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TAXON:Zephyranthes Citrina Baker SCORE:12.0 RATING:High Risk

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TAXON:Zephyranthes Citrina Baker SCORE:12.0 RATING:High Risk TAXON: Zephyranthes citrina Baker SCORE: 12.0 RATING: High Risk Taxon: Zephyranthes citrina Baker Family: Amaryllidaceae Common Name(s): citron zephyrlily Synonym(s): Zephyranthes eggersiana Urb. yellow rain lily Zephyranthes sulphurea Noter Assessor: No Assessor Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 31 May 2018 WRA Score: 12.0 Designation: H(HPWRA) Rating: High Risk Keywords: Bulbs, Toxic, Geophyte, Self-Compatible, Wind-Dispersed Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 n Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 y 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 y 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 y 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0 n 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 y 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle Creation Date: 31 May 2018 (Zephyranthes citrina Page 1 of 16 Baker) TAXON: Zephyranthes citrina Baker SCORE: 12.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone 410 y=1, n=0 y conditions if not a volcanic island) 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 n 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs 504 y=1, n=0 y -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native 601 y=1, n=0 n habitat 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 y 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 y 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 1 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants 701 growing in heavily trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 y 705 Propagules water dispersed 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 n 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 802 yr) 803 Well controlled by herbicides 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced 805 biocontrol agents) Creation Date: 31 May 2018 (Zephyranthes citrina Page 2 of 16 Baker) TAXON: Zephyranthes citrina Baker SCORE: 12.0 RATING: High Risk Supporting Data: Qsn # Question Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? n Source(s) Notes [No evidence. Cultivated, but not domesticated] "Zephyranthes Carnevali, G., Duno, R., Tapia, J. L., & Ramírez, I. M. (2010). citrina has been reported from a variety of countries, ranging from Reassessment of Zephyranthes (Amaryllidaceae) in the Guyana ;͚͚͙Demerara ͙͛͛Ϳup to the southeastern United States. Yucatán Peninsula including a new species, Z. orellanae. However, since it is widely cultivated and it is apparently often The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society, 137(1), 39-48 naturalized, it is now difficult to state with any degree of certainty what is the real distribution of the species." 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2018. Personal Communication NA 103 Does the species have weedy races? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2018. Personal Communication NA Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" Source(s) Notes Native Northern America USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. SOUTHERN MEXICO: Mexico [Campeche, Chiapas, Quintana Roo, 2018. National Plant Germplasm System [Online Tabasco, Yucatan] Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. Southern America [Accessed 29 May 2018] CARIBBEAN: Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Dominica, Guadeloupe, Hispaniola, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago CENTRAL AMERICA: Honduras 202 Quality of climate match data High Source(s) Notes USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. 2018. National Plant Germplasm System [Online Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. [Accessed 29 May 2018] 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) n Source(s) Notes Creation Date: 31 May 2018 (Zephyranthes citrina Page 3 of 16 Baker) TAXON: Zephyranthes citrina Baker SCORE: 12.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer "Hardiness: USDA Zone 7a: to -17.7 °C (0 °F) USDA Zone 7b: to -14.9 °C (5 °F) Dave's Garden. 2018. Rain Lily, Rainlily - Zephyranthes USDA Zone 8a: to -12.2 °C (10 °F) citrina. https://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/1244/. USDA Zone 8b: to -9.4 °C (15 °F) [Accessed 31 May 2018] USDA Zone 9a: to -6.6 °C (20 °F) USDA Zone 9b: to -3.8 °C (25 °F) USDA Zone 10a: to -1.1 °C (30 °F) USDA Zone 10b: to 1.7 °C (35 °F)" Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y subtropical climates Source(s) Notes Native Northern America SOUTHERN MEXICO: Mexico [Campeche, Chiapas, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Yucatan] USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Southern America 2018. National Plant Germplasm System [Online CARIBBEAN: Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Dominica, Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. Guadeloupe, Hispaniola, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago [Accessed 29 May 2018] CENTRAL AMERICA: Honduras Cultivated (also cult. in neotropics) Naturalized Southern America CARIBBEAN: Bahamas, Cuba Does the species have a history of repeated 205 y introductions outside its natural range? Source(s) Notes Staples, G.W. & Herbst, D.R. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora "Yellow rain lily is commonly cultivated in Hawai'i and is sparingly - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other naturalized along roadsides, at least on Kauai." Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI "Zephyranthes citrina has been reported from a variety of countries, Carnevali, G., Duno, R., Tapia, J. L., & Ramírez, I. M. (2010). ranging from Guyana ;͚͚͙Demerara ͙͛͛Ϳup to the southeastern Reassessment of Zephyranthes (Amaryllidaceae) in the United States. However, since it is widely cultivated and it is Yucatán Peninsula including a new species, Z. orellanae. apparently often naturalized, it is now difficult to state with any The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society, 137(1), 39-48 degree of certainty what is the real distribution of the species." 301 Naturalized beyond native range y Source(s) Notes Creation Date: 31 May 2018 (Zephyranthes citrina Page 4 of 16 Baker) TAXON: Zephyranthes citrina Baker SCORE: 12.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer "First reported in the state from Kaua͚i in 1995 (Lorence et al., 1995), this is the first naturalized record of the yellow rain lily from O͚ahu and Maui. Collector͛s notes for the O͚ahu voucher indicate that the plants appeared about one week after a rainstorm and the population extended in patches for about one mile along the roadside. Flowers were observed in the same area in mid-July 2000, but when we returned to make a voucher a few days later the flowers had disappeared. The collector͛s notes for the Maui specimen indicate that the population appeared to be sparingly Staples,G.W., Imada, C.T., & Herbst, D.R. 2002. New naturalized along the roadside and that capsules with seeds were Hawaiian plant records for 2000. Bishop Museum present, as well as flowers. Collectors are encouraged to watch for Occasional Papers 68: 3-18 the ephemeral blooms of rain lilies on all islands and to try and collect vouchers to better document their existence and abundance throughout the state. It would also be useful to know if these plants are spreading through seed or by vegetative means only. Material examined. O͚AHU: growing on roadside between Waialua and Schofield Barracks along the winding section of road [e.g., Hwy. 830, Kaukonahua Rd.], elev. ϯϬϬʹϰϬϬft, 14 Sep 1992, C. Corn s.n. (BISH 665946). MAUI: East Maui, Pä͚ia, on west side of Baldwin Ave., just mauka of Pä͚ia School, in grassy roadside verge, 20° 54' N, 156° 21' W, 28 Aug 2000, F. Starr & K. Martz 000828-1." "Only Zephyranthes citrina Baker has been documented outside of cultivation in the Hawaiian islands (Lorence et al. 1995: 40; Staples et al. 2002: 12). However, Z.
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