Latex2e: an Unofficial Reference Manual July 2021
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The Miracle Resource Eco-Link
Since 1989 Eco-Link Linking Social, Economic, and Ecological Issues The Miracle Resource Volume 14, Number 1 In the children’s book “The Giving Tree” by Shel Silverstein the main character is shown to beneÞ t in several ways from the generosity of one tree. The tree is a source of recreation, commodities, and solace. In this parable of giving, one is impressed by the wealth that a simple tree has to offer people: shade, food, lumber, comfort. And if we look beyond the wealth of a single tree to the benefits that we derive from entire forests one cannot help but be impressed by the bounty unmatched by any other natural resource in the world. That’s why trees are called the miracle resource. The forest is a factory where trees manufacture wood using energy from the sun, water and nutrients from the soil, and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. In healthy growing forests, trees produce pure oxygen for us to breathe. Forests also provide clean air and water, wildlife habitat, and recreation opportunities to renew our spirits. Forests, trees, and wood have always been essential to civilization. In ancient Mesopotamia (now Iraq), the value of wood was equal to that of precious gems, stones, and metals. In Mycenaean Greece, wood was used to feed the great bronze furnaces that forged Greek culture. Rome’s monetary system was based on silver which required huge quantities of wood to convert ore into metal. For thousands of years, wood has been used for weapons and ships of war. Nations rose and fell based on their use and misuse of the forest resource. -
LATEX for Beginners
LATEX for Beginners Workbook Edition 5, March 2014 Document Reference: 3722-2014 Preface This is an absolute beginners guide to writing documents in LATEX using TeXworks. It assumes no prior knowledge of LATEX, or any other computing language. This workbook is designed to be used at the `LATEX for Beginners' student iSkills seminar, and also for self-paced study. Its aim is to introduce an absolute beginner to LATEX and teach the basic commands, so that they can create a simple document and find out whether LATEX will be useful to them. If you require this document in an alternative format, such as large print, please email [email protected]. Copyright c IS 2014 Permission is granted to any individual or institution to use, copy or redis- tribute this document whole or in part, so long as it is not sold for profit and provided that the above copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies. Where any part of this document is included in another document, due ac- knowledgement is required. i ii Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 What is LATEX?..........................1 1.2 Before You Start . .2 2 Document Structure 3 2.1 Essentials . .3 2.2 Troubleshooting . .5 2.3 Creating a Title . .5 2.4 Sections . .6 2.5 Labelling . .7 2.6 Table of Contents . .8 3 Typesetting Text 11 3.1 Font Effects . 11 3.2 Coloured Text . 11 3.3 Font Sizes . 12 3.4 Lists . 13 3.5 Comments & Spacing . 14 3.6 Special Characters . 15 4 Tables 17 4.1 Practical . -
Latex-Producing Trees and Plants Grow Naturally in Many Regions of the World
A Glimpse into the History of Rubber Latex-producing trees and plants grow naturally in many regions of the world. Yet the making of rubber products got its start among the primitive inhabitants of the Americas long before the first Europeans caught sight of the New World. Moreover, it would be centuries after their "discovery" of America and subsequently becoming aware of rubber's existence before Europeans and others in the so-called "civilized" world awakened to the possibilities offered by such a unique substance. Long before the arrival of Spanish and Portuguese explorers and conquerors, native Americans in warmer regions near the equator collected the sap of latex- producing trees and plants and, after treating it with greasy smoke, fashioned it into useful rubber items. Among the objects they produced were rubber boots, hollow balls and water jars. Finished rubber products of the New World's Indians were observed by Europeans possibly within the first two or three years after their discovery of America and certainly within the first 30 years. Yet most of civilized Europe continued to view rubber as a mere novelty with little commercial importance until well into the 18th century. It's possible that Christopher Columbus himself may have seen rubber being used by the Indian natives of Hispaniola (now Haiti and the Dominican Republic). Columbus, on his second voyage, dated sometime between 1493 and 1496, was rumored to have brought back balls "made from the gum of a tree" that he presented to his financial sponsors, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain. The accuracy of that report is in question, however. -
The File Cmfonts.Fdd for Use with Latex2ε
The file cmfonts.fdd for use with LATEX 2".∗ Frank Mittelbach Rainer Sch¨opf 2019/12/16 This file is maintained byA theLTEX Project team. Bug reports can be opened (category latex) at https://latex-project.org/bugs.html. 1 Introduction This file contains the external font information needed to load the Computer Modern fonts designed by Don Knuth and distributed with TEX. From this file all .fd files (font definition files) for the Computer Modern fonts, both with old encoding (OT1) and Cork encoding (T1) are generated. The Cork encoded fonts are known under the name ec fonts. 2 Customization If you plan to install the AMS font package or if you have it already installed, please note that within this package there are additional sizes of the Computer Modern symbol and math italic fonts. With the release of LATEX 2", these AMS `extracm' fonts have been included in the LATEX font set. Therefore, the math .fd files produced here assume the presence of these AMS extensions. For text fonts in T1 encoding, the directive new selects the new (version 1.2) DC fonts. For the text fonts in OT1 and U encoding, the optional docstrip directive ori selects a conservatively generated set of font definition files, which means that only the basic font sizes coming with an old LATEX 2.09 installation are included into the \DeclareFontShape commands. However, on many installations, people have added missing sizes by scaling up or down available Metafont sources. For example, the Computer Modern Roman italic font cmti is only available in the sizes 7, 8, 9, and 10pt. -
Elementary School Food Gardens and Mini-Forests
Green Club Manual Elementary School Food Gardens and Mini-forests Acknowledgements: The Ministry of Education gratefully acknowledges the generous assistance of the following individuals and institutions that have helped in the development of these materials: • Members of the Curriculum Core Team • Participants of the workshop for review of the Environmental Education materials • Directors, teachers, Parent Teacher Association members and students from the following schools: Weki, Zagir, Godaif, Selemuna, Kehawta, Adi Segudo, Selam, Semaetat, Dekemhare, Emberami, Tsada Christian and Foro Elementary Schools, and Fithi Junior School • Ministries and organisations of the Government of the State of Eritrea (Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Land, Water and Environment, Energy Research Training Centre) • Members of the Quality Review Committee from the Ministry of Education • Consultants from Live & Learn Environmental Education - www.livelearn.org • Translators • Illustrators • Photographers • Graphic Designers & Desktop Publishers • Members of the Pre-press Unit, Ministry of Education The materials contained in this book were developed for the Ministry of Education by Live & Learn Environmental Education through UNICEF with assistance from the Government of Japan and the UK Department for International Development (DFID). Copyright © Ministry of Education and UNICEF 2010 English edition printed January 2010 Printed on recycled paper Contents How To Use This Manual ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ -
Downloads." the Open Information Security Foundation
Performance Testing Suricata The Effect of Configuration Variables On Offline Suricata Performance A Project Completed for CS 6266 Under Jonathon T. Giffin, Assistant Professor, Georgia Institute of Technology by Winston H Messer Project Advisor: Matt Jonkman, President, Open Information Security Foundation December 2011 Messer ii Abstract The Suricata IDS/IPS engine, a viable alternative to Snort, has a multitude of potential configurations. A simplified automated testing system was devised for the purpose of performance testing Suricata in an offline environment. Of the available configuration variables, seventeen were analyzed independently by testing in fifty-six configurations. Of these, three variables were found to have a statistically significant effect on performance: Detect Engine Profile, Multi Pattern Algorithm, and CPU affinity. Acknowledgements In writing the final report on this endeavor, I would like to start by thanking four people who made this project possible: Matt Jonkman, President, Open Information Security Foundation: For allowing me the opportunity to carry out this project under his supervision. Victor Julien, Lead Programmer, Open Information Security Foundation and Anne-Fleur Koolstra, Documentation Specialist, Open Information Security Foundation: For their willingness to share their wisdom and experience of Suricata via email for the past four months. John M. Weathersby, Jr., Executive Director, Open Source Software Institute: For allowing me the use of Institute equipment for the creation of a suitable testing -
GNU Wget 1.10 the Non-Interactive Download Utility Updated for Wget 1.10, Apr 2005
GNU Wget 1.10 The non-interactive download utility Updated for Wget 1.10, Apr 2005 by Hrvoje Nikˇsi´cand the developers Copyright c 1996–2005, Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the Invariant Sections being “GNU General Public License” and “GNU Free Documentation License”, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License”. Chapter 1: Overview 1 1 Overview GNU Wget is a free utility for non-interactive download of files from the Web. It supports http, https, and ftp protocols, as well as retrieval through http proxies. This chapter is a partial overview of Wget’s features. • Wget is non-interactive, meaning that it can work in the background, while the user is not logged on. This allows you to start a retrieval and disconnect from the system, letting Wget finish the work. By contrast, most of the Web browsers require constant user’s presence, which can be a great hindrance when transferring a lot of data. • Wget can follow links in html and xhtml pages and create local versions of remote web sites, fully recreating the directory structure of the original site. This is sometimes referred to as “recursive downloading.” While doing that, Wget respects the Robot Exclusion Standard (‘/robots.txt’). Wget can be instructed to convert the links in downloaded html files to the local files for offline viewing. -
Travels in TEX Land: Choosing a TEX Environment for Windows
The PracTEX Journal TPJ 2005 No 02, 2005-04-15 Rev. 2005-04-17 Travels in TEX Land: Choosing a TEX Environment for Windows David Walden The author of this column wanders through world of TEX, as a non-expert, reporting what he observes and learns, which hopefully will be interesting to other non-expert users of TEX. 1 Introduction This column recounts my experiences looking at and thinking about different ways TEX is set up for users to go through the document-composition to type- setting cycle (input and edit, compile, and view or print). First, I’ll describe my own experience randomly trying various TEX environments. I suspect that some other users have had a similar introduction to TEX; and perhaps other users have just used the environment that was available at their workplace or school. Then I’ll consider some categories for thinking about options in TEX setups. Last, I’ll suggest some follow-on steps. Since I use Microsoft Windows as my computer operating system, this note focuses on environments that are available for Windows.1 2 My random path to choosing a TEX environment 2 I started using TEX in the late 1990s. 1But see my offer in Section 4. 2 While I started using TEX, I switched from TEX to using LATEX as soon as I discovered LATEX existed. Since both TEX and LATEX are operated in the same way, I’ll mostly refer to TEX in this note, since that is the more basic system. c 2005 David C. Walden I don’t quite remember my first setup for trying TEX. -
Producing Beautiful Documents with TEX and LATEX an Extremely Brief Introduction
Producing Beautiful Documents With TEX and LATEX An Extremely Brief Introduction Lawrence Hubert University of Illinois Producing Beautiful Documents With TEX and LATEX – p. 1/37 What is TEX and LATEX? TEX is a very mathematically savvy typesetting engine produced in the 1980’s by Donald Knuth from Stanford. It is open-source (which means it is free, and freely available); implemented for every conceivable operating system; it is currently in Version 3.141592, so it is, in effect, now “fixed” forever. Extra Credit: can you tell why it is essentially “fixed”? And what will be the version number when Knuth dies? Producing Beautiful Documents With TEX and LATEX – p. 2/37 LATEX is a set of macros sitting on top of TEX that makes our task easier. It was produced by Leslie Lamport in the middle 1980’s; it is also open-source and delivered conjointly with any TEX system. The current version is LATEX2e and is under constant development and extension. TEX and LATEX work together, with LATEX helping produce what is called the document mark-up, and TEX then being called upon to do the actual typesetting. Producing Beautiful Documents With TEX and LATEX – p. 3/37 Features and Advantages Why you should use TEX and LATEX— In contrast to word-processing methods such as Word, you do not worry about the visual formatting of your document. You are concerned only about the content. In other words, you separate content from layout. The file you produce is ascii, the simplest you can have with no special symbols; it includes general commands for what you wish to do in the document. -
Miktex Manual Revision 2.0 (Miktex 2.0) December 2000
MiKTEX Manual Revision 2.0 (MiKTEX 2.0) December 2000 Christian Schenk <[email protected]> Copyright c 2000 Christian Schenk Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies. Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual under the con- ditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into another lan- guage, under the above conditions for modified versions, except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation approved by the Free Software Foundation. Chapter 1: What is MiKTEX? 1 1 What is MiKTEX? 1.1 MiKTEX Features MiKTEX is a TEX distribution for Windows (95/98/NT/2000). Its main features include: • Native Windows implementation with support for long file names. • On-the-fly generation of missing fonts. • TDS (TEX directory structure) compliant. • Open Source. • Advanced TEX compiler features: -TEX can insert source file information (aka source specials) into the DVI file. This feature improves Editor/Previewer interaction. -TEX is able to read compressed (gzipped) input files. - The input encoding can be changed via TCX tables. • Previewer features: - Supports graphics (PostScript, BMP, WMF, TPIC, . .) - Supports colored text (through color specials) - Supports PostScript fonts - Supports TrueType fonts - Understands HyperTEX(html:) specials - Understands source (src:) specials - Customizable magnifying glasses • MiKTEX is network friendly: - integrates into a heterogeneous TEX environment - supports UNC file names - supports multiple TEXMF directory trees - uses a file name database for efficient file access - Setup Wizard can be run unattended The MiKTEX distribution consists of the following components: • TEX: The traditional TEX compiler. -
Latex2ε Font Selection
LATEX 2" font selection © Copyright 1995{2021, LATEX Project Team.∗ All rights reserved. March 2021 Contents 1 Introduction2 1.1 LATEX 2" fonts.............................2 1.2 Overview...............................2 1.3 Further information.........................3 2 Text fonts4 2.1 Text font attributes.........................4 2.2 Selection commands.........................7 2.3 Internals................................8 2.4 Parameters for author commands..................9 2.5 Special font declaration commands................. 10 3 Math fonts 11 3.1 Math font attributes......................... 11 3.2 Selection commands......................... 12 3.3 Declaring math versions....................... 13 3.4 Declaring math alphabets...................... 13 3.5 Declaring symbol fonts........................ 14 3.6 Declaring math symbols....................... 15 3.7 Declaring math sizes......................... 17 4 Font installation 17 4.1 Font definition files.......................... 17 4.2 Font definition file commands.................... 18 4.3 Font file loading information..................... 19 4.4 Size functions............................. 20 5 Encodings 21 5.1 The fontenc package......................... 21 5.2 Encoding definition file commands................. 22 5.3 Default definitions.......................... 25 5.4 Encoding defaults........................... 26 5.5 Case changing............................. 27 ∗Thanks to Arash Esbati for documenting the newer NFSS features of 2020 1 6 Miscellanea 27 6.1 Font substitution.......................... -
Tugboat, Volume 33 (2012), No. 1 53 TEX on Windows: Miktex Or TEX Live? Joseph Wright on Windows, There Are Two Actively-Develop
TUGboat, Volume 33 (2012), No. 1 53 TEX on Windows: MiKTEX or TEX Live? A reminder that MiKTEX and TEX Live are not the only choices. W32TEX (Kakuto, 2012) is popular Joseph Wright in the far east. As well as being a TEX system in On Windows, there are two actively-developed free its own right, it is the source of the Windows binar- TEX systems with similar coverage: MiKTEX (Schenk, ies for TEX Live, and TEX Live acquires more CJK 2011) and TEX Live (TEX Users Group, 2011). The support from it every year. For users focussed on good news is that there is a lot of similarity between ConTEXt, ConTEXt standalone (Pragma ADE, 2012) the two systems, so for most users both systems is probably the best way to go (it uses the W32TEX are equally usable, and (LA)TEX documents are port- binaries on Windows). There are also the commer- able between them. However, there are differences cial options, for example BaKoMa TEX (BaKoMa and depending on what you need these might be Soft., 2011) or PCTEX (Personal TEX, Inc., 2011). important. However, for most users it comes down to a choice between the ‘big two’. • The default settings install everything for TEX Live, but only a minimal set of packages for References MiKT X. MiKT X will then install extra pack- E E BaKoMa Soft. “BaKoMa T X 9.77”. ages ‘on the fly’, while T X Live does not (there E E http://www.bakoma-tex.com/, 2011. is a package to do that in TEX Live, but it is aimed at GNU/Linux users).