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Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Czech Republic - Country Situation Report

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Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Czech Republic - Country Situation Report International POPs Elimination Project Fostering Active and Efficient Civil Society Participation in Preparation for Implementation of the Stockholm Convention Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Czech Republic - Country Situation Report What Was Lost on the Way to National Implementation Plan Arnika Association - Toxics and Waste Programme Czech Republic February 2006 International POPs Elimination Project – IPEP 2 Website- www.ipen.org About the International POPs Elimination Project On May 1, 2004, the International POPs Elimination Network (IPEN http://www.ipen.org) began a global NGO project called the International POPs Elimination Project (IPEP) in partnership with the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). The Global Environment Facility (GEF) provided core funding for the project. IPEP has three principal objectives: • Encourage and enable NGOs in 40 developing and transitional countries to engage in activities that provide concrete and immediate contributions to country efforts in preparing for the implementation of the Stockholm Convention; • Enhance the skills and knowledge of NGOs to help build their capacity as effective stakeholders in the Convention implementation process; • Help establish regional and national NGO coordination and capacity in all regions of the world in support of longer term efforts to achieve chemical safety. IPEP will support the preparation of reports on country situations, hotspots, policy briefs, and regional activities. Three principal types of activities will be supported by IPEP: participation in the National Implementation Plan, training and awareness workshops, and public information and awareness campaigns. For more information, please see http://www.ipen.org IPEN gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the Global Environment Facility, Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, Swiss Agency for the Environment Forests and Landscape, the Canada POPs Fund, the Dutch Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment (VROM), Mitchell Kapor Foundation, Sigrid Rausing Trust, New York Community Trust and others. The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and not necessarily the views of the institutions providing management and/or financial support. This report is available in the following languages: English International POPs Elimination Project – IPEP 3 Website- www.ipen.org Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Czech Republic - Country Situation Report Foreword A common part of the environment of humans, animals, as well as plants, is a number of hazardous substances endangering their existence, healthy development, or state of health. Many of them are formed in a natural way, but a high proportion of these substances would not be created at all without human activity. They either would not exist, or would not be formed in such amounts. This group includes the majority of substances ranking among persistent organic pollutants. Persistent organic pollutants (designated by abbreviation as POPs) persist in the environment for decades. They bio accumulate in food chains and endanger human health and the environment by irreversible changes, specifically damaging the human hormonal system. Many POPs are carcinogenic and capable of causing a number of further health problems. Due to their properties, they can travel long distances and accumulate far from the place of their creation, or sources of pollution. Therefore, they became dangerous for the whole planet, and, because of that, it was decided to solve the pollution by these substances on the global level. After efforts lasting several years the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants was formed in the Swedish capital. Through its ratification, we have undertaken to eliminate 12 most important persistent organic pollutants or groups thereof. Dioxins, precisely two groups of chemical substances called polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), are formed only as by-products of chemical productions, or in combustion processes (for example, in waste incinerators or in metallurgy). Also hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) can be formed similarly, but these substances were also produced intentionally, whereas dioxins were never produced intentionally except in very small amount in laboratories for research purposes. The so-called toxic twelve includes eight further substances used as pesticides: aldrin, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, chlordane, mirex, and toxaphene. The Convention is looking at the possibility of including further substances. As a result further substances are now among the candidates for the list of substances which are subject to the regime of the Stockholm Convention: pesticides chlordecone and Lindane, and, further, technical substances hexabromobiphenyl, pentabromodiphenylether, and perfluoroctane sulphonane. Similarly as in the case of the first twelve substances, a battle will undoubtedly be fought as to whether these substances should or should not be included to the list by representatives of the industry, representatives of states, intergovernmental organisations and non-governmental organisations representing interests of the public. It will depend on the practical implementation of the Stockholm Convention as to whether it will cope with toxic substances. It will depend for example, on what limits for contents of dioxins and International POPs Elimination Project – IPEP 4 Website- www.ipen.org further substances in wastes will be set, how technologies leading to the formation of further POPs will be phased out and a number of further specific measures. National Implementation Plans (hereinafter NIPs) should help to achieve this. Each of the countries which ratified the Convention must prepare a NIP and adopt it as obligatory within two years from the date of the Stockholm Convention coming into force. In the Czech Republic, the government approved the NIP on December 7, 2005. The NIP for implementation of the Stockholm Convention was prepared by a team of experts led by Professor Ivan Holoubek of the Masaryk University in Brno. The proposal of this plan includes the inclusion of further information.1 Its preparation was preceded by drawing up a still more comprehensive "National Inventory of Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Czech Republic".2 The aim of our Report is not to repeat what is summed up in both the above-mentioned documents, although we cannot avoid quoting data from them. Our aim with the preparation of this Report was rather: 1) To complete information missing in the documents; 2) To point out possible shortcomings in the implementation of the Stockholm Convention to date; and 3) To describe in more detail the opinions of the informal "Stockholm Network", associating non-governmental organisations and representatives of self-government authorities established at the end of 2003. The Report was prepared as a National Report on POPs for the Czech Republic within the framework of the global IPEP project (International POPs Elimination Project). The issue of POPs pesticides is handled in closer detail by a common study of the Czech Ecological Society and the Arnika Association.3 More information on POPs in the Czech Republic may be found in both the above-mentioned documents (NIP Proposal4 and National Inventory of Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Czech Republic5). International POPs Elimination Project – IPEP 5 Website- www.ipen.org Contents Foreword 4 I. BASIC INFORMATION 8 1. Introduction 8 2. Basic characteristics, occurrence, and use of the individual POPs obligations ensuing from the Stockholm Convention 8 II. POPs IN THE ENVIRONMENT 11 3. Impact of POPs on human health and monitoring of the state of health of the Czech population 11 3.1 Impact of POPs on human health 11 3.2 Exposition of the population to POPs 12 3.3 Biological monitoring of the Czech population 12 3.4 Contamination of foodstuffs 17 4. POPs in ecosystems 21 4.1 Air 21 4.2 Soil 24 4.3 Waters 28 4.3.1 DDT 28 4.3.2 Aldrin, dieldrin, endrin (drins) 29 4.3.3 HCHs 29 4.3.4 HCB 29 4.3.5 PCBs 30 4.3.6 PCDD/Fs 31 4.3.7 PBDEs 32 4.3.8 SCCPs (chlorinated alkanes C 10 - 13) 33 III. SOURCES OF POLLUTION AND POPs RELEASES INTO THE ENVIRONMENT 34 5. Old environmental burdens 34 5.1 Economic costs for decontamination of old environmental burdens 36 5.2 Decontamination of dioxin burden in Spolana Neratovice 38 6. Newly created environmental burdens 40 6.1 Wastes as a source of POPs contamination of the environment 40 6.2 Case studies of management of wastes containing PCBs in the Czech Republic 44 6.2.1 Case of municipal waste incinerator Termizo Liberec – the problem of certification of products made of waste from incinerators 44 6.2.2 Case of mine Jan Šverma near Žacléř 45 6.2.3 Case of SAKO Brno and case Mydlovary 46 International POPs Elimination Project – IPEP 6 Website- www.ipen.org 7. Integrated pollution register as a source of information on POPs releases 47 7.1 Results of analysis of data from the IPR 47 7.2 Recommendations ensuing from analysis of the IPR concerning POPs 49 8. Assessment of sources of POPs emissions in the Czech Republic - is it feasible? 50 8.1 Basic information on inventory of POPs emissions 50 8.2 Current state of emission inventory 52 8.3 Development and changes of emission inventories of POPs releases into air 53 8.4 Comments to the inventory of POPs releases 55 8.5 POPs releases in wastes and waste water 56 8.5.1 Case study: Calculation of releases of PCDD/Fs contained in wastes produced by the incinerator into the environment on example of the Liberec MWI 56 8.5.2 Estimate of total amount of dioxins in wastes produced by incinerators in the Czech Republic 59 8.5.3 Brief conclusion 60 8.6 Concluding recommendations concerning the inventory of releases of POPs from Annex C of the Stockholm Convention 60 9. Development in the field of waste incineration 61 IV. STOCKHOLM CONVENTION IMPLEMENTATION 63 10. State of implementation of the Stockholm Convention, participation of NGOs in preparation of the NIP, and development of their activities relating to POPs 63 11.
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