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Geology and -Ore Deposits of the : Willow Creek Mining District, Alaska

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Geology and -Ore Deposits of the : Willow Creek Mining District, Alaska , Geology and -Ore Deposits of the : Willow Creek Mining District, Alaska GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1004 Geology and Ore Deposits of the Willow Creek Mining District, Alaska By RICHARD G. RAY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1004 A study of the general and economic geology of a lode gold mining district in southern Alaska, with particular emphasis on the significance of vein, dike, and fau,lt patterns UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1954 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Douglas McKay, Secretary B GEOLOGICAL SURVEY W. E. Wrather, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D. C. - Price $1.75 (paper cover) CONTENTS Page Abstract_ _ _ _______________________-____..__--_--------_---------- 1 Introduction ______.________________-__._______--._--_-'----------- 2 Previous work____________.__._._...i______-___-_-_--__-_---_ 2 Present work..____________________-_-----_-______--._----_---- 3 Scope of investigation and methods of field 'study... _ ---------- 4 Acknowledgments. ________-____--____-___-_--__--___--------_- 5 Geography__ _ _ __________________________________________________ 5 Location and accessibility-___________-___.___-_-_-_-_-----_---- 5 Topography, climate, and vegetation_____________________________ 5 General geology.______________________________-_.__--___-___-_---- 10 Metamorphic rocks._________________-__________--__--_------__ 10 Schist..._........_.....---_---.---__--------------------- 10 Igneous rocks_________________________________________________ 13 Quartz diorite_-_________________-_---_-____----_---_-_---_ 13 Minerals of the quartz diorite.-------------------------- 14 Plagioclase feldspar._______________________________ 14 Quartz ___________._..______...______.__..___..____ 15 Biotite-1_ _--------.-.----.--------.------------ 15 Hornblende._-____________-_______.---__----.--_-- 16 Accessory minerals___________________-_-_-------_ 17 Orbicular phase of the quartz diorite--------------------- 18 Gabbro..._.------._.------_---.---..--_-.---------------- 19 Granite.._--_----_-__----.--------_----------------------. 20 Dike rocks. _-----_-_------------------------------.---. 20 General statement---__.--___-_____-_.__---__---_-_---- 20 Lamprophyre _________________________________________ 21 Diabase._____________________________________________ 23 Aplite_____-_----------_---_-----.-------.---------- 24 Pegmatite. ___________________________________________ 24 Sedimentary rocks.._____-_--___-____--_-._-____----_---_-_-_-- 25 Structural features_________________-_______-_--__-_-___-_--__ 25 General structural features and age relations._---------------- 25 Structural features of the quartz diorite- __--_---_-_-----_---- 27 Foliation..___________________________________________ 27 Inclusions and segregations_____________________________ 27 Joints______-_----_--_.._-.._.-.--_--_-_---.-.---- 29 Faults _______---___-_-___--__--_---_-_--_-----_---- 30 Development of fracture patterns.--.------------------------ 32 Economic geology._________________________________________________ 35 General history and production__._._____________________________ 35 Veins. ______________________________________________________ 37 General statement.________________________________________ 37 Veins parallel to the southwest-dipping joints.---------------- 37 Chalcopyrite-molybdenite veins.____--____-_____--____-_ 37 Pyrite-stibnite vems____-________----__---__-_---__--__ 37 Nonproductive gold quartz veins._______________________ 38 Productive gold quartz veins________________________________ 38 Distribution and attitude__--_---___-___--__-__-_------- 38 Character ____________________________________________ 38 IV CONTENTS Economic geology Continued Veins Continued Productive gold quartz veins Continued Page Mineralogy and paragenesis of the ore_____-__----_---_-__ 41 Wall-rock alteration----------------------------------- 48 Ore shoots.___________________________________________ 51 Origin of the deposits-_------__------_--------------_-- 51 Development of shear zones.--. _____________________ 51 Vein formation________________________________-___ 52 Structural control of ore bodies-.-------------------- 52 Mines and prospects-______________________________________________ 54 Gold Cord mine_________________-___-_-_-____-___._-_--_______ 54. Independence mine.________-_-__-_____--____-_-____---_-______ 58 Fern mine_____________-_-__-__-_--_--------_-----_------_____ 65 Mabel mine____________-_--__------_-----------------------_ 68 Lonesome mine__---______-__-_____---_-------_---_----------__ 70 Snowbird mine.__________________________-____-__-__-_-__--._-- 73 Schroff-O'Neil mine________-_---___-_----------------------_- 75 High Grade mine._____________________________________________ 76 Marion Twin mine. _______-_---__-_--------_------------------- 76 Thorpe mine-______________--___-_____--_--_____-----------_-_ 78 Webfoot prospect.-________________-____---____---___---_-_-_.:_ 78 Kelly-Willow prospect--._______________________________________ 78 Lane prospect.________________________________________________ 82 Holland prospect-_____________________________________________ 82 Other mines and prospects.--------------_----------------_---_- 83 Placer prospects.______________________________________________ 83 Literature cited____--____-____--_--_______----___---__-_--____-_-_ 84 Index.__-_______-_-__--------------_--_-_-_-_----__-_----_----- 85 ILLUSTKATIONS [All plates in pocket] PLATE 1. Geologic map of the Willow Creek mining district. 2. Structure map showing lineation and foliation, Willow Creek mining district. 3. Map showing joint system and general foliation pattern in quartz diorite, Willow Creek mining district. 4. Map showing general locations of claims surveyed for patent. 5. Map showing workings of Gold Cord mine. 6. Map showing main workings of Independence mine. 7. Map showing workings of Fern mine. 8. Map showing workings of Mabel mine. 9. Map showing workings of Kelly-Willow prospect. .Page FIGUBB 1. Index map of Alaska, showing location of Willow Creek mining district_______________________________________________ 6 2. Aerial view of part of the Willow Creek mining district--_______ 7 3. Central portion of an orbicule showing concentric banding of minerals__________________________________________ 18 4. Central portion of deformed orbicule showing "saddle reefs" filled with later quartz__.__..._______________---_-_-_--_ 19 CONTENTS V Page FIGURE 5. Fern vein showing contorted quartz lenses in clay gouge and sheared quartz diorite-_________________________________ 32 6. Snowbird No. 3 vein showing contorted quartz lenses in clay gouge and sheared quartz diorite-__-_--_-_--_______-_-_._ 33 7. Hanging-wall vein No. 2, Fern mine, showing branching nature of quartz bands.....___________________________________ 39 8. Photomicrograph of early formed quartz crystals and late calcite. 40 9. Photomicrograph of sphalerite surrounded by chalcopyrite in turn enclosed by tetrahedrite____________________________ 43 10. Photomicrograph of chalcopyrite surrounding and filling- fractured pyrite. _____________________________________ 43 1.1. Photomicrograph of gold in nagyagite____----_-_-____-__-._ 44 12. Photomicrograph of nagyagite filling fractured pyrite.._______ 4.5 13. Photomicrograph of altaite in nagyagite___------__---_-_--_ 45 14. Photomicrograph of gold in quartz______ ___________________ 46 15. Photomicrograph of gold filling and replacing older pyrite_ _ _. 47 16. "Footwall" vein cut off by strike fault on 300 level of Gold Cord mine._-_____________--___-_-___-__--_-____--_-_- 57 17. View of Independence mine and camp______-_______________ 59 18. Independence vein on 1300 level composed of narrow bands of quartz admixed with altered quartz diorite and clay gouge__ 60 19. Pillar in raise from 1300 level, Independence mine, showing quartz confined to central part of vein zone_---_-__._-_--_ 61 20. Strong banding in Independence vein, 1100 level- ____________ 62 21. Intersecting vein on 1500 level, Independence mine_________- 62 22. Independence vein cut off cleanly on 1100 level by minor strike fault ___________________________________________ 64 23. No. 2 hanging-wall vein, Fern mine________________________ 67 24. No. 1 hanging-wall vein, Fern mine________________________ 68 25. Map showing workings of Lonesome mine._________________ 72 26. Map showing workings of Snowbird mine....--------------. 74 27. Map showing workings of High Grade mine_-_-_-___-_-_--_- 77 28. Map showing workings of Thorpe mine_____________________ 79 29. Map showing upper workings, Kelly-Willow prospect_-._-_- 81 TABLES Page TABUS 1. Records of temperature and precipitation at Wasilla, 1945-50.. 8 2. Monthly mean high and low temperatures at Wasilla, 1945-50. 8 3. Records of temperature and precipitation at Palmer, 1941-50._ 9 4. Monthly mean high and low temperatures at Palmer, 1941-50. 9 5. Micrometric analyses of quartz diorite._____________________ 14 6. Lode gold production by years.--...____________-_-__-_---_ 36 GEOLOGY AND ORE DEPOSITS OF THE WILLOW CREEK MINING DISTRICT, ALASKA By RICHARD G. RAY ABSTKACT The Willow Creek district is a small but important lode-gold mining district along the southern border of the Talkeetna Mountains in southern Alaska. Gold production to date (1950) has been somewhat less than $18,000,000, or about 5 percent of Alaska's lode-gold output. Productive gold quartz veins occupy shear zones in the southern margin of the Talkeetna
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