Correlation of Different Factors of Balance and the Quality of Realization of Movement Techniques in Aikido

ORIGINAL ARTICLE Correlation of different factors of balance and the quality of realization of movement techniques in aikido 1ABCDE 1ABCDE 1ABDE Authors’ Contribution: Srdjan Milosavljević , Dragan Matavulj , Nenad Trunić , A Study Design Miloš Djurović 2BDE, Jovana Spasović 1BDE B Data Collection C Statistical Analysis 1 Faculty of Physical Culture and Sports Management, University Singidunum, Belgrade, Serbia D Manuscript Preparation 2 E Funds Collection Faculty of Sports and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia Received: 24 June 2015; Accepted: 27 December 2015; Published online: 31 March 2016 AoBID: 11054 Abstract Background & Study Aim: Balance is the ability of maintaining the body in a “balanced” posture, i.e. in a state of equilibrium. The goal of this study was the relation of three factors of balance as the possible predictors of successful movement aikido techniques based on the isolated factors of balance. Material & Methods: The sample comprised 58 recreational athletes, aged 25 ±3 years (36 males, 22 females). Tests: static balance without visual control (standing on one leg with eyes closed); static balance with visual control (subject stood on one leg longitudinally on a balance bench with his/her eyes being open); dynamic balance with visual control (comprised walking on a balance beam). The tests were directed to the motoric space for establishing different factors of balance. The aikido quality of technical performance (QTP) was evaluated by a judge committee with comprised three members, black belt (1st dan), that were graded from 5 to 10 (QTP Index). Results: Multiple regression analysis showed the existence of a statistically significant correlation of the dynamic balance and the static balance with eyes open. Correlational analysis showed a significant correlation with all three tests with the grade of the technique of movement. Conclusions: Specific significance of this paper is the fact that there is a possibility to predict the quality of realization of movement techniques in aikido based on the results obtained by testing the three factors of balance. Key words: budō arts • dynamic balance • static balance • recreational athletes Copyright: © 2016 the Authors. Published by Archives of Budo Conflict of interest: Authors have declared that no competing interest exists Ethical approval: The study was approved by the local Ethics Committee Provenance & peer review: Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed Source of support: Departmental sources Author’s address: Srdjan Milosavljević, Faculty for Physical Education and Management in Sport, Požeška 77/73, Belgrade, Serbia; e-mail: [email protected] © ARCHIVES OF BUDO | SCIENCE OF MARTIAL ARTS 2016 | VOLUME 12 | 77 This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0), which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and is otherwise in compliance with the license. Original Article Aikido – „At the heart of aikidō INTRODUCTION on a sample of 110 subject of first-year student is the concept of ’ki’ or one’s ’life-force’. Aikidō training balance is the ability of maintaining the body of the College of Internal Affairs. For the tech- seeks to fuse universal ki which in a “balanced” posture, i.e. in a state of equi- nique of cleaning on this level of training, motor flows within each individual. Aikidō translates as «the Way librium. Primarily, there are three components abilities of coordination, explosive strength and of harmonious spirit», and like of balance (this is in some sense the traditional endurance in strength were shown to be impor- other budō arts, seeks for the unification of technique, body approach). First one is static balance of the body tant, while for the technique of throwing, the and mind.“ [2, p. 205]. that presents the ability to maintain a balanced motor abilities of coordination, explosive strength posture of the body that is not moving as long as and endurance in strength, as well as the motor Dan (dan’i) – a term used to denote one’s technical level or possible. The second one is dynamic balance of ability of executing rhythmic movement. grade [2]. the body that presents the ability to hold in the Dynamic balance – the ability to desired posture and perform changes in a series Some authors pointed to a possibility of the exis- maintain a chosen body posture of movements in which the vertical projection of tence of two functional structures that are acti- (position) and its changes in a series of moves in which the the centre of gravity falls outside of the support- vated depending whether the eyes are open or vertical projection of the base ing surface. The third component presents bal- closed [21]. Research that was conducted with of support falls outside of the supporting area. ancing of objects that is defined as the ability to a battery of tests evaluating balance was carried maintaining certain objects in a state of equilib- out on a sample of 350 female students and the Movement – by moving, space rium as long as possible. This factor of balance is following factors were extracted: general loco- is conquered and distance is maintained, and if necessary, not a subject of research in this project. motion factor, general kinaesthetic sensitiv- evasion from the direction of the ity, general ampullary sensitivity, functioning of eventual attack is achieved. In case of martial arts and combat sports an issue two perpendicular semi-circular canals, as well as Balance – the ability maintaining is complex [1, 2]. Part rely on precipitation oppo- the factor of tension that secures a neurological an upright body posture nent off balance (judo, sambo, sumo, wrestling amplification of kinaesthetic mechanisms. Later (position), i.e. in equilibrium. etc.) at the need to keep oneself vertical posture. on, the existence of static balance (determined Static balance – the ability to In other martial arts and combat sports (boxing, with tasks that require maintaining a given posi- maintain a balanced position of the body that is not moving as kick-boxing, fencing, karate, kendo, taekwondo tion with static tension) and dynamic balance long as possible. etc.) the condition for the effective stroke or (determined with tasks in which, during move- avoid it by an opponent is stable posture. There is ment, a force that obstructs balance is mastered) Body balance disturbation tolerance skills – the ability to another group of martial arts and combat sports, was established. maintain the vertical posture in that combines these motor capabilities (ju-jitsu, circumstances of the fall hazard [12]. kung-fu, unifight [2, 3]). The specificity of aikido The link of the research mentioned with the sub- (defined either as budō art [2], or as counter tech- ject matter is viewed through vivid differences of Non-apparatus test – that niques against judo [4], or self-defence art [5]) certain factors of balance, but also in the effect of motoric test (exercise endurance test) of the required reliability relies on that aikido practitioners does not take certain motor abilities on the quality of realization (accurate and reliable), which use offensive action but counterattack, or adapts own of techniques in combat sports and combat skills. does not require even the simplest instruments [33]. body movements in order to defend from the Some researches [22] undoubtedly links the influ- attack by an aggressor (stroke, grip the clothing ence of the techniques of aikido, placed through a Quasi-apparatus test – can be conducted with simple or limbs, etc.) without hurting him. form of polygons on static balance without visual instruments (a stopwatch, a ruler, control. It was established that the factor of poly- a measuring tape, etc.) [33]. Regardless of practicing martial arts, combat gon in practices showed a strong influence on sports, self-defence arts [1-7] balance (in a broad the balance of subjects, and the possibility that sense) definitely represents one of main motor- the applied experimental factor can be safely used ical abilities co-deciding on the effectiveness of in the development of balance on the population offensive and defensive action during the fight. of recreational athletes. For these reasons, this It is proven empirically, that balance is one of research represents an upgrade and elucidates the crucial factors determining the success in martial influence of different factors of balance on the arts, combat sports and self-defence art [8-16]. quality of realization of techniques in aikido. According to some research, a factor of bal- In aikido, the greatest number of combination of ance with visual contact, as well as factor of bal- techniques with which the opponent is managed ance without visual contact is mentioned as well is linked to to movement techniques [4, 23]. By [17-20]. Paspalj [21] examined the influence of moving, space is conquered and a distance is kept, basic motor abilities on the efficacy of executing and, if necessary, moves away from the direction the technique of “cleaning” and “throwing” from of the attack can be made [24]. the program of Specific Physical Education (SPE) 78 | VOLUME 12 | 2016 www.archbudo.com Milosavljević S et al. – Correlation of different factors of balance and the quality... In aikido, the number of combinations tech- the body can be achieved, as well as coordination niques that do not require movement are close of head and body movement and allowing the eyes to none. Having in mind that almost all com- to stay fixated on an object that is perceived. We bination techniques are performed while mov- are not aware of this process, since information ing, in order to „use the force of the attacker“, from the vestibular system do not reach the cortex on what was primarily insisted by the founder of the brain, as in the case of other senses [26].

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