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Phd Thesis Final Library Copy Britain and terrorism: A sociogenetic investigation ! !A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy ! !By Michael James Dunning ! School of Social Sciences Brunel University January 2014 ! !2 ! ! Abstract ! This thesis is a sociogenetic investigation of terrorism that has been directed against Britain since the late eighteenth century. One of its most fundamental aims is to help lay the foundations of a figurational approach to the study of terrorism. Accordingly, I seek to answer two core and interrelated questions and apply the findings to develop an understanding of the processes and relationships that !have contributed to the emergence of home-grown ‘jihadist terrorism’ in Britain. Those questions are: i) Under what figurational conditions have the concepts of terrorism and terrorist developed, in sociogenetic terms, since they were first coined during the first French Revolution in the ! late eighteenth century? ii) Under what figurational conditions do people act according to various designations of ! terrorism? In order to develop answers to these questions several kinds of terrorism figurations related to Britain are examined. The first three chapters are dedicated to exploring the research on terrorism that has grown in recent decades. Much of it fails to develop an understanding of terrorism that has sufficient !detachment, and consequently can help, in some cases, to perpetuate terrorism figurations. Subsequent chapters move away from these mainstream approaches and show how terrorism figurations have developed in Britain from the time the concept ‘terrorism’ was first coined during the French Revolution. The core findings relate to how terrorism developed in antithesis to the concept of civilisation, and emerged as part of complex inter- and intra-state relationships and established- outsider figurations. As part of these processes, functional democratisation played a key role both in !Britain and in Britain’s relations to other countries. Finally, I show that these processes have been central to the development of the habituses and identities of the July 7 2005 London bombers. ! !3 ! ! Table of Contents Britain and terrorism: A sociogenetic investigation"..................................................1" Abstract"..................................................................................................................2" Acknowledgements".................................................................................................4" Introduction"............................................................................................................5" Section 1: Research on terrorism as part of the terrorism problem"........................31" Chapter 1: Definitions of terrorism and the essentialist trap"..................................31" Chapter 2: Research on the ‘causes’ of terrorism"..................................................44" Chapter 3: The sociogenesis of terrorism as a social scientific concern".................79" Section 2: The sociogenesis of terrorism in nineteenth century Britain as part of inter- and intra-state processes "...........................................................................86" Chapter 4: The development of the concept of terrorism in antithesis to the concept of civilisation"........................................................................................................92" Chapter 5: The sociogenesis of terrorism in nineteenth century Britain in relation to Ireland"................................................................................................................105" Chapter 6: Trades unions, reformers and terrorism".............................................122" Chapter 7: Terrorism and revolutionary Europe"...................................................133" Section 3: The sociogenesis of terrorism in the twentieth century".......................141" Chapter 8: The world wars – terrorism and inter-state violence"...........................141" Chapter 9: Terrorism, communism, the Soviet Union and the left"........................151" Chapter 10: The sociogenesis of terrorism, the end of the British Empire, the Middle East and international terrorism"..........................................................................159" Chapter 11: The fault-lines in the British monopoly of violence and domestic terrorism".............................................................................................................183" Section 4: Micro-level processes and jihadist terrorism in Britain.".......................191" Chapter 12: The case of the 7/7 bombers"...........................................................191" CONCLUSION"......................................................................................................213 ! ! ! ! ! ! !4 ! Acknowledgements ! I am indebted to a number of people for their help, feedback and support in helping me research and write about the complex and controversial subject covered in this thesis. I would not have been able to complete this work without the help and attention I received from my supervisor, Professor Jason Hughes. Jason encouraged me to develop my early ideas about the topic of terrorism and, in particular, championed my desire to approach my research from a figurational standpoint. I am also grateful to the input from my second supervisor, Professor Chris Rojek. Chris helped ensure that I remembered there is a world outside of figurational sociology. As well as my gratitude, I owe Jason !and Chris several pints and the odd curry from the many discussions we had about my thesis in Soho. There are many other people whose support has been invaluable. Foremost among those was my friend, the late Dr Amanda Rohloff. Although we often did not always agree, Amanda and I had many informative and fruitful discussions about figurational sociology and the topics we were covering for our PhDs. Selflessly, Amanda would also always help me with any practical issues related to Brunel if !I could not get to the university in person. I also received advice, support and encouragement from many others, including, in no particular order: Professor Stephen Vertigans, Dr Cas Wouters, Professor Emeritus Eric Dunning, Dr Jonathan Fletcher, Professor Stephen Mennell, Dr Norman Gabriel, Professor Joop Goudsblom, Professor Aurélie Lacassagne, Dr Paddy Dolan, Dr Stephen Loyal, Dr Irem Ozgoren, Dr Barbara Prainsack, Dr !Peter Wilkin, Professor Peter Lunt, Professor Clare Williams, Amreen Malik and Ushma Gudka. I would not have been able to complete my thesis without the support of my family and friends. My heartfelt thanks and appreciation goes to my partner, Laura, whose encouragement, sacrifice and patience has been instrumental in keeping me going. My daughter, Florence, who was born in 2011, !has inspired me to finish my thesis and have the determination to follow my ambitions. My father, Emeritus Professor Eric Dunning, also requires special mention. We have discussed sociology for almost as long as I can remember and if it was not for his inspiration I would not have embarked on my PhD in the first place. My mother, Judith, has also been fundamental in encouraging my interest in sociology, and for that I am eternally grateful. Thanks also go to my sister, Rachel, and to John Crooks for their support.# !5 ! ! Introduction ! This thesis examines how a number of macro-level processes and relationships have contributed to the development of terrorism that has been directed at Britain. It then explains how such broad structural processes, in combination with interdependent micro-level processes, have contributed to the emergence of home-grown jihadist terrorism in Britain including the July 7th, 2005 London !bombings. The macro-level processes, highlighted above, include inter- and intra-state competitive pressures, civilising and decivilising processes (including how the concept of terrorism developed in antithesis to the concept of civilisation),established-outsider relations, functional democratisation in Britain, Europe and globally, and ‘double-binds’. The interdependent micro-level processes include ‘we-I balances’, the development of certain habituses and processes of identification. It is established, in this thesis, !how these have been at the centre of British terrorism figurations since the late eighteenth century. Inter- and intra-state competitive pressures are understood as specific manifestations of more general established-outsider processes and relationships that are fundamental to all terrorism figurations. These operate on a variety of levels, from the inter-state to the related community planes and, !therefore, are a central focus of this thesis. Accordingly, I attempt to lay the foundations for a figurational sociological understanding of terrorism, as well as building on such work as has already been undertaken in this area. I, therefore, examine the sociogenetic conditions under which terrorism has come about in relation to Britain and its ‘component parts’, and utilise a number of concepts and ideas that were originally developed by Norbert Elias. This means that it is distinctively different from mainstream and other approaches to terrorism in a number of ways. For example, it moves away from concerns focused on causes of !terrorism to asking how did certain instances of terrorism come into being? Such a task, however, is complex, not least because the topic of terrorism is immense, as is borne out by the ‘mountains’ of literature dedicated to trying
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