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La Introducción En España De Nuevas Especies De Palmeras Con Fines Ornamentales

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La Introducción En España De Nuevas Especies De Palmeras Con Fines Ornamentales Comunicación XXXIV Congreso Parjap 2007. Melilla La introducción en España de nuevas especies de palmeras con fines ornamentales José Manuel Sánchez de Lorenzo-Cáceres Introducción ¿Quien dentro del mundo de la jardinería había oido Roystonea regia (Kunth) O. F. Cook, Syagrus ro- hablar en España, hace una veintena de años, de manzoffiana (Cham.) Glassman, Caryota urens L., Wodyetia bifurcata A. K. Irvine, de Hyophorbe Archontophoenix alexandrae (F. Muell.) H. Wendl. lagenicaulis (L. H. Bailey) H. E. Moore o de Dypsis & Drude o Cocos nucifera L., citando las más im- decaryi (Jum.) Beentje & J. Dransf.?. Probablemen- portantes. Igualmente, y utilizadas en interiores, han te casi nadie, mientras que hoy en día, aun siendo sido muy populares especies tales como Chamae- especies relativamente poco frecuentes, son palme- dorea elegans Mart., Dypsis lutescens (H. Wendl.) ras que pueden verse en cultivo en algunas zonas Beentje & J. Dransf. o Rhapis humilis Blume, esta de nuestra geografía. última también cultivada al exterior en zonas de clima benigno. Tradicionalmente en la jardinería española se habí- an venido utilizando hasta hace un par de décadas También podían verse en las colecciones de algu- ocho o diez especies de palmeras, dominando am- nos jardines botánicos otras especies, tales como pliamente Phoenix canariensis Chabaud y Phoe- Livistona australis (R.Br.) Mart., Sabal umbraculi- nix dactylifera L., seguidas de Trachycarpus for- fera Mart., Trachycarpus martianus (Wall. ex tunei (Hook.) H. Wendl., Chamaerops humilis L., Mart.) H. Wendl., Phoenix reclinata Jacq., Livisto- Washingtonia filifera (Linden ex André) H. Wendl., na rotundifolia (Lam.) Mart., Jubaea chilensis Washingtonia robusta H. Wendl., Livistona chi- (Molina) Baill., Sabal palmetto (Walter) Lodd. ex nensis (Jacq.) R. Br. y Butia capitata (Mart.) Becc. Schult. & Schult.f., Rhapis excelsa (Thunb.) Henry, etc., y en zonas de climas con inviernos suaves Hyophorbe indica Gaertn., Elaeis guineensis también podían verse Howea forsteriana (F. Muell. Jacq., Latania lontaroides (Gaertn.) H. E. Moore, & H. Wendl.) Becc., Brahea armata S. Watson, etc. 1 Comunicación XXXIV Congreso Parjap 2007. Melilla Fueron probablemente ciertos acontecimientos Por último, algunas de las nuevas especies que se acaecidos en España en 1992, tales como la Expo- introdujeron en la estación de Atocha fueron Aip- sición Universal de Sevilla y su programa “Raíces” hanes horrida (Jacq.) Burret (= Aiphanes aculeata de introducción de plantas americanas, la construc- Willd.), Bactris gasipaes Kunth, Dypsis decaryi ción del Jardín Tropical de la Estación de Atocha (Jum.) Beentje & J. Dransf., Hyophorbe lagenicau- (Madrid) y la restauración del Palacio de Cristal de la lis (L. H. Bailey) H. E. Moore, Hyophorbe verschaf- Arganzuela (Madrid) como invernadero de especies feltii H. Wendl., Pseudophoenix sargentii H. exóticas, los grandes precursores del auge en la Wendl. ex Sarg. o Wodyetia bifurcata A. K. Irvine importación de palmeras exóticas, con una demanda (Agulló 2003). progresiva en los años sucesivos propiciada por el aumento del nivel de vida y el consiguiente desarro- Pero seríamos injustos si no mencionáramos aquí al llo urbanístico de nuestras ciudades y de las zonas verdadero precursor en España de la introducción turísticas costeras. Todo esta demanda, y las conti- de palmeras exóticas, el parque El Majuelo de Al- nuas introducciones, ha alcanzado sus cotas más muñécar (Málaga). Construido al pie del castillo de altas con la construcción durante el período 1995- San Miguel y abierto al público en 1986, en este 2000 del Palmetum de Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Islas parque se aprovecharon las excelentes condiciones Canarias), donde gracias a las especiales condicio- climatológicas de esta zona de la costa granadina nes climatológicas se han podido introducir en culti- para cultivar numerosas plantas tropicales. Sin duda, vo numerosas especies de mayores exigencias, lo de entre las más de 180 especies presentes en el que ha elevado el número de palmeras cultivadas en parque, destaca la colección de 43 especies de pal- España actualmente a cerca de 300 especies. El meras (Blanco 1998) recogidas perfectamente en caso del Palmetum es bastante inédito por cuanto una publicación (Campos & Pertíñez 1995), aunque está construido sobre una montaña de basuras que ha habido algunos cambios nomenclaturales poste- constituía el antiguo vertedero de la ciudad (Morici riores a su edición. Destacan como especies nove- 2001) y que se encontraba sellado desde 1983, dosas entonces, pues actualmente ya no lo son constituyendo el mayor problema la evacuación de tanto, Butia yatay (Mart.) Becc., Caryota mitis las emanaciones gaseosas, que se lleva a cabo por Lour., Chamaedorea seifrizii Burret, Dypsis caba- un sistema de 19 chimeneas interconectadas. En su dae (H. E. Moore) Beentje & J. Dransf., Dypsis ma- magnifica y extensa colección podemos encontrar dagascariensis (Becc.) Beentje & J. Dransf., Col- algunas especies rarísimas, como Syagrus vermi- pothrinax wrightii Griseb. & H. Wendl. ex Voss, cularis Noblick, palmera del norte de Brasil que se Dictyosperma album (Bory) Scheff., Hyophorbe ha descrito en 2004 y que posee una inflorescencia amaricaulis Mart., Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb., característica que la diferencia de las otras especies Ptychosperma elegans (R. Br.) Blume, Ptychos- del género. (Noblick 2004). Lamentablemente las perma macarthurii (H. Wendl. ex H. J. Veitch) H. obras del Palmetum se encuentran detenidas desde Wendl. ex Hook.f., Syagrus schizophylla (Mart.) hace varios años, a la espera de una financiación Glassman, Thrinax radiata Lodd. ex Schult. & que no llega, que permitiría finalizar todos los traba- Schult.f. o Adonidia merrillii (Becc.) Becc. jos pendientes y que el Jardín se abriera al público en condiciones. Paralelamente a las colecciones mencionadas, al- gunos jardines botánicos han potenciado su colec- A través del programa “Raíces” se introdujeron es- ción de palmáceas de una forma especial durante pecies tales como Attalea geraensis Barb.Rodr. (= estos últimos años, colaborando en el enriqueci- Attalea guaranitica Barb.Rodr.), Carpentaria acu- miento del catálogo de especies. Así, en el Jardín minata (H. Wendl. & Drude) Becc., Ceroxylon Botánico Histórico La Concepción de Málaga se quindiuense (H. Karst.) H. Wendl., Chamaedorea cultivan, entre otras especies, Caryota obtusa Griff., amabilis H. Wendl. ex Dammer, Chamaedorea Gaussia maya (O. F. Cook) H. J. Quero & Read, dammeriana Burret, Chamaedorea deckeriana Hyphaene coriacea Gaertn., Livistona fulva Rodd., (Klotzsch) Hemsl., Gaussia princeps H. Wendl., Livistona muelleri F. M. Bailey, Livistona mariae Parajubaea cocoides Burret, Acoelorrhaphe F. Muell., Livistona nitida Rodd, Livistona saribus wrightii (Griseb. & H. Wendl.) H. Wendl. ex Becc. (= (Lour.) Merr. ex A. Chev., Parajubaea torallyi Paurotis wrightii (Griseb. & H. Wendl.) Britton) o (Mart.) Burret, Ravenea xerophila Jum., Sabal Roystonea lenis Léon. (Camacho, Cacaco & Rodrí- causiarum (O. F. Cook) Becc., Syagrus amara guez 1994). (Jacq.) Mart. o Syagrus coronata (Mart.) Becc. En el Jardín Botánico de Valencia se pueden ver en En el Palacio de la Arganzuela se introdujeron nue- cultivo, entre otras especies, Arenga engleri Becc., vas especies, tales como Pinanga coronata (Blume Chamaedorea pochutlensis Liebm., Chamaedorea ex Mart.) Blume, Pritchardia pacifica Seem. & H. microspadix Burret, Licuala grandis H. Wendl., Wendl., Areca triandra Roxb. ex Buch.-Ham., Lytocaryum weddelianum (H. Wendl.) Toledo, Chamaedorea cataractarum Mart., Chamaedorea Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd. ex Mart., Ar- pinnatifrons (Jacq.) Oewrst. (= Chamaedorea pa- chontophoenix purpurea Hodel & Dowe, Brahea caya Oerst.) o Cyrtostachys renda Blume (= Cyr- brandegeei (Purpus) H. E. Moore, Copernicia alba tostachys lakka Becc.). Morong, Phoenix pusilla Gaertn., Sabal bermuda- 2 Comunicación XXXIV Congreso Parjap 2007. Melilla na L. H. Bailey, Sabal uresana Trel. o Sabal yapa Ptychosperma microcarpum (Burret) Burret, Trith- C. Wright ex Becc. rinax brasiliensis Mart., Chamaedorea costarica- En el Jardín de Aclimatación de la Orotava (Teneri- na Oerst., Chamaedorea ernesti-augusti H. fe) pueden verse en cultivo más de un centenar de Wendl., Chamaedorea oblongata Mart., Butia pa- especies, entre las que destacaremos, Areca ves- raguayensis (Barb.Rodr.) L. H. Bailey, Rhopalosty- tiaria Giseke, Bactris major Jacq., Brahea calca- lis baueri (Hook.f. ex Lem.) H. Wendl. & Drude o rea Liebm., Ceroxylon vogelianum (Engel) H. Serenoa repens (W. Bartram) Small. Wendl., Coccothrinax argentata (Jacq.) L. H. Bai- En los invernaderos del Real Jardín Botánico de ley, Latania loddigesii Mart., Pritchardia hille- Madrid se pueden ver, entre otras, Chamaedorera brandii Becc., Rhopalostylis sapida (Sol. ex G. geonomiformis H. Wendl., Licuala spinosa Forst.) H. Wendl. & Drude, Roystonea borinquena Wurmb, Livistona decora (W. Bull) Dowe, Nan- O. F. Cook, Sabal minor (Jac.) Pers., Pinanga cae- norrhops ritchiana (Griff.) Aitch. o Reinhardtia sia Blume, Phytelephas macrocarpa Ruiz & Pav., simplex (H. Wendl.) Burret. Metodología Desde hace muchos años venimos recopilando toda nes de las familias, de los géneros y de las espe- la información concerniente a las plantas que se cies. cultivan en España, especialmente aquellas utiliza- das con fines ornamentales. Toda esta información, Además de la consulta de los inventarios de espe- una vez contrastada en lo posible y tratada conve- cies cultivadas en alineaciones
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