Marine Bacteroidetes: Distribution Patterns and Role in the Degradation of Organic Matter
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
A Polysaccharide-Degrading Marine Bacterium Flammeovirga Sp. MY04 and Its Extracellular Agarase System
中国科技论文在线 http://www.paper.edu.cn J. Ocean Univ. China (Oceanic and Coastal Sea Research) DOI 10.1007/s11802-012-1929-3 ISSN 1672-5182, 2012 11 (3): 375-382 http://www.ouc.edu.cn/xbywb/ E-mail:[email protected] A Polysaccharide-Degrading Marine Bacterium Flammeovirga sp. MY04 and Its Extracellular Agarase System HAN Wenjun1), 2), 3), GU Jingyan1), 3), YAN Qiujie2), LI Jungang2), WU Zhihong3), *, GU Qianqun1), *, and LI Yuezhong3) 1) Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, P. R . C hi n a 2) School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang 621000, P. R. China 3) State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China (Received February 2, 2012; revised April 8, 2012; accepted May 29, 2012) © Ocean University of China, Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012 Abstract Bacteria of the genus Flammeovirga can digest complex polysaccharides (CPs), but no details have been reported re- garding the CP depolymerases of these bacteria. MY04, an agarolytic marine bacterium isolated from coastal sediments, has been identified as a new member of the genus Flammeovirga. The MY04 strain is able to utilize multiple CPs as a sole carbon source and -1 -1 grows well on agarose, mannan, or xylan. This strain produces high concentrations of extracellular proteins (490 mg L ± 18.2 mg L liquid culture) that exhibit efficient and extensive degradation activities on various polysaccharides, especially agarose. These pro- -1 -1 teins have an activity of 310 U mg ± 9.6 U mg proteins. -
Bacterial Epibiotic Communities of Ubiquitous and Abundant Marine Diatoms Are Distinct in Short- and Long-Term Associations
fmicb-09-02879 December 1, 2018 Time: 14:0 # 1 ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 04 December 2018 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02879 Bacterial Epibiotic Communities of Ubiquitous and Abundant Marine Diatoms Are Distinct in Short- and Long-Term Associations Klervi Crenn, Delphine Duffieux and Christian Jeanthon* CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Roscoff, France Interactions between phytoplankton and bacteria play a central role in mediating biogeochemical cycling and food web structure in the ocean. The cosmopolitan diatoms Thalassiosira and Chaetoceros often dominate phytoplankton communities in marine systems. Past studies of diatom-bacterial associations have employed community- level methods and culture-based or natural diatom populations. Although bacterial assemblages attached to individual diatoms represents tight associations little is known on their makeup or interactions. Here, we examined the epibiotic bacteria of 436 Thalassiosira and 329 Chaetoceros single cells isolated from natural samples and Edited by: collection cultures, regarded here as short- and long-term associations, respectively. Matthias Wietz, Epibiotic microbiota of single diatom hosts was analyzed by cultivation and by cloning- Alfred Wegener Institut, Germany sequencing of 16S rRNA genes obtained from whole-genome amplification products. Reviewed by: The prevalence of epibiotic bacteria was higher in cultures and dependent of the host Lydia Jeanne Baker, Cornell University, United States species. Culture approaches demonstrated that both diatoms carry distinct bacterial Bryndan Paige Durham, communities in short- and long-term associations. Bacterial epibonts, commonly University of Washington, United States associated with phytoplankton, were repeatedly isolated from cells of diatom collection *Correspondence: cultures but were not recovered from environmental cells. -
{Replace with the Title of Your Dissertation}
The Mechanism of Foaming in Deep-Pit Swine Manure Storage A Dissertation SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Mi Yan IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Adviser: Bo Hu October, 2016 © Mi Yan 2016 i Acknowledgements There are many people that contribute to this PhD thesis with their work, advice or encouragement. First of all, I would like to thank my advisor Dr. Bo Hu, who gave me the opportunity and long term support to write this dissertation. He gave me the freedom to work on my idea and plans, and gave great suggestions when I need support. There are many difficult time during this research, but there is always great support provided from him, from technical discussion to mental encouragement. I am also grateful to my committee members Dr. Larry Jacobson, Dr. Steve Severtson and Dr. Gerald Shurson. They took time from their tight schedule to make critical remarks and helpful suggestions, as well as their confidence on me and my work. Thanks are also dedicated to several experts, particularly to Dr. Chuck Clanton and David Schmidt for their valuable inputs and inspiring discussions. Besides valuable discussions, Dr. Brian Hetchler and Dr. Neslihan Akdeniz provide a great amount of valuable samples for experiments. I am also grateful to Dr. Michael Sadowsky that provided great help in microbial sequencing analysis, to Dr. LeeAnn Higgins and Dr. Susan Viper that provided great help in proteomic analysis. My colleagues at Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering played an important role towards the successful completion of this dissertation. -
The Expanded Database of Polysaccharide Utilization Loci Nicolas Terrapon1,2,*, Vincent Lombard1,2, Elodie´ Drula1,2, Pascal Lapebie´ 1,2, Saad Al-Masaudi3, Harry J
Published online 27 October 2017 Nucleic Acids Research, 2018, Vol. 46, Database issue D677–D683 doi: 10.1093/nar/gkx1022 PULDB: the expanded database of Polysaccharide Utilization Loci Nicolas Terrapon1,2,*, Vincent Lombard1,2, Elodie´ Drula1,2, Pascal Lapebie´ 1,2, Saad Al-Masaudi3, Harry J. Gilbert4 and Bernard Henrissat1,2,3,* 1Architecture et Fonction des Macromolecules´ Biologiques, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Universite,´ F-13288 Marseille, France, 2USC1408 Architecture et Fonction des Macromolecules´ Biologiques, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, F-13288 Marseille, France, 3Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, 23218 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and 4Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK Received September 17, 2017; Revised October 16, 2017; Editorial Decision October 17, 2017; Accepted October 25, 2017 ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION The Polysaccharide Utilization Loci (PUL) database Polysaccharides constitute the main source of carbon for was launched in 2015 to present PUL predictions most organisms on Earth. Because of their enormous struc- in ∼70 Bacteroidetes species isolated from the hu- tural diversity, polysaccharide deconstruction requires the man gastrointestinal tract, as well as PULs derived concerted action of large numbers of specific enzymes. from the experimental data reported in the litera- While most bacteria break down polysaccharides by export- ing their carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) into the ture. In 2018 PULDB offers access to 820 genomes, extracellular milieu and import the simple sugars produced, sampled from various environments and covering a an inventive solution operates in Gram-negative bacteria of much wider taxonomical range. A Krona dynamic the Bacteroidetes phylum. The genomes of these bacteria chart was set up to facilitate browsing through tax- feature Polysaccharide Utilization Loci, or PULs. -
Eelgrass Sediment Microbiome As a Nitrous Oxide Sink in Brackish Lake Akkeshi, Japan
Microbes Environ. Vol. 34, No. 1, 13-22, 2019 https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/jsme2 doi:10.1264/jsme2.ME18103 Eelgrass Sediment Microbiome as a Nitrous Oxide Sink in Brackish Lake Akkeshi, Japan TATSUNORI NAKAGAWA1*, YUKI TSUCHIYA1, SHINGO UEDA1, MANABU FUKUI2, and REIJI TAKAHASHI1 1College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, 252–0880, Japan; and 2Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-19, Nishi-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060–0819, Japan (Received July 16, 2018—Accepted October 22, 2018—Published online December 1, 2018) Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a powerful greenhouse gas; however, limited information is currently available on the microbiomes involved in its sink and source in seagrass meadow sediments. Using laboratory incubations, a quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis of N2O reductase (nosZ) and ammonia monooxygenase subunit A (amoA) genes, and a metagenome analysis based on the nosZ gene, we investigated the abundance of N2O-reducing microorganisms and ammonia-oxidizing prokaryotes as well as the community compositions of N2O-reducing microorganisms in in situ and cultivated sediments in the non-eelgrass and eelgrass zones of Lake Akkeshi, Japan. Laboratory incubations showed that N2O was reduced by eelgrass sediments and emitted by non-eelgrass sediments. qPCR analyses revealed that the abundance of nosZ gene clade II in both sediments before and after the incubation as higher in the eelgrass zone than in the non-eelgrass zone. In contrast, the abundance of ammonia-oxidizing archaeal amoA genes increased after incubations in the non-eelgrass zone only. Metagenome analyses of nosZ genes revealed that the lineages Dechloromonas-Magnetospirillum-Thiocapsa and Bacteroidetes (Flavobacteriia) within nosZ gene clade II were the main populations in the N2O-reducing microbiome in the in situ sediments of eelgrass zones. -
Fluviicola Taffensis Type Strain (RW262)
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Recent Work Title Complete genome sequence of the gliding freshwater bacterium Fluviicola taffensis type strain (RW262). Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9tc6n0sm Journal Standards in genomic sciences, 5(1) ISSN 1944-3277 Authors Woyke, Tanja Chertkov, Olga Lapidus, Alla et al. Publication Date 2011-10-01 DOI 10.4056/sigs.2124912 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Standards in Genomic Sciences (2011) 5:21-29 DOI:10.4056/sigs.2124912 Complete genome sequence of the gliding freshwater bacterium Fluviicola taffensis type strain (RW262T) Tanja Woyke1, Olga Chertkov1, Alla Lapidus1, Matt Nolan1, Susan Lucas1, Tijana Glavina Del Rio1, Hope Tice1, Jan-Fang Cheng1, Roxanne Tapia1,2, Cliff Han1,2, Lynne Goodwin1,2, Sam Pitluck1, Konstantinos Liolios1, Ioanna Pagani1, Natalia Ivanova1, Marcel Huntemann1, Konstantinos Mavromatis1, Natalia Mikhailova1, Amrita Pati1, Amy Chen3, Krishna Palaniappan3, Miriam Land1,4, Loren Hauser1,4, Evelyne-Marie Brambilla5, Manfred Rohde6, Romano Mwirichia7, Johannes Sikorski5, Brian J. Tindall5, Markus Göker5, James Bristow1, Jonathan A. Eisen1,7, Victor Markowitz4, Philip Hugenholtz1,9, Hans-Peter Klenk5, and Nikos C. Kyrpides1* 1 DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, USA 2 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA 3 Biological Data Management and Technology Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA 4 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA 5 DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany 6 HZI – Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany 7 Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya 8 University of California Davis Genome Center, Davis, California, USA 9 Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia *Corresponding author: Nikos C. -
Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Marine Bacterial and Archaeal Communities in Surface Waters Off the Northern Antarctic Peninsula
Spatiotemporal dynamics of marine bacterial and archaeal communities in surface waters off the northern Antarctic Peninsula Camila N. Signori, Vivian H. Pellizari, Alex Enrich Prast and Stefan M. Sievert The self-archived postprint version of this journal article is available at Linköping University Institutional Repository (DiVA): http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-149885 N.B.: When citing this work, cite the original publication. Signori, C. N., Pellizari, V. H., Enrich Prast, A., Sievert, S. M., (2018), Spatiotemporal dynamics of marine bacterial and archaeal communities in surface waters off the northern Antarctic Peninsula, Deep-sea research. Part II, Topical studies in oceanography, 149, 150-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2017.12.017 Original publication available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2017.12.017 Copyright: Elsevier http://www.elsevier.com/ Spatiotemporal dynamics of marine bacterial and archaeal communities in surface waters off the northern Antarctic Peninsula Camila N. Signori1*, Vivian H. Pellizari1, Alex Enrich-Prast2,3, Stefan M. Sievert4* 1 Departamento de Oceanografia Biológica, Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Praça do Oceanográfico, 191. CEP: 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil. 2 Department of Thematic Studies - Environmental Change, Linköping University. 581 83 Linköping, Sweden 3 Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ). Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373. CEP: 21941-902. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 4 Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI). 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, MA 02543, United States. *Corresponding authors: Camila Negrão Signori Address: Departamento de Oceanografia Biológica, Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. -
Alpine Soil Bacterial Community and Environmental Filters Bahar Shahnavaz
Alpine soil bacterial community and environmental filters Bahar Shahnavaz To cite this version: Bahar Shahnavaz. Alpine soil bacterial community and environmental filters. Other [q-bio.OT]. Université Joseph-Fourier - Grenoble I, 2009. English. tel-00515414 HAL Id: tel-00515414 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00515414 Submitted on 6 Sep 2010 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THÈSE Pour l’obtention du titre de l'Université Joseph-Fourier - Grenoble 1 École Doctorale : Chimie et Sciences du Vivant Spécialité : Biodiversité, Écologie, Environnement Communautés bactériennes de sols alpins et filtres environnementaux Par Bahar SHAHNAVAZ Soutenue devant jury le 25 Septembre 2009 Composition du jury Dr. Thierry HEULIN Rapporteur Dr. Christian JEANTHON Rapporteur Dr. Sylvie NAZARET Examinateur Dr. Jean MARTIN Examinateur Dr. Yves JOUANNEAU Président du jury Dr. Roberto GEREMIA Directeur de thèse Thèse préparée au sien du Laboratoire d’Ecologie Alpine (LECA, UMR UJF- CNRS 5553) THÈSE Pour l’obtention du titre de Docteur de l’Université de Grenoble École Doctorale : Chimie et Sciences du Vivant Spécialité : Biodiversité, Écologie, Environnement Communautés bactériennes de sols alpins et filtres environnementaux Bahar SHAHNAVAZ Directeur : Roberto GEREMIA Soutenue devant jury le 25 Septembre 2009 Composition du jury Dr. -
Full Paper Ilumatobacter Fluminis Gen. Nov., Sp. Nov., a Novel Actinobacterium Isolated from the Sediment of an Estuary
J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol., 55, 201‒205 (2009) Full Paper Ilumatobacter fl uminis gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel actinobacterium isolated from the sediment of an estuary Atsuko Matsumoto,1 Hiroki Kasai,2 Yoshihide Matsuo,2 Satoshi Ōmura,1 Yoshikazu Shizuri,2 and Yōko Takahashi1,* 1 Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108‒8641, Japan 2 Marine Biotechnology Institute, Kitasato University, Kamaishi, Iwate 026‒0001, Japan (Received December 1, 2008; Accepted February 2, 2009) Bacterial strain YM22-133T was isolated from the sediment of an estuary and grew in media with an artifi cial seawater base. Strain YM22-133T was Gram-positive, aerobic, non-motile and rod shaped. The cell-wall peptidoglycan contained LL-DAP, glycine, alanine and hydroxyglutamate. The predominant menaquinone was MK-9 (H8), with MK-9 (H0), MK-9 (H2), MK-9 (H4) and MK-9 (H6) present as minor menaquinones. The G+C content of the genomic DNA from the strain was 68 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that the strain is near- est to Acidimicrobium ferrooxidans DSM 10331T. However, the similarity is relatively low (87.1%) and the physiological characteristics are also different: Acidimicrobium ferrooxidans is thermo- tolerant and acidophilic. Therefore, strain YM22-133T can be classifi ed as a novel genus and species, Ilumatobacter fl uminis gen. nov., sp. nov. (type strain YM22-133T =DSM 18936T=MBIC 08263T). Key Words—Acidimicrobium; Actinobacteria; artifi cial sea water; Ilumatobacter fl uminis gen. nov., sp. nov. Introduction isolated as part of this study. Phylogenetic analysis on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed Recently, bacteria isolated from marine environ- that the strain is most closely related to the genus Aci- ments have attracted attention due to the recognition dimicrobium (Clark and Norris, 1996). -
Phenotypic and Microbial Influences on Dairy Heifer Fertility and Calf Gut Microbial Development
Phenotypic and microbial influences on dairy heifer fertility and calf gut microbial development Connor E. Owens Dissertation submitted to the faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In Animal Science, Dairy Rebecca R. Cockrum Kristy M. Daniels Alan Ealy Katharine F. Knowlton September 17, 2020 Blacksburg, VA Keywords: microbiome, fertility, inoculation Phenotypic and microbial influences on dairy heifer fertility and calf gut microbial development Connor E. Owens ABSTRACT (Academic) Pregnancy loss and calf death can cost dairy producers more than $230 million annually. While methods involving nutrition, climate, and health management to mitigate pregnancy loss and calf death have been developed, one potential influence that has not been well examined is the reproductive microbiome. I hypothesized that the microbiome of the reproductive tract would influence heifer fertility and calf gut microbial development. The objectives of this dissertation were: 1) to examine differences in phenotypes related to reproductive physiology in virgin Holstein heifers based on outcome of first insemination, 2) to characterize the uterine microbiome of virgin Holstein heifers before insemination and examine associations between uterine microbial composition and fertility related phenotypes, insemination outcome, and season of breeding, and 3) to characterize the various maternal and calf fecal microbiomes and predicted metagenomes during peri-partum and post-partum periods and examine the influence of the maternal microbiome on calf gut development during the pre-weaning phase. In the first experiment, virgin Holstein heifers (n = 52) were enrolled over 12 periods, on period per month. On -3 d before insemination, heifers were weighed and the uterus was flushed. -
Table S4. Phylogenetic Distribution of Bacterial and Archaea Genomes in Groups A, B, C, D, and X
Table S4. Phylogenetic distribution of bacterial and archaea genomes in groups A, B, C, D, and X. Group A a: Total number of genomes in the taxon b: Number of group A genomes in the taxon c: Percentage of group A genomes in the taxon a b c cellular organisms 5007 2974 59.4 |__ Bacteria 4769 2935 61.5 | |__ Proteobacteria 1854 1570 84.7 | | |__ Gammaproteobacteria 711 631 88.7 | | | |__ Enterobacterales 112 97 86.6 | | | | |__ Enterobacteriaceae 41 32 78.0 | | | | | |__ unclassified Enterobacteriaceae 13 7 53.8 | | | | |__ Erwiniaceae 30 28 93.3 | | | | | |__ Erwinia 10 10 100.0 | | | | | |__ Buchnera 8 8 100.0 | | | | | | |__ Buchnera aphidicola 8 8 100.0 | | | | | |__ Pantoea 8 8 100.0 | | | | |__ Yersiniaceae 14 14 100.0 | | | | | |__ Serratia 8 8 100.0 | | | | |__ Morganellaceae 13 10 76.9 | | | | |__ Pectobacteriaceae 8 8 100.0 | | | |__ Alteromonadales 94 94 100.0 | | | | |__ Alteromonadaceae 34 34 100.0 | | | | | |__ Marinobacter 12 12 100.0 | | | | |__ Shewanellaceae 17 17 100.0 | | | | | |__ Shewanella 17 17 100.0 | | | | |__ Pseudoalteromonadaceae 16 16 100.0 | | | | | |__ Pseudoalteromonas 15 15 100.0 | | | | |__ Idiomarinaceae 9 9 100.0 | | | | | |__ Idiomarina 9 9 100.0 | | | | |__ Colwelliaceae 6 6 100.0 | | | |__ Pseudomonadales 81 81 100.0 | | | | |__ Moraxellaceae 41 41 100.0 | | | | | |__ Acinetobacter 25 25 100.0 | | | | | |__ Psychrobacter 8 8 100.0 | | | | | |__ Moraxella 6 6 100.0 | | | | |__ Pseudomonadaceae 40 40 100.0 | | | | | |__ Pseudomonas 38 38 100.0 | | | |__ Oceanospirillales 73 72 98.6 | | | | |__ Oceanospirillaceae -
Table S5. the Information of the Bacteria Annotated in the Soil Community at Species Level
Table S5. The information of the bacteria annotated in the soil community at species level No. Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species The number of contigs Abundance(%) 1 Firmicutes Bacilli Bacillales Bacillaceae Bacillus Bacillus cereus 1749 5.145782459 2 Bacteroidetes Cytophagia Cytophagales Hymenobacteraceae Hymenobacter Hymenobacter sedentarius 1538 4.52499338 3 Gemmatimonadetes Gemmatimonadetes Gemmatimonadales Gemmatimonadaceae Gemmatirosa Gemmatirosa kalamazoonesis 1020 3.000970902 4 Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonas Sphingomonas indica 797 2.344876284 5 Firmicutes Bacilli Lactobacillales Streptococcaceae Lactococcus Lactococcus piscium 542 1.594633558 6 Actinobacteria Thermoleophilia Solirubrobacterales Conexibacteraceae Conexibacter Conexibacter woesei 471 1.385742446 7 Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonas Sphingomonas taxi 430 1.265115184 8 Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonas Sphingomonas wittichii 388 1.141545794 9 Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonas Sphingomonas sp. FARSPH 298 0.876754244 10 Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonas Sorangium cellulosum 260 0.764953367 11 Proteobacteria Deltaproteobacteria Myxococcales Polyangiaceae Sorangium Sphingomonas sp. Cra20 260 0.764953367 12 Proteobacteria Alphaproteobacteria Sphingomonadales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonas Sphingomonas panacis 252 0.741416341