after a silence of a few
moments, said: “I should like to ask you: Does your childhood seem far off? Do the days when you sat at your mother‟s knee seem days of very long ago?”….. …..“I understand the feeling!” exclaimed Carton, with a bright flush. “And you are the better for it?” (Dickens, 1988:301-302)
Sydney Carton wants to remind Mr. Lorry that it is necessary to thank to
God for all his blessings. Mr. Lorry feels that he is alone, nobody would cry for
him when he will be gone someday. In fact, although he does not have a family,
Mr. Lorry is an old man which is full of love and tenderness. He lives as a good
man and he is needed by many people around him. Carton actually compares Mr.
Lorry‟s condition with his. He tries to make Mr. Lorry realizes that he is not that
suffering. In his dialog, he says to Mr. Lorry that if Mr. Lorry has secured to
himself the love and attachment, the gratitude or respect, of no human creature
and he has also won himself a tender place in no regard, that he has done nothing
good or serviceable to be remembered by, so the seventy-eight years of Mr. Lorry
is full of curses. The researcher assumes that this statement is actually reflected
the real condition of Carton. He finds the differences between him and Mr. Lorry.
Mr. Lorry‟s life is totally different with what has been described in the statement
above. Carton concludes that the life he has built is nothing but curses. There is
nothing to be proud of because he leaves nothing to remember if someday he will
go away. Talking about loneliness,commit in his to dialog, user Carton asks about Mr. Lorry‟s
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id65
pass. He asks about Mr. Lorry‟s childhood and his parents. Apparently, there is a
longing feeling that is felt by Carton. Since being orphan, Carton has been so
lonely, and his loneliness has kept him into silence. That makes Carton live into
his own world, hide and ignore anyone and the world outside, in fact, he can be
something worth for the others. It is possible that Carton‟s loneliness makes an
influence to his self-actualization. “Maslow‟s theory emphasizes the fact that self-
actualization can not normally be reached until other lower order necessities are
satisfied.”(http://www.articlesbase.com/psychologyarticles/realizingselfactualizati
on725853.html) So, when Carton has failed in fulfilling his third level which is
love and belongingness need, it automatically makes him fail in fulfilling his next
needs, which are self-esteem and self-actualization needs. The failure in
actualizing himself has been rooted from his loneliness since he was left by his
parents. By finding this explanation, the researcher considers that Carton‟s
inferiority and self-dissapointment which mark his failure of fulfilling his self-
actualization needs has a deep relationship with his pass.
2. The Motivation of Sydney Carton’s Sacrifice on the Day of
Guillotine.
The story goes to the trial of Darnay. It is explained that this novel
portrays the occasions of France Revolution in Paris. It is the time when the
peasants yell about justice and overthrow the absolutism of aristocrats. They
sweep the people who occupy the government administration and the wealthy, and commit to user
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id66
then they drag them along the street and make their own justice there. They give
them punishment by beheading them under the guillotine. They arrest all the
aristocrats, without considering whether they are guilty or not. One of the victims
of this brutality is Charles Darnay, who was originally born as an aristocrat and
still has a relationship with Monseigneur de Marquis, the aristocrat who
dominates the land and famous from his arrogance and cruelty.
“It was the nephew of Monseigneur. He had been some few leagues behind Monseigneur, early in the afternoon. He had diminished the distance rapidly, but not so rapidly as to come up with Monseigneur on the road. He had heard of Monseigneur, at the posting-houses, as being before him. He was to be told (said Monseigneur) that supper awaited him then and there, and that he was prayed to come to it. In a little while he came. He had been known in England as Charles Darnay.” (Dickens, 1988:116)
In France, Darnay is known as Marquis St. Evremonde. Darnay changed
his name since he decided to leave Paris and spend his life in London. Although
he is an aristocrat, he is not mean like his uncle. He chooses to leave his wealth
and go to London, lives in that town as a French teacher. He has an ordinary life
in England. All the attributes he has from his family is taken off. He knows that
living as an aristocrat does not make any pride but only a terror for others.
However, Darnay is an aristocrat. The peasants can not take any protection even
though he is Dr. Manette‟s son in law. Dr. Manette is supposed to have a great
influence for Darnay. He is a Bastille‟s prisoner who is imprisoned for his
innocent. He has a place among the poor that also become the victims of
aristocracy. commit to user
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id67
The situation that time is really in a mess. Having Darnay imprisoned
makes Lucie lose her spirit of life. When there is no hope anymore, Carton comes
forward to bring another way for the life of Darnay. It has been described whether
Carton‟s face resembles Darnay‟s. He has an idea to switch his position with
Darnay‟s. He will take Darnay‟s position in the jail, and he will be executed,
while Darnay will stay alive and continue his life with Lucie and his daughter.
“You have no time to ask me why I bring it, or what it means; I have no time to tell you. You must comply with it—take off those boots you wear, and draw on these of mine.” There was a chair against the wall of the cell, behind the prisoner. Carton, pressing forward, had already, with the speed of lightning, got him down into it, and stood over him, barefoot. “Draw on those boots of mine. Put your hands to them; put your will to them. Quick!”… “…When I ask you to pass out at that door, tell me it is madness and remain here. Change that cravat for this of mine, that coat for this of mine. While you do it, let me take this ribbon from your hair, and shake out your hair like this of mine!” (Dickens, 1988:339-340)
In this research, the researcher focuses on Carton‟s motivation in
sacrificing himself under the guillotine. The illustration above is the first step that
Carton takes in order to save Darnay and sacrifice himself. First, the researcher
assumes that Carton‟s action in sacrificing himself under the guillotine is the final
result of this failure in fulfilling Maslow‟s hierarchy of needs. According to
Maslow, the person who fails in fulfilling the one of need will not able to
normally get through the next needs. So, the failure of the previous need will
bring another failure to other needs. In this case, Carton has failed in fulfilling the
third need which is love and belongingness need. By losing this need, he becomes commit to user lonely, gloomy, lack of confident, and expelled from the society. His loneliness
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id68
and lack of confident of course make him difficult in building his power among
the society. Fells lonely and lack of confident, he brings his own life into his own
world, away from the world outside. He does not believe himself that he can have
friends to share. By this, it is impossible to him to get a place among the society.
It is also difficult to him to build a good image, to have a power among society so
he can be appreciated. This powerless feeling represents his failure in fulfilling his
third need which is self-esteem need. By being powerless, Carton starts to believe
that he can not give the best thing for others even himself. He does not try to
rebuild himself to be a better man because he feels that it is too late to be repaired.
He has been so broken, and he also believes that there is no way to reach the
future anymore. He doesn‟t have any intention to be what a man he has to be. He
has failed in actualizing himself. His failure of self-actualization may bring him
into a deep disappointment and hopelessness. Believing that there is no bright
future for him and because of a self-disappointment, that his life is worthless, he
chooses to end his life by replacing Darnay to sacrifice himself under the
guillotine. “The other important core characteristic along with fear of life and fear
of death is the will.” (Maddi, 1968:57). Carton doesn‟t have a will to run his life,
that is why, he believes that his life is already end at that time. So it is, it will be
the first motif of Carton which motivates him to sacrifice himself under the
guillotine.
“Don‟t be afraid to hear me. Don‟t shrink from anything I say. I am like one who died young. All my life might have been.”
“No, Mr. Carton. I am sure that the best part of it might still be; I am sure that you might be much, much worthier of yourself.” (Dickens, 1988:145) commit to user
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id69
“Yes,” said Carton. “I am not old, but my young way was never the way to age. Enough of me.” (Dickens, 1988:302)
Most of all, according to Scott Peck, “Whenever we think of ourselves as
doing something for someone else, we are in some way denying our own responsibility. Whatever we do is done because we choose to do it, and we make that choice because it is the one that satisfies us the most. Whatever
we do for someone else we do because it fulfills a need we have.” (Peck, 1978:122)
Peck assumes whether sacrifice is another form of self-satisfaction. There
is always a reward for the sacrifice that the people have done. According to
Maslow‟s theory, the researcher finds that the failure of fulfilling the third to the
fifth needs makes Carton sacrifice himself under the guillotine. He is depressed by
his own incapability, and he decides to end his life. By comparing Maslow‟s
theory to Scott Peck, the researcher finds that Carton has satisfied himself by
doing the sacrifice in order to fulfill his life with something precious that he has
never done before. Carton believes that his action may raise his name and people
will memorize him for their whole life. Nothing can be more precious than being
worth and meaningful for others.
“I see the lives for which I lay down my life, peaceful, useful, prosperous and happy, in that England which I shall see no more… I see that I hold a sanctuary in their hearts, and in the hearts of their
descendants, generations hence. I see her, an old woman, weeping for me on the anniversary of this day. I see her and her husband, their course done, living side by side in their last earthly bed, and I know that each was
not more honoured and held sacred in the other‟s soul, than I was in the soul of both.” (Dickens, 1988:364)
The illustration above is the closing of the novel. It is when Carton steps
forward to face the guillotine. Dickens describes those words as the thought of commit to user Carton. Carton does not state it explicitly, but he keeps it into his heart that the
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id70
reader may not know does he really state it or not. Carton has gone, and he will
live in the memory of people that he loves. He is so happy to sacrifice himself and
becomes worthy for others.
As Dickens invites the reader to read Carton‟s mind, it leads the reader to
conclude whether Carton walks to the peace. Carton has a faith that what he does
is just like Christ in saving his people. Carton believes that his sacrifice will not
be useless. He believes that he will save the life of many people just like Christ. “I
am the Resurrection and the Life, saith the Lord: he that believeth in me, though
he were dead, yet shall he live: and whosoever liveth and believeth in me shall
never die.” (Dickens, 1988:363)
In this statement, Dickens shows to the reader that although Carton is
terrible in his behavior, he is a man who believes in God. He believes that the end
of his life will guide him to the eternity, which he will never find in the world.
Someday he will rebirth, and see the life of the people he loves from another
world. That is why he is not fear to face the death. Actually, Dickens has grasped
a lot of critics for his description of Carton who alike to Christ. “His litany could
be a way for Dickens to show readers that Sydney was a man of faith, after all, but
it‟s also prompted generations of critics to read Sydney as a Christ-like figure.”
(http://www.shmoop.com/tale-of-two-cities/sydney-carton.html). The readers
assume that how an alcoholic, dissolute, and a scoundrel like Carton can be
compared with Christ. They have such different characteristics. In studying this
case, the researcher assumes that Dickens wants to show to the reader that a commit to user
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id71
dissolute person can also have a heroic and a pure heart. A kindness can not only
be measured by the self-interest or the behavior, but it is important to dig out the
heart, because a true kindness is laying down there. Dickens just gives to know
the reader that Carton is a faithful person by exposing his faith when he comes to
the death. Nothing can resemble Christ. As Charles R. Swindoll says in his book
entitled Strengthening Your Grip, “Nothing can compare to the power of Christ
when it comes to cleaning up a life.” (Swindoll, 1982:55-56)
According to Chuck Gallozzi in his article entitled A Path of Greatness is Called Sacrifice, he states that, “The word Sacrifice is made up of SACRI and FICIO, which means TO MAKE HOLY. So, when we make sacrifices, we are sanctifying our actions, for whenever we raise ourselves to a higher level, we are bringing ourselves closer to our Creator.” (http://www.personal-development.com/chuck)
So, appoint to Chuck‟s opinion about sacrifice, it is understandable that
Dickens needs to show the real meaning of sacrifice through Carton‟s action.
People usually assume sacrifice as very hard, painful, and annoying things. They
even only think about the result or some think that they will do it sincerely,
without expecting any give. It‟s actually a self-denial by some people who
sacrifice for something worth. Etymologically, sacrifice means to make holly.
Long time ago, people sacrifice the things they have, animal, even human in order
to worship God. This is the way they pray to God, asking prosperity for their life.
“Sacrifice is the offering of food, objects or the lives of animals or people to the
gods as an act of propitiation or worship.” (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrifice).
So, since long time ago, people do sacrifice in order to get something for their life.
So it is, Carton‟s sacrifice may make him closer to God, make him go to the
higher level, redeem his sin for hiscommit lifetime, to userand get the reward which is the peace
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id72
and eternity that he will never find in the world. Reflecting from the real meaning
of sacrifice, the researcher finds that sacrifice is basically the effort in
accomplishing the achievement of life. As Gallozzi assumes, “We are bound by
an immutable law of the universe that states all achievements require sacrifices.”(
http://www.personal-development.com/chuck)
This novel also tells the reader about resurrection. Just like Christ who was
rebirth after the crucifixion, in this novel, Carton believes that he will rebirth and
he will see a beauty change in the world after his death. In the way of Carton‟s
death, Dickens exposes Carton‟s view about future. He describes Carton‟s dream
about resurrection, the rebirth of his name in the world. Dickens writes about
Carton‟s vision that there will be Lucie and Darnay who will have a son that the
name is taken from his, lives with Carton‟s potential that has been hidden for his
entire life. Little Carton will purify Carton‟s name when he is still in the world.
He will be memorized by his sacrifice and also the virtue of the little Carton.
I see that child who lay upon her bosom and who bore my name, a man
winning his way up in that path of life which once was mine. I see him winning it so well, that my name is made illustrious there by the light of his. I see the blots I threw upon it faded away. I see him, foremost of the
just judges and honoured men, bringing a boy of my name, with a forehead that I know and golden hair, to this place—then fair to look upon,
with not a trace of this day‟s disfigurement—and I hear him tell the child my story, with a tender and faltering voice.” (Dickens, 1988:364)
In this novel, Dickens shows Carton‟s virtue only in the end of the story.
Actually, he can show his kindness when he is still young, so he can enjoy his life
which is full of virtue, just like the life that he dreamt of. The researcher assumes commit to user
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id73
that Dickens shows Carton‟s kindness in the end of his life is influenced by his
intention to sacrifice. Carton believes that the better life, the eternality is laying on
the afterlife. He knows that he will take a journey to the peace and better place.
He only feels a peaceful, so he does not think about gloomy or terrible things that
can make him think and behave roughly. Reflecting to Christ, in his last hours,
Carton gives composure to a girl that will also be beheaded by the guillotine. He
convinces her whether the life that they will get someday is far better and
beautiful than their life on the world.
“But for you, dear stranger, I should not be so composed, for I am naturally a poor little thing, faint of heart; nor should I have been able to raise my thoughts to Him who was put to death, that we might have hope and comfort here today. I think you were sent to me by Heaven.” “Or you to me,” says Sydney Carton. “Keep your eyes upon me, dear child, and mind no other object.” “I mind nothing while I hold your hand. I shall mind nothing when I let it go, if they are rapid.” “They will be rapid. Fear not!” “You comfort me so much! I am so ignorant. Am I to kiss you now? Is the moment come?” (Dickens, 1988:362-363)
In the illustration above, Carton calls the girl by “child”. It is not as usual
as an ordinary man calls another. By calling her name in that way, Carton has
represented that he is so close to God, to his faith that eternity has ready to
comfort them. Carton succeeds in comforting the girl, and the girl thinks that he is
sent by God to calm her. From this, the researcher finds whether Dickens describe
the view of people who are so close to the death. In many other cases, it is true
that most of people who walk to the death will be automatically remember God.
They pray more than ever, and feel so close to God. But some of them may not commit to user
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id74
feel that way. Dickens may assume that a faithful people who walk to the death
will not be covered by fear, but moreover, they will be covered by peace and
purity. As Swindoll states, “the person who knows Jesus Christ personally, having
receive Him by faith, has available to himself or herself all the power needed to
walk in purity.” (Swindoll, 1982:56). That is, how Carton spreads the peace to
others so she is not scared anymore but brave and calm. The girl that the hand is
held by Carton is a poor tailor. She is accused for doing the conspiracy with the
government. In fact, she is just a poor little tailor who knows nothing. Previously,
she thought that Carton is Darnay. But after she knows that the man is not Darnay,
she is so surprised. She is surprised by his bravery. He dares to save the life of
another man and the happiness of his family. That girl is amazed by the purity of
his heart. That is why her bravery grows bigger and bigger after she sees Carton.
This condition may represent the effect of war. It is possible that Dickens needs to
expose how war can eat a lot of victims, from the real bastard until the innocence
ones. War will never give any justice for all people. There will always somebody
who is provided to be a victim.
“I see Barsad, and Cly, Defarge, The Vengeance, the Juryman, the Judge, long ranks of the new oppressors who have risen on the destruction of the
old, perishing by this retributive instrument, before it shall cease out of its present use. I see a beautiful city and a brilliant people rising from this
abyss, and, in their struggles to be truly free, in their triumphs and defeats, through long long years to come, I see the evil of this time and of the previous time of which this is the natural birth, gradually making expiation
for itself and wearing out.” (Dickens, 1988:363-364)
It is the thought of Carton when he is walking to the guillotine. In that
illustration, Carton sees that the poor will be sent to the guillotine for their cruelty. commit to user
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id75
He sees the brilliant people who slowly come out after the war that is seemed to
be long. He knows that among their struggle to win, they will finally find the
freedom. He is also sure that the former and the present mistake will be redeemed.
His redemption will lead the people to the joy, to the glory that they will never see
during the war. The hatred has to be purified by a sacrifice, just like Christ who
sacrificed himself for the joy of His people.
Besides being depressed, giving the best thing from his own on his last
day, and being memorized by the people he loves, the researcher finds that
actually, Carton‟s sacrifice is a weapon to escape from the world that is not good
enough for him. In the story, Carton often says that his young age will never go
on. There is no dream anymore, no more hopes for his life. He knows nothing
about the plan for his future. So, he decides to sacrifice himself because he
believes that God had provided a beautiful place for the people who believe in
Him. He chooses to die because he knows that the only best place and the world
that will be nice to him is the afterlife. This would be the second motif of Carton
which motivates him to sacrifice himself under the guillotine.
It is clear that Carton loves Lucie. It is possible that one of Carton‟s motifs
to sacrifice is to save Lucie‟s happiness. “Love is wanting happiness and
everything that is good for your loved one. Love is not wanting someone, it's
wanting what is best for them.”
(http://boards.ojar.com/index.php?topic=11804.msg96446#msg96446). So,
Carton needs to sacrifice himself in order to save Darnay, to bring back Lucie‟s
happiness. Actually, the conditioncommit can make to user Carton lucky. He can take Darnay‟s
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id76
position not in trial, but beside Lucie. He can replace Darnay‟s position as Lucie‟s
husband but in the other hand, he chooses to save Darnay for Lucie‟s happiness.
He knows that Lucie will not happy with him, but her truly happiness is Darnay.
He knows that Lucie loves Darnay so much. Meanwhile, he understands that he is
not good enough for Lucie. Lucie does not deserve to have a husband like him.
Moreover, Carton has promised Lucie that he will do everything for Lucie‟s and
her family‟s happiness even though he has to sacrifice for them. As Joyce Meyer
says, “love is unselfishness, which is characterized in the Bible as a willingness to
sacrifice one‟s own wishes for those of others”
(http://www.joycemeyer.org/OurMinistries/EverydayAnswers/Articles/art19.htm)
For you, and for any dear to you, I would do anything. If my career were of that better kind that there was any opportunity or capacity of sacrifice in it, I would embrace any sacrifice for you and for those dear to you. Try to hold me in your mind, at some quiet times, as ardent and sincere in this one thing. The time will come, the time will not be long in coming, when new ties will be formed about you—ties that will blind you yet more tenderly and strongly to the home you so adorn—the dearest ties that will
ever grace and gladden you. (Dickens, 1988:147-148)
Love can be so amazing to describe. Even people will assume that they
would do everything for someone they love, sacrificing their own needs to please
their lover. Talking about love and sacrifice, Scott Peck states that, “In the case of
genuine love the aim is always spiritual growth. In the case of nonlove the aim is
always something else.” (Peck, 1978:123). Consciously or not, mostly in the case
of love, the doer would create a good image in front of his lover, so he would get
the sympathy from her. Just like Carton‟s case, he would like to sacrifice himself
for his lover. Firstly, it appears as a love sacrifice, but after exploring the case, the commit to user
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id77
researcher finds that this is the way of Carton to get the sympathy of Lucie.
Carton has failed in getting Lucie‟s heart, but he still wants to be precious and
meaningful for her. He is sure that his action will make him memorized by Lucie
and her family, and after all, he will get the love from her after he leaves the
world.
“I see that I hold a sanctuary in their hearts, and in the hearts of their descendants, generations hence. I see her, an old woman, weeping for me on the anniversary of this day. I see her and her husband, their course done, living side by side in their last earthly bed, and I know that each was not more honoured and held sacred in the other‟s soul, than I was in the soul of both.”(Dickens, 1988:364)
So it is, Carton‟s dream which is to be memorized and to be precious in
Lucie‟s heart becomes the third motive of Carton to do the sacrifice.
commit to user
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id78
CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
A. Conclusion
In this chapter, the researcher shares her findings about Sydney Carton’s
motivation to sacrifice himself under the guillotine. The researcher finds several
factors that make Carton sacrifice himself under the guillotine.
Carton’s motivations are formed by his problems of life. According to
Abraham Maslow, Carton fails in fulfilling his love and belongingness need.
Since Carton loses the love from his parents and Lucie Manette, he becomes a
lonely and introvert person. His loneliness builds a weakness which soon makes
him feel unconfident in facing life. He believes that nobody cares about him, so he
decides to ignore anyone even himself. He appears as a scoundrel who lives with
loneliness in his ages.
Maslow exposes that a person who fails in fulfilling his need will not able
to fulfill his next needs. Carton, who fails in fulfilling love and belongingness
need, can not make himself fulfill his next need which is self-esteem need. From
the love of others, hopefully he can be someone who has a strong enthusiasm and
spirit in facing life. From those, he will have a power to reach his achievement.
Soon, He will be appreciated and admitted by others for his power and ability.
Sydney Carton’s loneliness and the feeling of unconfident make him fail in commit to user
78 perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id79
getting the power to reach an achievement. His unconfident feeling blocks him to
step forward and turns him to be an introvert person. Although Carton has a
profession as an attorney, he does not believe to his ability. That makes him lose
the power in society. He can not show his superiority and he flares up all his self-
disappointment through wine. From those, Carton becomes a powerlessness
attorney who can only drink wine to reveal his burdens of life.
Being failed in fulfilling love need and self-esteem need makes Carton to
be an unconfident and powerless man. He is sure that he will not have a bright
future. He does not know what his life is running for. According to Maslow, this
condition shows that Carton’s failure in fulfilling his self-actualization need. He
falls in a deep inferiority for his weakness and disappointment. He does not
realize that actually he has an ability to be a good attorney. He fails in actualizing
himself as an ideal man he should be. From those, Carton lives as a talented man
who suffers for his inferiority.
Those loneliness, powerlessness and inferiority lead Carton to sacrifice
himself under the guillotine. Carton decides to sacrifice in order to save the
happiness of the people he loves. He sees his action as the only precious and
honorable thing he can do. He feels happy and satisfied because in spite his
hopelessness, he knows that he has done something worth for others.The second
motive that motivates Carton to sacrifice himself is his religion faith. He is sure
that when someone dies, he will rebirth and go to the eternity. He will lay on the
different world which is full of peace and joy. So, he is sure that he can be happy commit to user in the afterlife. After all, he is sure that his sacrifice will save the happiness of perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id80
others. He reflects to Jesus who redeems His people’s sin by His sacrifice. In
Carton’s case, he wonders that his sacrifice may redeem his sin for his entire life.
The third motive is that Carton's feeling to Lucie Manette. He loves Lucie so
much, but he realizes that he is not good enough for Lucie. Somehow, he promises
to Lucie to give everything that may make Lucie happy, even though he has to
sacrifice himself. Actually, Carton’s bravery comes because he wants to be worth
and memorized by Lucie. For his entire life, Carton has never been loved by
anyone, and he has never been a precious man for anyone. That’s why, he dares to
sacrifice himself in order to save his love’s happiness, but deep inside his heart he
hopes that by doing the sacrifice, he wants to get a place in Lucie’s heart.
B. Recommendation
A Tale of Two Cities is a novel which mostly tells about the struggle of
the oppressed to get their freedom. Most of all, this novel holds a lot of aspects of
life. Dickens creates various characters with their own various problems. After all,
their problem finally will appoint to the same direction, which is French
Revolution. The researcher considers that it is interesting to analyze about Sydney
Carton’s character. The most interesting part that can be found in Carton is his
sacrifice in the end of the story.
By analyzing this novel using psychological approach, the researcher is
able to study the characteristics and the problems faced by Sydney Carton. By
using Abraham Maslow’s Humancommit Motivation to user theory, Scott Peck’s theory of self- perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id81
sacrifice, the researcher can find out the motivations of Sydney Carton in doing
his sacrifice. After all, by doing the analysis, the researcher can show to the reader
about the real essence of sacrifice and the researcher can give a reference to the
reader about sacrifice. Moreover, hopefully, this analysis can help the reader to
understand the novel and the value of the story. It can give a new thought and idea
of life to the reader and the world of literature.
commit to user